1.

a) Linear convolution :
#include<stdio.h>
int x[15],h[15],y[15];
main()
{
int i,j,m,n;
printf("Enter the range of m");
scanf("%d",&m);
printf("Enter the range of n");
scanf("%d",&n);
printf("Enter the values of x(n):");
for(i=0;i<m;i++)
{
scanf("%d",&x[i]);
}
printf("Enter the values of h(n):");
for(i=0;i<n; i++)
{
scanf("%d",&h[i]);
}
for(i=m;i<=m+n-1;i++)
{
x[i]=0;
}
for(i=n;i<=m+n-1;i++)
{
h[i]=0;
}
for(i=0;i<m+n-1;i++)
{
y[i]=0;
for(j=0;j<=i;j++)
{
y[i]=y[i]+(x[j]*h[i-j]);
}
}
for(i=0;i<m+n-1;i++)
{
printf("\n The Value of output y[%d]=%d",i,y[i]);
}
}

Output:

Enter the range of m3

Enter the range of n4
Enter the values of x(n):-6
5
8
Enter the values of h(n):1
7
4
3
The Value of output y[0]=-6
The Value of output y[1]=-37
The Value of output y[2]=19
The Value of output y[3]=58
The Value of output y[4]=47
The Value of output y[5]=24
1b)
Circular convolution:
#include<stdio.h>
int x[15],h[15],y[15],z[15];
main()
{
int i,j,m,n;
printf("\n enter value for m");
scanf("%d",&m);
printf("\n enter value for n");
scanf("%d",&n);
printf("Enter values for i/p x(n):\n");
for(i=0; i<m; i++)
scanf("%d",&x[i]);
printf("Enter Values for i/p h(n) \n");
for(i=0; i<n; i++)
scanf("%d",&h[i]);
for(i=m; i<=m+n-1; i++)
x[i]=0;
for(i=n; i<=m+n-1; i++)
h[i]=0;
for(i=0; i<m+n-1; i++)
{
y[i]=0;
for(j=0; j<=i; j++)
{
y[i]=y[i]+(x[j]*h[i-j]);
}
}

printf("\n The Value of linear convolution");

for(i=0; i<m+n-1; i++)
printf("\ny[%d]=%d",i,y[i]);

for(i=0; i<=m+n-1; i++)

z[i]=0;
if (m>n)
{
printf("\n The Value of circular convolution");
for(i=0;i<m;i++)
{
z[i]=y[i]+y[m+i];
printf("\nz[%d]=%d",i,z[i]);
}
}
else
{
printf("\n The Value of circular convolution");
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
z[i]=y[i]+y[n+i];
printf("\nz[%d]=%d",i,z[i]);
}
}
}
2a)Auto correlation:
#include<stdio.h>
int x[15],y[15],z[15];
int main()
{
int n,k,i,j,m,sum=0;

printf("Enter the range of m");

scanf("%d",&m);

printf("Enter the values of x(n):");

for(i=0;i<m;i++)
scanf("%d",&x[i]);

for(i=m;i<(2*m)-1;i++)
x[i]=0;

// X1: 1 X2: 1 X3: 2 X4: 1 X5: 0 X6: 0 X7: 0

for(n=(1-m);n<m;n++)
{
for (j=(1-m);j<m;j++)
y[j]=0;

for (j=0;j<(2*m)-1;j++)
y[j+n]=x[j];

for (k=0;k<(2*m)-1;k++)
sum = sum + (x[k]*y[k]) ;

z[n]=sum;
printf("\n The Value of output z[%d]=%d",n,z[n]);
sum=0;
}
}
2b)
Cross correlation:
#include<stdio.h>
int x[15],y[15],z[15],r[15];
int main(){
int n,k,i,j,m,sample,sum=0;
printf("Enter the range of m for x(m):");
scanf("%d",&m);
printf("Enter the range of n for y(n):");
scanf("%d",&n);
for(i=0;i<=m+n-1;i++)
x[i]=0;
printf("Enter the values of x(m):");
for(i=0;i<m;i++)
scanf("%d",&x[i]);
printf("Enter the values of y(n):");
for(j=0;j<n;j++)
scanf("%d",&y[j]);
for(sample=1-n;sample<m;sample++){
for (i=0;i<m+n-1;i++)
z[i]=0;
for (j=0;j<n;j++)
z[j+sample]=y[j];
for (k=0;k<(m+n);k++)
sum=sum+(x[k]*z[k]) ;
r[1-n]=sum;
printf("\n The Value of output z[%d]=%d",sample,r[1-n]);
sum=0;
}
}
3) DFT
#include<stdio.h>
#include<math.h>
float x[10],Xr[10],Xi[10],psd;
int k,n,N;
void main()
{
printf("Enter size N\n");
scanf("%d",&N);
printf("Enter input sequence \n");
for(n=0;n<N;n++)
scanf("%f",&x[n]);
for(k=0;k<N;k++)
{
Xr[k]=0;
Xi[k]=0;
for(n=0;n<N;n++)
{
Xr[k]=(x[n]*cos((6.28*k*n)/N))+Xr[k];
Xi[k]=(-(x[n]*sin((6.28*k*n)/N)))+Xi[k];
}
printf("\n%.3f+(%.3fi)",Xr[k],Xi[k]);
}
psd=0;
for(k=0;k<N;k++)
psd=((Xr[k]*Xr[k])+(Xi[k]*Xi[k]))+psd;
psd=psd/N;
printf("\n power density spectrum %.3f",psd);
}

Output:

Enter size N
4
Enter input sequence
6
-5
4
-3

2.000+(0.000i)
2.003+(1.994i)
18.000+(0.035i)
1.990+(-2.019i)
power density spectrum 0.000
4)C- program to compute 8 – FFT of given sequences using DIF – FFT algorithm
#include<stdio.h>
#include<math.h>
#define pi 3.14
float x[10],a[10],br[10],bi[10],Xr[10],Xi[10];
float p,q,r,s,Mag[10],pha[10];
int i;
void main()
{printf("enter input sequence x:\n");
for(i=0;i<8;i++)
scanf("%f",&x[i]);
a[0]=x[0]+x[4]; a[1]=x[0]-x[4];
a[2]=x[2]+x[6];a[3]=x[2]-x[6];
a[4]=x[1]+x[5];a[5]=x[1]-x[5];
a[6]=x[3]+x[7];a[7]=x[3]-x[7];
br[0]=a[0]+a[2];bi[0]=0;
br[1]=a[1];bi[1]=-a[3];
br[2]=a[0]-a[2];bi[2]=0;
br[3]=a[1];bi[3]=a[3];
br[4]=a[4]+a[6];bi[4]=0;
br[5]=a[5];bi[5]=-a[7];
br[6]=a[4]-a[6];bi[6]=0;br[7]=a[5];
bi[7]=a[7];
p=((br[5]*0.707)-(bi[5]*(-0.707)));
q=((br[5]*(-0.707))+(bi[5]*0.707));
r=((br[7]*(-0.707))-(bi[7]*(-0.707)));
s=((br[7]*(-0.707))+(bi[7]*(-0.707)));
Xr[0]=br[0]+br[4];Xi[0]=0;
Xr[1]=p+br[1];Xi[1]=q+bi[1];
Xr[2]=br[2];Xi[2]=-br[6];
Xr[3]=r+br[3];Xi[3]=s+bi[3];
Xr[4]=br[0]-br[4];Xi[4]=0;
Xr[5]=br[1]-p;Xi[5]=bi[1]-q;
Xr[6]=br[2];Xi[6]=br[6];
Xr[7]=br[3]-r;Xi[7]=bi[3]-s;
printf("8 point DITFFT");
for(i=0;i<8;i++)
printf("\n%.3f+(%.3fi)",Xr[i],Xi[i]);
printf("\nMagnitude and phase");
for(i=0;i<8;i++)
{Mag[i]=sqrt((Xr[i]*Xr[i])+(Xi[i]*Xi[i]));
pha[i]=(atan(Xi[i]/Xr[i])*180)/pi;
if(Xi[i]==0) pha[i]=0;
if(Xr[i]>=0 && Xi[i]>=0) pha[i]=pha[i];
else if(Xr[i]>=0 && Xi[i]<=0) pha[i]=360+pha[i];
else pha[i]=180+pha[i];
printf("\n%.3f\t%.3f",Mag[i],pha[i]);}}
5)IFFT
#include <stdio.h>
float
main()
{
float XR[8],XI[8],ar[8],ai[8], br[8],bi[8], xr[8], xi[8], xrf[8], xif[8];
float p,q,r,s,l;
int i;
printf("8: XR(M); XI(m)");
for (i=0;i<8;i++)
{ printf(" XR[%d]:",i);
scanf("%f",&XR[i]);
printf(" XI[%d]:",i);
scanf("%f",&XI[i]);
}
ar[0]=XR[0]+XR[4]; ai[0]=XI[0]+XI[4];
ar[1]=XR[1]+XR[5]; ai[1]=XI[1]+XI[5];
ar[2]=XR[2]+XR[6]; ai[2]=XI[2]+XI[6];
ar[3]=XR[3]+XR[7]; ai[3]=XI[3]+XI[7];
ar[4]=XR[0]-XR[4]; ai[4]=XI[0]-XI[4];
ar[5]=XR[1]-XR[5];
ai[5]=XI[1]-XI[5];
p= ar[5]-ai[5];
q= ar[5]+ai[5];
ar[5]= (p)*0.707;
ai[5]= (q)*0.707;
ar[6]=XR[2]-XR[6];
ai[6]=XI[2]-XI[6];
l=ar[6];
ar[6]= -ai[6];
ai[6]= l;
ar[7]=XR[3]-XR[7];
ai[7]=XI[3]-XI[7];
r= ar[7]+ai[7];
s=ar[7]-ai[7];
ar[7]= -r*0.707;
ai[7]= s*0.707;
printf("ii");
for (i=0;i<8;i++)
{
printf("\n %.3f+(%.3f i)",ar[i],ai[i]);
}
printf("b");
br[0]= ar[0]+ar[2]; bi[0]= ai[0]+ai[2];
br[1]= ar[1]+ar[3]; bi[1]= ai[1]+ai[3];
br[2]= ar[0]-ar[2]; bi[2]= ai[0]-ai[2];
br[3]= ar[1]-ar[3];
bi[3]= ai[1]-ai[3];
l=br[3];
br[3]= -bi[3];
bi[3]= l;
br[4]= ar[4]+ar[6]; bi[4]= ai[4]+ai[6];
br[5]= ar[5]+ar[7]; bi[5]= ai[5]+ai[7];
br[6]= ar[4]-ar[6]; bi[6]= ai[4]-ai[6];
br[7]= ar[5]-ar[7];
bi[7]= ai[5]-ai[7];
l=br[7];
br[7]= -bi[7];
bi[7]= l;
for (i=0;i<8;i++)
{
printf("\n %.3f+(%.3f i)",br[i],bi[i]);
}
printf("\n x");
xr[0]= br[0]+br[1]; xi[0]= bi[0]+bi[1];
xr[1]= br[0]-br[1]; xi[1]= bi[0]-bi[1];
xr[2]= br[2]+br[3]; xi[2]= bi[2]+bi[3];
 xr[3]= br[2]-br[3]; xi[3]= bi[2]-bi[3];
xr[4]= br[4]+br[5]; xi[4]= bi[4]+bi[5];
xr[5]= br[4]-br[5]; xi[5]= bi[4]-bi[5];
xr[6]= br[6]+br[7]; xi[6]= bi[6]+bi[7];
xr[7]= br[6]-br[7]; xi[7]= bi[6]-bi[7];
for (i=0;i<8;i++)
{xr[i]= xr[i]/8;
xi[i]= xi[i]/8;
printf("\n %.3f+(%.3f)",xr[i],xi[i]);
}

xrf[0]= xr[0];
xrf[7]=xr[7];
xrf[2]=xr[2];
xrf[5]=xr[5];
xrf[4]=xr[1];
xrf[1]=xr[4];
xrf[3]=xr[6];
xrf[6]=xr[3];
xif[0]= xi[0];
xif[7]=xi[7];
xif[2]=xi[2];
xif[5]=xi[5];
xif[4]=xi[1];
xif[1]=xi[4];
xif[3]=xi[6];
xif[6]=xi[3];
for (i=0;i<8;i++)
{
printf("\n %.3f+(%.3f)",xrf[i],xif[i]);
}
Output:
Enter input sequence
28
0
-9
4
-4
-4
1.657
-4
4
0
1.657
4
-4
4
-9.657
-4
8point IFFT
1.082+(-0.000)
2.058+(0.059)
3.000+(0.084)
3.942+(0.056)
4.918+(-0.000)
5.942+(-0.059)
7.000+(-0.084)
0.058+(-0.056)
7.sum sine

fs=1000
f1=50
f2=100
n=0:1:199
s1=sin(2*pi*f1*n/fs)
sk1=abs(fft(s1))
phase1=atan(imag(fft(s1))./real(fft(s1)))
s2=sin(2*pi*f2*n/fs)
sk2=abs(fft(s2))
phase2=atan(imag(fft(s2))./real(fft(s2)))
s=s1+s2
sk=abs(fft(s))
phase3=atan(imag(fft(s))./real(fft(s)))
subplot(3,3,1)
stem(n(1:50)/fs,s1(1:50))
xlabel('radians')
ylabel('amplitude')
title('First sin signal')
subplot(3,3,2)
stem(n(1:50)/fs,s2(1:50))
xlabel('radians')
ylabel('amplitude')
title('Second sin signal')
subplot(3,3,3)
stem(n(1:50)/fs,s(1:50))
xlabel('radians')
ylabel('amplitude')
title('sum signal')
subplot(3,3,4)
stem(n(1:30)*fs/200,sk1(1:30))
xlabel('frequency')
ylabel('amplitude')
title(' Magnitude response of first signal')
subplot(3,3,5)
stem(n(1:30)*fs/200,sk2(1:30))
xlabel('frequency')
ylabel('amplitude')
title(' Magnitude response of second signal')
subplot(3,3,6)
stem(n(1:30)*fs/200,sk(1:30))
xlabel('frequency')
ylabel('amplitude')
title(' Magnitude response of sum signal')
subplot(3,3,7)
stem(n(1:30)*fs/200,phase1(1:30))
xlabel('frequency')
ylabel('phase')
title(' phase response of first signal')
subplot(3,3,8)
stem(n(1:30)*fs/200,phase2(1:30))
xlabel('frequency')
ylabel('phase')
title(' phase response of second signal')
subplot(3,3,9)
stem(n(1:30)*fs/200,phase3(1:30))
xlabel('frequency'); ylabel('phase'); title(' phase response of sum signal')
8a) butterworrh lpf

clc;
clear all;
close all;
alphas=30;
alphap=0.5;
fpass=1000;
fstop=1500;
fsam=5000;
wp=2*fpass/fsam;
ws=2*fstop/fsam;
[n,wn]=buttord(wp,ws,alphap,alphas);
[b,a]=butter(n,wn);
[h,w]=freqz(b,a);
subplot(2,1,1);
plot(w/pi,20*log10(abs(h)));
xlabel('Normalized frequency')
ylabel('gain in db')
title('magnitude response')
subplot(2,1,2);
plot(w/pi,angle(h));
xlabel('Normalized frequency')
ylabel('phase in radians')
title('phase response')

9a) chebyshev low pass

clc;
clear all;
close all;
alphas=0.9;
alphap=0.15;
wp=0.3*pi;
ws=0.5*pi;
[n,wn]=cheb1ord(wp/pi,ws/pi,alphap,alphas);
[b,a]=cheby1(n,alphap,wn);
[h,w]=freqz(b,a);
subplot(2,1,1);
plot(w/pi,20*log10(abs(h)));
xlabel('Normalized frequency')
ylabel('gain in db')
title('magnitude response')
subplot(2,1,2);
plot(w/pi,angle(h));
xlabel('Normalized frequency')
ylabel('phase in radians')
title('phase response')
10)windowing tech
clc;
clear all;
close all;
n=input('Enter order of the filter: ');
fp=input('Enter the passband frequency: ');
fs=input('Enter the passband frequency: ');
f=input('Enter the passband frequency: ');
wp=(2*fp)/f;
ws=(2*fs)/f;
%Low pass filter
window=rectwin(n+1);
b=fir1(n,wp,window);
[h,o]=freqz(b,1,256);
m=20*log10(abs(h));
subplot(3,2,1);
plot(o/pi,m);
title('Magnitude response of Rectangular Window LPF ');
xlabel('normalised frequency');
ylabel('gain in db');
grid on;
%high pass filter
window=rectwin(n+1);
b=fir1(n,wp,'high',window);
[h,o]=freqz(b,1,256);
m=20*log10(abs(h));
subplot(3,2,2);
plot(o/pi,m);
title('Magnitude response of Rectangular Window HPF');
xlabel('normalised frequency');
ylabel('gain in db');
grid on;
%Low pass filter
window=hamming(n+1);
b=fir1(n,wp,window);
[h,o]=freqz(b,1,256);
m=20*log10(abs(h));
subplot(3,2,3);
plot(o/pi,m);
title('Magnitude response of Hamming Window LPF ');
xlabel('normalised frequency');
ylabel('gain in db');
grid on;
%high pass filter
window=hamming(n+1);
b=fir1(n,wp,'high',window);
[h,o]=freqz(b,1,256);
m=20*log10(abs(h));
subplot(3,2,4);
plot(o/pi,m);
title('Magnitude response of Hamming Window HPF');
xlabel('normalised frequency');
ylabel('gain in db');
grid on;
%Low pass filter
window=kaiser(n+1);
b=fir1(n,wp,window);
[h,o]=freqz(b,1,256);
m=20*log10(abs(h));
subplot(3,2,5);
plot(o/pi,m);
title('Magnitude response of Kaiser Window LPF ');
xlabel('normalised frequency');
ylabel('gain in db');
grid on;
%high pass filter
window=kaiser(n+1);
b=fir1(n,wp,'high',window);
[h,o]=freqz(b,1,256);
m=20*log10(abs(h));
subplot(3,2,6);
plot(o/pi,m);
title('Magnitude response of Kaiser Window HPF');
xlabel('normalised frequency');---(next= ylabel('gain in db');-- grid on;)
11)DECIMATION and INTERPOLATION Source Code
clc;
clear all;
close all;
%continuous sinusoidal signal
a=input('Enter the amplitude:');
f=input('Enter the Timeperiod:');
t=-10:1:20;
x=a*sin(2*pi*f*t);
subplot(2,3,1);
plot(t,x);
xlabel('time');
ylabel('Amplitude');
title('Sinusoidal signal');
%decimating the signal
d=input('Enter the value by which the signal is to
be decimated:');
y1=decimate(x,d);
subplot(2,3,2);
stem(y1);
xlabel('time');
ylabel('Amplitude');
title('Decimated signal');
%interpolating the signal
i=input('Enter the value by which the signal is to
be interpolated:');
y2=interp(x,i);
subplot(2,3,3);
stem(y2);
xlabel('time');
ylabel('Amplitude');
title('Interpolated signal');
%resampling the signal
y3=resample(x,3,2);
subplot(2,3,4);
stem(y3);
xlabel('time');
ylabel('Amplitude');
title('Resampled signal');
%downsampling the signal
y4=downsample(x,2);
subplot(2,3,5);
stem(y4);
xlabel('time');
ylabel('Amplitude');
title('Downsampled signal');
%upsampling the signal
y5=upsample(x,3);
subplot(2,3,6);
stem(y5);
xlabel('time');
ylabel('Amplitude');
title('Upsampled signal');
12)Dft

clc;
clear all;
close all;
N=input('Enter the value of N');
x=input('Enter the input sequence X(n):');
t=0:N-1;
subplot(2,1,1);
stem(t,x);
xlabel('TIME');
ylabel('AMPLITUDE');
title('INPUT SIGNAL');
grid on;
y=fft(x,N);
subplot(2,1,2);
stem(t,y);
xlabel('TIME');
ylabel('AMPLITUDE');
title('OUTPUT SIGNAL');
grid on;