EVI

DENCELAW NOTE

Ev
idence i
s somet
hing,whi
ch ser
ves t
o pr
ove ordi
spr
ovet
he exi
stence ornon-
exi
stenceofanal
l
egedf
act
.Thepar
tywhoal
l
egest
heexi
stenceofacer
tai
nfacthast
o
pr
ovei
tsexi
stenceandt
hepar
ty,whodeni
esi
t,hast
odi
spr
ovei
tsexi
stenceorpr
ove
i
tsnon-
exi
stence.I
not
herwor
ds,ev
idencei
sthemeansofsat
isf
yingt
hecour
toft
he
t
rut
horunt
rut
hofdi
sput
edf
actbet
weent
hepar
ti
esi
nthei
rpl
eadi
ngs.

Thel
awofev
idencei
sthebodyofl
egal
rul
esdev
elopedandenact
edt
ogov
ern:

A.Fact
sthatmaybeconsi
der
edi
ncour
t?Thi
sist
hei
ssueofr
elev
antev
idencet
hat
oneshoul
dadducebef
oret
hecour
ttosuppor
thi
sal
l
egat
ion.
1.Fact
sini
ssue
2.Fact
srel
evantt
ofact
sini
ssue
B.Themet
hodsofsecur
ingconsi
der
ati
onoft
hesef
act
s
1. Bypr
oof

i
.Real
(e.
g.document
ary
,exhi
bit
s)ev
idence
i
i
.Or
alev
idence

2.Cer
tai
nfact
s,whi
chneednotbepr
oved

i
. Judi
ci
alnot
ice-Fact
ssonot
ori
ousast
obe f
act
sinpubl
i
cknowl
edge
,
capabl
eofbei
ngv
eri
fi
edbyaut
hor
it
ati
vet
ext
s
i
i
. Judi
ci
aladmi
ssi
on (
fact
s admi
tt
ed i
n pl
eadi
ngs,atopen cour
t,i
n
exami
nat
ionofpar
ti
es,
int
est
imonyet
c.)

C.Thepar
tyt
hatmustsecur
econsi
der
ati
onofwhatf
act
s:Thi
sisaboutbur
denofpr
oof
anddegr
eeofpr
oofr
equi
redt
owi
nthecase.

D.Att
heAppeall
evelev
idencel
awcanbesai
ddealwi
tht
heef
fectoff
ail
uret
ocompl
y
wi
thr
ulesi
nanyoft
heabov
ecat
egor
iesofev
idencel
aw (
e.g.i
mpr
operadmi
ssi
onor
r
eject
ionofev
idence)Becauset
hedeci
sionoft
hecur
tregar
dingt
headmi
ssi
bil
i
tyor
nonadmi
ssi
bil
i
tyofev
idencemayf
ormt
hesubj
ectofagr
oundofappealwher
ean
appeali
sloggedagai
nstconv
ict
ion,di
schar
georacqui
tt
al[
seeAr
t184(
cofcr
.p.
c].
Theseer
ror
sont
headmi
ssi
bil
i
tyori
nadmi
ssi
bil
i
tyofev
idencemayber
ever
sibl
eor
har
mlesser
ror
.

t
heconsensushasbeenr
eachedi
ncat
egor
izi
ngl
awofev
idenceasonepar
tof
adj
ect
ivel
awf
ort
hesakeofest
abl
i
shi
ngmor
eef
fect
ivesy
stem ofadj
udi
cat
ion
ofcasesbef
oret
hecour
tofl
aw.Al
thoughonecanseegr
ainsofev
idencel
awi
n
pr
ocedur
all
aws,t
hei
rmai
n deal
i
ng i
s wi
th how pl
eadi
ngs can be f
ramed,
i
nvest
igat
ionconduct
ed,
evi
dencecol
l
ect
edet
c…Thi
sdoesnotnecessar
il
ymake
t
hel
aw ofev
idencet
o bepar
tofpr
ocedur
all
aw.Ther
ear
ecer
tai
nissues
pr
ocedur
all
awsnev
eraddr
essandar
elef
ttoev
idencel
aw.Fori
nst
ance,i
nthe
pr
ocedur
all
awy
oudi
dnotst
udyaboutt
hest
andar
dofpr
oof
,fact
stobepr
oved
orneednotbepr
ovedandt
hev
alv
etobegi
vent
oeacht
erm ofev
idenceet
c.
Thesear
elef
ttoev
idencel
aw t
her
efor
eev
idencel
aw i
snotst
ri
ctl
yspeaki
ng
pr
ocedur
all
aw,butshar
est
hecommonal
i
tywi
thpr
ocedur
all
awsi
nthesense
t
hatbot
har
emeanst
otheenf
orcementoft
hesubst
ant
ivel
aw.Thus,ev
idence
l
awsui
tabl
yfal
l
swi
thi
nthegener
alcat
egor
yofAdj
ect
ivel
aws,whi
chdealwi
th
t
heenf
orcementoft
hesubst
ant
ivel
aw.

t
her
eisadi
sput
eont
hequest
ionwhet
hert
hel
aw ofev
idenceshal
ldet
ermi
newhi
ch
ev
idenceshoul
dbepr
oducedandwhi
char
enoti
.e.onquest
ionofr
elev
ancy
.Regar
ding
t
hisi
ssuet
her
ear
etwoappr
oaches.

Accor
dingt
oemi
nentl
egal
thi
nker
sli
keJer
myBent
ham andWi
l
li
am Twi
ningt
heov
eral
l
ai
mift
hepr
ocessofadj
udi
cat
ioni
st '
r
he'ect
it
udeofdeci
sionmaki
ng'
'
.Thi
sisachi
eved
byt
hecor
rectappl
i
cat
ionofsubst
ant
ivel
awt
othet
ruef
act
sint
hepar
ti
cul
arcase.
In
t
hisway
;theai
msofj
ust
icear
eser
ved.

Bent
ham l
ongespousedaut
il
it
ari
ant
heor
ythatt
hebestwayt
oar
ri
veatt
het
rut
hwas
t
hroughanappl
i
cat
i f
onof“reepr
oof
”.I
twashi
sconsi
der
edopi
niont
hataj
udgecoul
d
bet
rust
ed t
oreach a f
act
ual
l
ycor
rectv
erdi
ctpr
ovi
ded al
lrel
evantev
idencewas
adduced.I
nhi
svi
ew,
toomanyr
ulesofev
idenceandpr
ocedur
eleadt
otheexcl
usi
onof
t
oomuchr
elev
antev
idence,
ther
ebydi
mini
shi
ngt
hesear
chf
oraf
act
ual
l
ycor
rectt
rut
h.
Thusheadv
ocat
edabol
i
tionofal
llawsoper
ati
ngt
oexcl
udeev
idence.t
hisconceptof
f
reepr
oofmayal
l
owt
hecour
ttoadmi
tunr
eli
abl
eorpr
ejudi
cialev
idence,whi
chl
eadi
t
t
o a hast
y concl
usi
on.The conceptoff
ree-
proofal
so i
gnor
es t
he f
undament
al
i
mpor
tanceofpr
ocedur
alr
ight
sandt
hesy
mbol
i
cimpor
tanceoft
ri
als.

1.
3Ev
idencei
nci
vi
landcommonl
awl
egalsy
stems

(
A)Di
ff
erencesr
egar
dingt
heor
gani
zat
ionoft
her
uleofev
idence.Thecount
ri
es,
whi
chf
oll
ow t
hecommonl
aw l
egalsy
stem,hav
esepar
ater
ulesofev
idenceor
separ
atecodeofev
idencel
aw.Ther
ulesdet
ermi
newhatev
idencei
sadmi
ssi
ble
and whatev
idencei
snotadmi
ssi
ble.Whi
l
e,when wecomet
othel
aw of
ev
idencei
nthecont
inent
alsy
stem t
her
eisnosepar
atecodeofev
idencel
aw.
Rul
esofev
idencear
espar
sel
ydi
str
ibut
edi
nbot
hsubst
ant
iveandpr
ocedur
al
l
aws.

B/sour
cesofev
idencer
ules.count
ri
es,whi
chf
oll
ow t
hecommonl
aw l
egal
sy
stem hav
e al
so j
udge made ev
idence r
ules due t
othe exi
stence oft
he
pr
ecedentsy
stem.t
hej
udgeshav
etheaut
hor
it
ytomadel
awsi
ncl
udi
ngev
idence
r
ules.Sowecansayt
hati
ncommonl
aw sy
stem t
her
ear
ejudgemadel
aws,
whi
l
eint
hecont
inent
alsy
stem-l
awsar
eenact
edbyt
hepar
li
ament
.

C.Thedi
ff
erencer
egar
dingt
hesy
stem ofi
nqui
ry.Thecommonl
awcount
ri
esempl
oy
t '
Adver
he' sar
ialsyst
em'
'ofevi
dencegat
her
ing.Anadv
ersar
ialt
ri
alpr
ovi
desaf
orum i
n
whi
cht
wopar
ti
espr
esentcompet
ingv
ersi
onoft
het
rut
h.Thi
ssy
stem i
sapar
ty-
lead
sy
stem i
nwhi
cht
hej
udgehasnoi
nvest
igat
iver
ole.Howev
er,t
heci
vi
llaw sy
stem
empl
oyt '
i
he'nqui
sit
ori
alsyst
em'
'ofi
nqui
ry.
Her
e,t
hecour
thast
het
askofmaki
ng
i
nqui
ry.I
tquest
ionwi
tnesses,di
rect
sthepol
i
cei
nvest
igat
ion,commi
ssi
onst
heser
vice
ofexper
twi
tnessandexami
nesal
lrel
evantev
idences.

(
D)Thedi
ff
erencesont
het
ypesofev
idencest
heyemphasi
zed.Undercommonl
aw
l
egalsy
stem,t
hegr
eat
estwei
ghtandi
mpor
tancei
sat
tachedt
oor
alt
est
imonyoft
he
par
ti
esandt
hei
rrespect
ivewi
tnesses.Document
aryev
idencei
sgener
all
yregar
dedas
bei
ngi
nfer
iort
oor
alev
idence.Howev
er,i
ncont
inent
all
aw sy
stem l
i
kei
nFr
anceand
Ger
many
,emphasi
sisl
aidonwr
it
tenev
idencei
ncl
udi
ngnot
ary
-at
test
edr
ecor
dsof
ev
erysor
toft
ransact
ion,
wri
tt
enf
ormal
i
ties,
regi
str
ati
onet
c.

(
E)Ar
epar
ti
est
hemsel
vescompet
entwi
tnessesi
nthei
rowncase?I
ncommonl
aw
l
egalsy
stems,
par
ti
est
hemsel
vesar
ecompet
entwi
tnessesi
nthei
rowncase.Howev
er,
i
nci
vi
llaw sy
stem,i
tisconsi
der
edbesti
fnoonei
sawi
tnessi
nhi
sowncase.t
he
excl
usi
on ex
tendst
othi
rd par
ti
es,l
i
kespouse,r
elat
ivesand ot
hercl
osel
yrel
ated
per
son'
soft
hepar
tysi
ncei
tisnotl
i
kel
ytoexpectaneut
ralt
est
imonyf
ormssuch
per
sons.

F/I
shear
sayev
idenceadmi
ssi
bleasar
ule?Ther
eismuchemphasi
sonor
alar
gument
andper
suasi
oni
ncommonl
awl
egal
syst
ems.Butwhent
heysayor
alev
idence,
theyar
e
say
ingt
hedi
rectone.Howev
er,i
nci
vi
llawl
egalsy
stem,t
her
eisnogener
alanal
ysi
sof
r
ules ofadmi
ssi
bil
i
tyofpr
oof
.Her
e,a j
udge has a di
scr
eti
on t
o det
ermi
ne t
he
admi
ssi
bil
i
tyorot
her
wiseoft
heev
idencebyappl
yi
nghi
sownper
sonal
eval
uat
ion.Thus,
i
nci
vi
ll
awl
egal
syst
em t
her
eisnor
ulewhi
chexcl
udes'
'
hear
say
'ev
idence.

1.
4Ev
idencei
nEt
hiopi
a

Thedev
elopmentoft
heEt
hiopi
anev
idencer
ulei
str
acedbackt
otheanci
entday
sFi
tha-
Negest
,thedocumentwhi
chgov
ernst
hespi
ri
tualandsecul
arl
i
fet
hesoci
etybef
oret
he
enact
ment
sofmoder
ncodes.Thedocumentcont
ainsmanypr
ovi
sionsdeal
i
ngabout
pr
oofandmeansofpr
oof
,fori
nst
ancei
tst
ressedt
hei
mpor
tanceofman'
soat
hincour
t
andpr
event
edpar
ti
esandt
hei
rki
nsmenandcl
oser
elat
ivesf
rom t
est
if
ying.Mor
eov
er,
it
st
ressest
hev
alueofwi
tnessesandcont
ainsi
tsownhear
sayr
ule.Ther
eis,
ther
efor
e,a
t
radi
ti
onofor
alev
idencei
ntheanci
entEt
hiopi
ansy
stem.

Thi
sher
eandt
her
escat
ter
edev
idencer
ulesenabl
est
heEt
hiopi
anev
idencesy
stem t
o
shar
ebot
hci
vi
llawandcommonl
awf
eat
ures.Si
nceoursubst
ant
ivel
awsar
eadopt
ed
f
rom ci
vi
llaw l
egalsy
stem,consi
der
abl
ecodeemphasi
sispl
acedont
hev
alueof
document
aryev
idencet
oincl
udepr
ovi
sionsf
orr
egi
sterandact
sofnot
ori
ety
,whi
chi
s
mai
nlyt
hef
eat
ureofcont
inent
alappr
oach.Mor
eov
er,si
nceoursubst
ant
ivel
awsar
e
adopt
edf
rom t
heci
vi
llawl
egalsy
stem,wehav
eanumberofev
idencer
ulesscat
ter
ed
t
hroughoutoursubst
ant
ivel
awsl
i
ket
heAr
ti
clesonpr
oofofmar
ri
age,pr
oofofwi
l
l,
pr
oofofcont
ract
,pr
oofofowner
shi
pandal
otofl
egalpr
esumpt
ionwhi
chr
elat
eto
ev
idence.

Ther
ear
eal
socommonl
aw f
eat
urest
othepr
esentEt
hiopi
anev
idencesy
stem.Si
nce
ourpr
ocedur
all
awsar
eadopt
edf
rom t
hecommonl
aw l
egalsy
stem,t
hemet
hodof
pr
esent
ati
onofev
idenceenv
isagedbyt
heci
vi
landcr
imi
nalpr
ocedur
esi
sver
ymuchof
t
hecommonl
aw met
hodofpr
esent
ati
onofev
idence.Thecommonl
aw f
eat
ures,f
or
i
nst
ance,
cross-
exami
nat
ionandi
mpeachmentofwi
tnesses,
obj
ect
iont
oandr
uli
ngson
admi
ssi
bil
i
tyofev
idenceandt
hel
i
kear
eincl
udedi
nourpr
ocedur
all
aws.Ther
efor
e,we
cansayt
hat
,thepr
esentdayEt
hiopi
anev
idencesy
stem i
sthehy
bri
dofci
vi
llaw and
commonl
awf
eat
ures.

Accor
dingt
oAr
t2(
4)oft
heFeder
alCour
ts'
Est
abl
i
shmentpr
ocl
amat
ionr
e-amendment
pr
ocl
amat
ionNo.454/
2005,i
nter
pret
ati
onofl
aw r
ender
edbyt
hef
eder
alSupr
eme
Cour
tcassat
ionbenchi
sbi
ndi
ngonf
eder
alaswel
lasr
egi
onalcour
tsofal
llev
el.
Ther
efor
e,i
fthef
eder
alSupr
emeCour
t'
scassat
ionbenchgi
vesdeci
siononquest
ionof
l
aw,
whi
chi
nvol
vesev
idence,
itshal
lbebi
ddi
ngonal
lot
hercour
tsasal
aw.

1.
5Ev
idencel
awi
nci
vi
landcr
imi
nalcases

I
nbot
hcr
imi
nalandci
vi
lpr
oceedi
ngs,t
hel
awofev
idencehasanumberofpur
poses.
Howev
er,duet
othedi
ff
erentnat
ureofci
vi
landcr
imi
nalcases,t
her
ulesappl
i
cabl
eon
t
hem maybedi
ff
erent
.Theci
vi
lcasei
sonei
nst
it
utedbyi
ndi
vi
dualf
ort
hepur
poseof
secur
ingr
edr
essf
orawr
ong,whi
chhasbeencommi
tt
edagai
nsthi
m,andi
fhei
s
successf
ulhewi
l
lbeawar
dedmoneyorot
herper
sonalr
eli
ef,
whi
l
eapenalpr
osecut
ion
i
sinst
it
utedbyt
hegov
ernmentf
ort
hepur
poseofsecur
ingobedi
encet
oit
slawsbyt
he
puni
shmentorcor
rect
ionoft
hel
awbr
eaker
.Ther
efor
e,si
ncet
her
eli
efsoughtaswel
las
t
he pur
pose ofi
nst
it
uti
ng ci
vi
land cr
imi
nalcases i
s di
ff
erent
,the exi
stence of
di
ff
erencer
egar
dingt
hest
ri
ct-
nessesoft
heev
ident
iar
yrul
esappl
i
cabl
eont
hoset
wo
casesseemspr
oper
.

Gener
all
y,t
hepur
poseofev
ident
iar
yrul
esi
stoassi
stt
hecour
tinest
abl
i
shi
ngt
het
rut
h
bet
weent
hepar
ty'
sconf
li
cti
ngv
ersi
onsoft
hef
acti
nthecase.Howev
er,i
ncr
imi
nal
casest
hel
awofev
idencehasf
urt
heri
mpor
tantpur
pose,
thati
s,t
hepr
otect
iongi
vent
o
t
heaccusedi
nrespectt
ohi
sri
ghtt
oaf
airt
ri
al.Thepr
otect
ionoft
heaccusedagai
nst
t
hecasebei
ngpr
ovenagai
nsthi
m byev
idencewhi
chi
spr
ejudi
cialt
ohi
sri
ghtt
oaf
ar
t
radei
soneoft
hemai
nreasonswhyt
hel
aw ofcr
imi
nalev
idencecont
ainssomany
r
uleswhi
chexcl
udespot
ent
ial
l
yrel
evantev
idencesf
rom bei
ngpr
oducedbef
oret
he
cour
tincl
udi
ng,
forexampl
e,t
hegener
alr
ulet
hatev
idenceoft
hedef
endant
'sbad
char
act
erorhi
spr
evi
ousconv
ict
ionswi
l
lnotbeadmi
tt
edatt
ri
al,
(seear
t138ofcr
.p.
c)
di
ff
erentpr
ivi
l
eges gi
ven t
o wi
tnesses.
.et
c .The cour
tmay al
so exer
cise i
ts
di
scr
eti
onar
y powert
o suppor
tthe def
endant
'sr
ightt
oaf
airt
ri
alby excl
udi
ng
pot
ent
ial
l
yrel
evantev
idences.Theexcl
usi
onofev
idencei
nanat
temptt
oensur
eaf
air
t
ri
ali
ncr
imi
nal
casesi
sconsi
der
edatl
engt
honchapt
er3.

Whi
l
einci
vi
lpr
oceedi
ngs,
evi
dencet
hati
srel
evantandpr
obat
iveofaf
act
,whi
chneeds
t
obepr
ovedt
othecour
t,wi
l
lgener
all
ybeadmi
ssi
ble.Ther
ear
enomandat
oryr
ules
r
equi
ri
ngt
heexcl
usi
onofev
idencei
nci
vi
lcases.Thi
sst
ateofaf
fai
rsr
efl
ect
sthekey
di
ff
erencebet
weenci
vi
landcr
imi
nal
proceedi
ng.Ther
efor
e,wecansayt
hatt
hef
airt
ri
al
pr
ovi
si
oni
snotasi
mpor
tanti
nci
vi
lcaseast
her
eisagr
eat
erequal
i
tyi
nresour
ces
bet
weent
hepar
ti
esi
ncont
rastwi
thcr
imi
nalpr
oceedi
ngsi
nwhi
cht
hepowerf
ull
gov
ernmenti
nonesi
deandt
heweakeraccusedont
heot
hersi
dear
ether
e.Al
so,
whi
l
st
l
osi
ngci
vi
lcasemayr
esul
tint
hecl
aimantort
hedef
endantsuf
fer
ingser
iousdamage
t
ohi
sfi
nanci
alr
esour
cesorpr
oper
ty,hewi
l
lnotl
osshi
sli
ber
tyl
i
feorsuf
fert
hesame
soci
alst
igmaasaper
sonwhohasbeenconv
ict
edofcr
imi
nalof
fence.Thi
sisr
easons
why
,ther
eishugedi
ff
erencer
egar
dingt
hest
andar
dofper
suasi
onr
equi
redi
nci
vi
land
cr
imi
nal
cases.

Themai
ndi
ff
erencer
egar
dingev
ident
iar
yrul
esi
nci
vi
landcr
imi
nalcasesl
i
esont
he
r
equi
redst
andar
dofpr
oof
.Ther
ulesr
elat
ingt
othest
andar
dofpr
oofdet
ermi
neshow
muchpr
oofi
srequi
redf
orapar
tyt
oper
suadet
hecour
t.Theappr
opr
iat
est
andar
dof
pr
ooft
hatwi
l
lhav
etobesat
isf
iedi
nacr
imi
nalcasei
sheav
iert
hani
naci
vi
lcase.I
n
cr
imi
nalpr
oceedi
ng,t
hepubl
i
cpr
ocessori
nor
dert
owi
nthecase,hei
srequi
redt
o
pr
oof
,bey
ondr
easonabl
edoubt
.Whi
l
einci
vi
lcaset
hest
andar
dispr
eponder
anceof
ev
idenceorpr
obabi
l
iti
es.

onbur
denanddegr
eeofpr
oof
.Howev
er,t
her
ear
eal
soanot
herdi
ff
erences.Now we
wi
l
ldi
scussuchot
herdi
ff
erencesi
nli
newi
thourev
idencer
ulesshor
tl
y.

1.Lessi
mpor
tancei
sat
tachedt
othepr
inci
pleofor
ali
tyi
nci
vi
lpr
oceedi
ngs,
resul
ti
ngi
n
f
argr
eat
err
eli
anceupont
headmi
ssi
onofev
idencei
ndocument
aryf
orm.Becausei
n
ci
vi
lcases,mostoft
hecl
aimsar
erai
sedf
rom cont
ract
ual
,monet
aryorpr
opr
iet
ary
r
elat
ionshi
pswhi
chcoul
dmost
lypr
ovedbyadduci
ngdocument
aryev
idences.Whi
l
e
duet
othev
erynat
ureofway
sofcommi
tt
ingacr
ime,t
hepubl
i
cpr
osecut
ormost
ly
pr
oveshi
sal
l
egat
ionbypr
ovi
dinganexper
tandl
aywi
tnesses.Andt
hecr
ime,whi
ch
coul
dbepr
ovedbydocument
aryev
idences,i
slessi
nnumber
ssi
ncet
heyar
ebei
ng
commi
tt
edi
namor
esophi
sti
cat
edway
.

2.Ther
eisal
soadi
ff
erencebet
weenci
vi
landcr
imi
nalpr
oceedi
ngsr
egar
dingpr
oofby
admi
ssi
ons.Fi
rst
ly,i
nci
vi
lcases,t
hedef
endantshal
ldenyeachandev
eryf
actal
l
eged
byt
hest
atementofcl
aim speci
fi
cal
l
y.[
seeAr
t83ofci
v.
p.c]
.Andev
eryal
l
egat
ionsof
f
acti
nthest
atementofcl
aim,i
fnotdeni
edspeci
fi
cal
l
yorbynecessar
yimpl
i
cat
ion,or
st
atedt
obenotadmi
tt
edi
nthest
atementofdef
ense,
shal
lbepr
esumedadmi
tt
edand
t
hecour
tshal
lgi
vej
udgmentonsuchadmi
tt
edf
act
s.(
seeAr
t242ofci
vi
c).
Whi
l
ein
cr
imi
nalcases,wher
etheaccusedsay
snot
hingi
nanswert
othechar
ge,apl
eaofnot
gui
l
tyshal
lbeent
ered.Thi
smeanst
hesi
l
enceoft
heaccusedoft
heaccuseddoesnot
amount
stoadmi
ssi
on.
(seeAr
t27,and134(
1)ofci
v.
p.c]
.Mor
eov
er,f
ail
uret
ocr
oss-
exami
neonapar
ti
cul
arpoi
ntdoesnotconst
it
uteanadmi
ssi
onoft
het
rut
hoft
hepoi
nt
byt
heopposi
tepar
ty.[
SeeAr
t140ofcr
.p.
c]

Secondl
y,i
nci
vi
lpr
oceedi
ngs,wher
eapar
tyf
ormal
l
yadmi
tst
het
rut
hofaf
acti
nissue
i
nthecase,t
hef
actceasest
obei
ndi
sput
ebet
weent
hepar
ti
cles,andassuchany
ev
idencet
opr
ovet
hef
actwi
l
lber
uledasi
nadmi
ssi
bleont
hegr
oundt
hati
tisi
rr
elev
ant
.
Toputi
nanot
herway
,judi
cialadmi
ssi
onsar
econcl
usi
vei
nci
vi
lcases.Andt
hecour
ts
ar
eunderobl
i
gat
iont
ogi
vej
udgment
sbasedonsuchadmi
ssi
onwi
thoutr
equi
ri
ngt
he
pr
oduct
ionofaddi
ti
onalev
idences.(
seeAr
t242ofci
v.
p.c)
.Whi
l
eincr
imi
nalcases
j
udi
cialadmi
ssi
onsar
enotconcl
usi
ve.Ofcour
se,whent
heaccusedadmi
tswi
thout
r
eser
vat
ionsev
eryi
ngr
edi
enti
ntheof
fencechar
ged,
thecour
tshal
lent
erapl
eaofgui
l
ty
andmayf
ort
hwi
thconv
ictt
heaccused.Howev
er,
thecour
tmayr
equi
ret
hepr
osecut
ion
t
ocal
lsuchev
idencef
ort
hepr
osecut
ion,
asi
tconsi
der
snecessar
yandmayper
mitt
he
accusedt
ocal
lev
idence.(
seear
t134ofcr
.p.
c).Ther
efor
e,unl
i
keci
vi
lcases,
incr
imi
nal
casest
het
askofdet
ermi
ningt
heconcl
usi
venessesofj
udi
cialadmi
ssi
oni
slef
ttot
he
di
scr
eti
onoft
hecour
t.

Whyj
udi
cialadmi
ssi
onsar
enotconcl
usi
vei
ncr
imi
nalcases?

I
ncr
imi
nalcases,t
hei
ssuemaybet
hequest
ionofl
i
feanddeat
h.Sot
hecour
tshal
l
t
akeaduecar
ethatani
nnocentper
sonnott
obeconv
ict
edandpuni
shed.Sot
hat
,the
cour
tsar
eexpect
edt
ocr
it
ical
l
yexami
net
her
easonsbehi
ndoft
heconf
essi
on.Because
somet
imesi
nnocentper
sonmayadmi
tthecommi
ssi
onofcr
imet
ocov
eranot
her
per
son,
forf
ameort
obeknownt
hroughoutt
hewor
ldbyhi
scr
imi
nal
act
.

Thi
rdl
y,i
ncr
imi
nalcases,admi
ssi
onshal
lbemadewi
thoutr
eser
vat
ion.Whenwesay
t
heaccusedadmi
tt
ed,
wear
esay
ingt
hatheadmi
tt
edeachandev
erycr
imi
nalel
ement
s
oft
heal
l
egedof
fenceusual
l
ycompr
iseel
ement
soft
hemensr
eaandact
usr
eus.
Howev
er,i
nci
vi
lpr
oceedi
ngst
hepar
tymayadmi
tthet
rut
hoft
hewhol
eoranypar
tof
t
hecaseoft
heot
herpar
ty.Fori
nst
ance,t
hepl
aint
if
fhasi
nst
it
utedsui
tagai
nstt
he
def
endantonbr
eachofcont
ractf
ort
hev
alueof10,
000bi
rr
.Her
e,t
hedef
endantmay
admi
thal
foft
hepl
aint
if
fscl
aim anddenyt
her
est
.Insuchcase,
thei
ssue(
thepoi
ntof
di
sagr
eement
)li
esonl
yont
henon-
admi
tt
edcl
aimsoft
hepl
aint
if
fandt
hecour
tshal
l
gi
vej
udgment
sont
headmi
tt
edamounti
naccor
dancewi
thAr
t.242ofci
v-p.
c.

1.
6. Cl
assi
fi
cat
ionofev
idence
ev
idencei
sdi
vi
dedi
ntot
wo:
dir
ectandci
rcumst
ant
ial
.

di
rectev
idenceest
abl
i
shesaf
acti
nissuedi
rect
ly.Af
acti
nissuei
ssomet
hingapar
ty
al
l
egest
oexi
standt
heot
herpar
tydeni
est
hisi
sthedi
sput
edf
act
,whi
chcanonl
ybe
r
esol
vedbyt
hehel
pofev
idence.

Di
rectev
idencei
spr
ovi
ded bywi
tnessesgi
vi
ng or
alt
est
imonyofsomet
hing t
hey
per
cei
vedwi
tht
hei
rownsenses.I
tisal
soaf
for
dedbyt
hepr
esent
ati
onofdocument
s,
phot
ogr
aphsandt
hel
i
kewhi
cht
hej
udgei
srequi
redt
oint
erpr
etwi
thhi
ssensesand
i
ncl
udes t
he phy
sicalpr
esence ofwi
tness i
nthe wi
tness box gi
vi
ng r
ise t
o an
assessmentbyt
hej
udgeoft
hewi
tness’
scr
edi
bil
i
ty.I
tcani
ncl
udeanyi
ncr
imi
nat
ing
admi
ssi
onsbyapar
tyi
nthecase.

Howev
er,ci
rcumst
ant
ialev
idence i
sindi
rectev
idence t
hatt
ends t
o est
abl
i
sh a
concl
usi
onbyi
nfer
ence.I
tdoesn'
tdi
rect
lyt
elly
ouorpr
ovet
heexi
stenceornon-
exi
stenceoft
heal
l
egedordi
sput
edf
act
.Butwheny
ouputt
hem t
oget
her
,theyf
orma
chai
nleadi
ngt
oal
ogi
cal
concl
usi
on.

Thus,ci
rcumst
ancesshoul
dbet
akencumul
ati
vel
yandnoti
nisol
ati
onofonef
rom t
he
ot
her
.Wher
ethef
act
sar
eputt
oget
her
,theyl
eadt
oacer
tai
nlogi
cal
concl
usi
on.

Chapt
ert
wo:Fact
s,whi
chmaybepr
ovedot
hert
hanbyev
idence

Ther
ear
ethr
eeexcept
ionst
othegener
alr
uler
equi
ri
ngev
idencet
obeadducedt
o
di
schar
geal
egalorev
ident
ialbur
denwher
ethecour
tmayt
reataf
actaspr
ovenwi
th
outt
heneedf
ort
hepar
tybear
ingt
hel
egalandev
ident
ialbur
denst
oputev
idence
bef
oret
hecour
tinr
espectoft
hatf
act
.

Thef
ir
stexcept
ionappl
i
eswher
eapar
tyadmi
tsaf
actbymaki
ngaf
ormaladmi
ssi
on
ei
therbef
oret
het
ri
aloratt
het
ri
al.Thesecondexcept
ionappl
i
eswher
ethepr
oofoft
he
f
acti
nissuemaybepr
esumedbyt
hecour
tfr
om ani
nfer
encedr
awnf
rom oneormor
e
pr
imar
yfact
s.Andt
het
hir
dexcept
iont
othegener
alr
ulei
sdeal
tundert
hedoct
ri
neof
j
udi
cialnot
ice.Judi
ci
alnot
icecov
erst
hosef
act
sthatar
esowel
lknownandnot
ori
ous
t
hati
tisnotnecessar
yforapar
tyt
opr
ovet
hatf
actf
ormal
l
ytot
hecour
t.
2.
1Admi
tt
edf
act
s.
Admi
ssi
oni
sast
atementoff
act
,whi
chwai
vesordi
sput
eswi
tht
hepr
oduct
ionof
ev
idencebyconcedi
ngt
hatt
hef
actasser
tedbyt
heopponenti
str
ue.Because,whata
per
sonhi
msel
fadmi
tst
obet
ruemayr
easonabl
ybepr
esumedt
obeso,andunt
ilt
he
pr
esumpt
ioni
srebut
ted,
thef
actadmi
tt
edhast
obet
akenasev
idence.Because,
int
he
nor
malcour
seoft
hings,aper
sondoesnotmakehi
msel
fli
abl
ebyadmi
tt
ingf
act
s
agai
nsthi
m sel
funl
esst
hoseal
l
egat
ionsar
etr
ue,andhei
sexpect
edt
oknow f
act
s
r
elat
ingt
ohi
m bet
tert
hananybodyel
se.Thati
swhyRul
e3ofDERandAr
t2002ofci
vi
l
codeconsi
der
edpar
ty'
sadmi
ssi
onasoneki
ndofev
idence.

2.
1.2Cl
assi
fi
cat
ionofAdmi
ssi
on:f
ormal
andi
nfor
maladmi
ssi
ons

Admi
ssi
onmayexi
sti
nthef
orm off
ormaladmi
ssi
onandi
nfor
maladmi
ssi
onsi
nbot
h
ci
vi
landcr
imi
nalcases.Apar
tymayf
ormal
l
yadmi
taf
acti
nthepl
eadi
ngsi
nthecase,
i
.e.i
nst
atementofcl
aim ori
ndef
enseori
nacount
ercl
aim ori
nrepl
y.Hemayal
so
admi
tinopencour
tint
hef
ir
sthear
ingoratt
het
ri
al.Mor
eov
er,i
ncr
imi
nalcasesa
f
ormaladmi
ssi
onmaybemadet
oaper
soni
naut
hor
it
yi.
e.t
othepol
i
ceof
fi
ceri
n
answer
stoi
nter
rogat
ions.(
Art270 ofcr
.p.
c).Theseal
lar
econsi
der
ed asf
ormal
admi
ssi
ons.

Whi
l
eani
nfor
maladmi
ssi
oni
sawr
it
tenoranor
alst
atementmadebyapar
tyorbya
per
sonconnect
edwi
tht
hepar
tyt
hati
sadv
erset
othatpar
ty'
sint
erest
s,andi
smost
commonl
ymadei
nal
ett
er,f
axoranemai
l
.Ani
nfor
maladmi
ssi
onmayal
sobemade
or
all
yinawi
tness'
sanswert
oaquest
ionaskedi
ncr
oss-
exami
nat
ion.I
tal
sobemade
spont
aneousl
ybyaper
soni
nresponset
otheev
ent
sgi
venr
iset
othecauseofact
ion.

2.
1.3Ty
pesofAdmi
ssi
ons:Judi
cial
andExt
ra-Judi
cial

f
act
sadmi
tt
edmaybeoft
wot
ypes.Thesear
ejudi
cialadmi
ssi
onsandext
ra-Judi
cial
admi
ssi
ons.
Judi
ci
aladmi
ssi
onsar
ethoseadmi
ssi
onsmadeaspar
toft
hepr
oceedi
ngi
nthel
awsui
t.
Themer
efactt
hatt
headmi
ssi
oni
smadebef
oret
hecour
tofl
aw doesnotmakei
ta
j
udi
cialadmi
ssi
on.Tobeconsi
der
edasj
udi
cialadmi
ssi
on,
itshoul
dbegi
venbef
oret
he
cour
t,whi
chhandl
edt
hecase,andnoti
not
hercour
tsast
hecasei
nAr
t35ofcr
.pc.
Theyar
eor
dinar
yconcl
usi
veont
hepar
tymaki
ngt
hem andmaynotbecont
radi
cted.
Forexampl
e,t
hedef
endantmayadmi
tinhi
spl
eadi
ngt
hathehasent
eredi
ntoa
cont
ractofl
oanwi
thpl
aint
if
fasal
l
egedbyt
hepl
aint
if
f.Thi
sisaj
udi
cialadmi
ssi
on,
whi
chcannotbewi
thdr
awnaf
ter
war
d.

Ext
ra-Judi
cialadmi
ssi
onsasopposedt
ojudi
cialadmi
ssi
onar
enotmadei
nthecour
se
ofcour
tpr
oceedi
ngsev
ent
houghi
ncr
imi
nalmat
ter
stheymayhav
ebeenmadei
nthe
cour
seoft
hecr
imi
nalpr
oceedi
ngs.Youmayt
hinkofconf
essi
onmadebef
oret
he
i
nvest
igat
ivepol
i
ce.
(seeAr
t27ofcr
.P.
c]

2.
1.3.
1Judi
cial
Admi
ssi
onsci
vi
landcr
imi
nalcases

1.I
nci
vi
lcases

I
nci
vi
lcases,
judi
cialadmi
ssi
onshav
ethepowert
owi
thdr
awaf
actf
rom bei
ngi
nissue
andav
oidt
heneedf
orpr
oof
.Theef
fectofj
udi
ci
aladmi
ssi
oni
sdest
ruct
ivei
nci
vi
lcase.
Ther
easoni
s,f
oronet
hing,t
heycannotbecont
radi
ctedoncet
heyar
emade,andf
or
t
heot
hert
hecour
tmaynotr
equi
ref
urt
herpr
oofbecauseofl
essst
andar
dofpr
oof
r
equi
redi
nci
vi
lcases.

way
sofmaki
ngj
udi
ci
aladmi
ssi
onsi
nci
vi
lcases.

A.Fact
sexpr
essl
yadmi
tt
edi
npar
ti
espl
eadi
ngs.(
Art83,
242.
Civ
-p-
c

B. Fact
sadmi
tt
edbyi
mpl
icat
ion(
Art83,
235ofci
v-p-
c)

C.Admi
ssi
ondur
ingPr
e-t
ri
alhear
ingsandatt
het
ri
al.

D.Fact
sadmi
tt
edbyapar
tywhot
est
if
iesbef
oreacommi
ssi
on
E.Admi
ssi
onbyt
est
imonyoft
hepar
tyont
hest
andorbyst
atementofhi
scounsel

F.Admi
ssi
onbyagr
eementoft
hepar
ti
es.

2.I
ncr
imi
nalCases.

I
ncr
imi
nalcases,Judi
cialadmi
ssi
onr
efer
stopl
eaofgui
l
tyornotgui
l
ty.
Aft
erhav
ing
r
eadt
hewhol
echar
get
otheaccused,t
hecour
taskst
heaccusedwhet
herhepl
eads
gui
l
tyornot
.Ifhepl
eadsgui
l
tywi
thoutr
eser
vat
iont
hecour
tmayent
erpl
eaofgui
l
ty.
Wher
eheadmi
tsbutwi
thr
eser
vat
ion,t
hecour
twi
l
lent
erpl
eaofnotgui
l
ty.Because,
unl
i
keci
vi
lcases,i
ncr
imi
nalcasest
hecour
tcannotspl
i
tthef
act
sandf
ramei
ssues
wi
thr
espectt
othosewhi
char
edeni
ed.Her
e,apl
eaofgui
l
tyi
saj
udi
cialadmi
ssi
onof
eachandev
eryel
ement
soft
heof
fencechar
ged.

2.
1.3.
2.Ext
ra-Judi
cialAdmi
ssi
on:Ci
vi
landcr
imi
nal
case

I
nthepr
evi
oussect
ions,wehav
edi
scussedaboutj
udi
cialadmi
ssi
onsi
nci
vi
land
cr
imi
nalcases.Andt
hesecondt
ypeofadmi
ssi
oni
sev
ident
iar
yadmi
ssi
on.Thi
sisan
admi
ssi
onmadeout
sideoft
hecour
tei
theror
all
yori
nawr
it
tenf
orm.

Al
thoughanyt
hingapar
typr
evi
ousl
ysai
dmaybeusedagai
nsther
,iti
snotconcl
usi
ve
agai
nsthersi
ncei
tmaybecont
radi
ctedbyt
hepar
tymaki
ngt
hem.Fori
nst
ance,
apar
ty
candenymaki
ngt
hest
atementorshecant
ryt
oexpl
aini
taway
-forexampl
eby
cont
endi
ngt
hatshewasj
oki
ng.

2.
2Pr
esumpt
ion

2.
2.1Gener
ali
ntr
oduct
ion:basi
cfactandpr
esumedf
act

Thesecondsi
tuat
ionwher
eapar
tyi
srel
i
evedoft
hel
egalbur
denofpr
ovi
ngaf
acti
n
i
ssuei
swher
ethef
actcomeswi
thi
ntheoper
ati
onofpr
esumpt
ion.Pr
esumpt
ioni
san
i
nfer
encemadeaboutonef
actf
rom whi
cht
hecour
tisent
it
ledt
opr
esumecer
tai
not
her
f
act
swi
thouthav
ingt
hosef
act
sdi
rect
lypr
ovebyev
idence.I
nthi
s,t
hepr
oofofonef
act
i
stakenast
hepr
oofoft
heot
herf
act
.Wher
ether
eisani
ssuebef
oreacour
ttheone
t
hathast
obepr
oveni
sthedi
sput
edf
act
.Howev
er,t
hepr
oofofsuchf
actmaynotbe
neededi
faf
actt
hepr
oofofwhi
chi
sequi
val
entt
othepr
oofoft
hedi
sput
edf
acti
s
pr
oved.Her
eapar
tywhowant
stobenef
itf
rom pr
esumpt
ionsmustgot
hehal
fwayi
.e.
hemustf
ir
stpr
ovet
hebasi
cfactunl
esssuchf
acti
sadmi
tt
edbyt
heot
herpar
ty.I
fthe
pr
oofofA'
makest
heexi
stenceoff
act“
B”mor
epr
obabl
eiti
ssensi
bleandt
imesav
ing
t
oassumet
het
rut
hoff
act“
B”unt
ilt
headv
ersar
ydi
spr
ovesi
t.

Whyweneedpr
esumpt
ion?

1.Ther
e ar
e pol
i
cy consi
der
ati
ons suppor
ti
ng t
he cr
eat
ion and i
nvocat
ion of
pr
esumpt
ions.Pr
esumpt
ion ser
ves a numberofpur
poses.Somet
imes t
he
st
rongestf
act
orexpl
aini
ngt
hecr
eat
ionofpr
esumpt
ioni
spr
obabi
l
ist
icr
elat
ion.
2.t
osav
eti
me.
3.f
orpr
ocedur
alconv
eni
ence.
4. t
opr
otectpubl
i
cpol
i
cyorgr
eat
eri
nter
estofgov
ernment
.

Pr
esumpt
ionscan be di
vi
ded aspr
esumpt
ion off
act(
per
missi
vei
nfer
ences)and
pr
esumpt
ionofl
aw.Pr
esumpt
ionoff
acti
slogi
cali
nfer
encest
hatcanbedr
awnby
exper
ienceuponpr
oofoft
hebasi
cfact
.Suchi
nfer
encesar
emost
lyt
ruei
nthenor
mal
cour
seoft
hings.

2.
2.2Pr
esumpt
ionoff
act

Assai
dbef
ore,pr
esumpt
ionoff
act
sar
enotpr
escr
ibedbyl
aw.Rat
hert
heyar
eabout
l
ogi
cali
nfer
encest
hatcanbemadef
rom agi
venf
act
.Thi
sleadst
othear
gumentast
o
whet
hert
hei
ssueofpr
esumpt
ioni
ssubj
ectofl
aw ofev
idenceorsubj
ectofr
ulesof
l
ogi
corr
easoni
ng.

Cour
tmaypr
esumeexi
stenceofcer
tai
nfact
s
Thecour
tmaypr
esumet
heexi
stenceofanyf
actwhi
ch i
tthi
nksl
i
kel
yto have
happened,r
egar
dbei
nghadt
othecommoncour
seofnat
uralevent
s,humanconduct
andpubl
i
candpr
ivat
ebusi
nessi
nthei
rrel
ati
ont
othef
actoft
hepar
ti
cul
arcase.

2.
2.3.Pr
esumpt
ionofLaw

Assai
dear
li
er,pr
esumpt
ionsofl
awar
epr
esumpt
ion,whi
cht
hel
awr
equi
rest
hecour
t
t
omake.Theyar
emandat
oryi
nthesenset
hat
,wher
ethel
aw r
equi
rest
hecour
tto
pr
esumecer
tai
nfactt
hecour
tcannotr
efuset
opr
esume.

The bases f
ort
he cr
eat
ion ofpr
esumpt
ions ofl
aw may be di
ff
erent
.Some of
pr
esumpt
ions ar
e nat
uralpr
esumpt
ions t
hrough whi
ch t
he l
aw r
ecogni
zed t
he
appl
i
cat
ionofsuchnat
uralev
ent
s.Forexampl
e,t
hepr
esumpt
ionunderAr
t3(
1)ofci
vi
l
codei
sofsuchki
nd.

Andanot
herst
rongf
act
orwhi
chexpl
ainst
hecr
eat
ionofapr
esumpt
ioni
spr
obabi
l
ist
ic
r
elat
ionorl
ogi
cal
rel
ati
on.

Howev
eral
lpr
esumpt
ions ofl
aw ar
e notbased on l
ogi
calr
elat
ions t
her
e ar
e
pr
esumpt
ionswhi
char
epr
escr
ibedbyt
hel
aw f
ordi
ff
erentsoci
alorgov
ernment
al
pol
i
cy.Asar
esul
t,wehav
esuchpr
esumpt
ionofl
aw (
e.g.pr
esumpt
ionofi
nnocence)
whi
chi
snotdependi
ngonpr
oofofbasi
cfact
.

Pr
esumpt
ionsofl
awar
eoft
wot
ypes:
rebut
abl
eandi
rr
ebut
abl
epr
esumpt
ions.

2.
2.3.
1.I
rr
ebut
abl
ePr
esumpt
ion

Assai
dear
li
er,
thepar
tyi
nwhosef
avort
hepr
esumpt
ionmadei
srel
i
evedf
rom pr
ovi
ng
t
hef
acti
nissue.I
nst
eadofpr
ovi
ngt
hedi
sput
edf
act
,hepr
ovesabasi
cfactorgr
oups
off
act
swhosei
nter
fer
encemakest
heexi
stenceornon-
exi
stenceoft
hef
acti
nissue
mor
epr
obabl
e.

I
npr
inci
ple,
presumpt
ionhast
heef
fectofshi
ft
ingt
hebur
denofpr
ooff
rom t
hepar
tyi
n
who'
sempl
oyedi
ncaseofpr
esumpt
ionoff
actandr
eput
abl
epr
esumpt
ions.Howev
er,
concl
usi
veori
rr
ebut
abl
epr
esumpt
ioni
sreal
l
yanawkwar
dlyexpr
essedr
uleofl
aw
whi
chcannotbedi
spr
ovedbyanot
herpar
ty.Thusi
rr
ebut
abl
epr
esumpt
ionsdonothav
e
t
heef
fectofshi
ft
ingt
hebur
denofpr
oduct
iont
oanot
herpar
ty.Oncet
heper
sonwho
hast
hei
rr
ebut
abl
epr
esumpt
iononhi
ssi
depr
ovest
hebasi
cfactt
hent
heot
herpar
ty
wi
l
lbewonwi
thoutcount
erpr
oofonhi
ssi
de,ev
eni
fhehaspossi
blegr
oundsof
di
spr
ovi
ngt
heal
l
egat
ions.(
SeeRul
e5[
3]oft
heDER)
.

2.
2.3.
2Rebut
abl
epr
esumpt
ions.

Ar
ebut
abl
epr
esumpt
ionofl
awoper
ateswher
e,ont
hepr
oofofadmi
ssi
onofpr
imar
y
f
act
,andi
ntheabsenceoff
urt
herev
idence,anot actmustbepr
herf esumed.Thepar
ty
r
ely
ingont
hepr
esumpt
ionbear
sthel
egalandev
ident
iar
ybur
densofpr
ovi
ngt
he
pr
imar
yfact
.Oncet
hepar
tyhasadducedsuf
fi
ci
entev
idencet
oest
abl
i
sht
hepr
esumed
f
act
,thepr
esumpt
ionwi
l
lappl
yunl
esst
heot
herpar
tysuccessf
ull
ydi
schar
gesi
tsl
egal
andev
ident
ialbur
dent
orebutt
hepr
esumpt
ion.Thus,r
ebut
abl
epr
esumpt
ionofl
aw
unl
i
kei
rr
ebut
abl
epr
esumpt
ionhast
heef
fectofshi
ft
ingt
hebur
denofpr
ooft
oanot
her
par
ty.Fori
nst
ance,
int
hecaseofpr
esumpt
ionofl
egi
ti
macy
,aper
sonwi
l
lbepr
esumed
t
obel
egi
ti
mat
ewher
ethepr
imar
yfacti
spr
ovent
hathewasbor
norconcei
veddur
ing
t
heper
iodofhi
spar
ent
'
slawf
ulmar
ri
edl
i
feori
rr
egul
aruni
on.(
Art126and130ofRFC)
.
Howev
er,t
heal
l
egedf
athert
orebutt
hepr
esumpt
ionofl
egi
ti
macymay
,forexampl
e,
i
ntr
oduceev
idencepr
ovi
ngt
hathecoul
dnothav
esexuali
nter
cour
sewi
tht
hemot
her
t
h t
h
dur
ingt
heper
iodbet
weent
he300 and180 daybef
oret
hebi
rt
hoft
hechi
l
d.(
SeeAr
t
168ofRFC)
.

Thest
andar
dofpr
oofr
equi
redt
orebutt
hepr
esumpt
ionmaybedet
ermi
nedbyt
hear
ea
ofsubst
ant
ivel
awi
nwhi
cht
hepr
esumpt
ionoper
ates.I
naci
vi
lcase,
thepar
tyt
hathas
t
hel
egalbur
denofr
ebut
ti
ngt
hepr
esumpt
ioni
srequi
redt
opr
ovet
hei
ssuet
othe
nor
malst
andar
dof“
ont
hebal
anceofpr
obabi
l
iti
es”
.Thatmeansi
fthepar
tyonwhose
f
avort
hepr
esumpt
ioni
smadef
ail
edt
ochal
l
enget
her
ebut
talev
idencesoft
heot
her
par
ty,
wecansayt
hatt
heot
herpar
tyf
ulf
il
ledt
henor
malst
andar
drequi
redt
orebutt
he
pr
esumpt
ion.Howev
er,i
nsomecases,i
tseemst
hatt
hepr
ovi
sionr
equi
rest
hepar
tyt
o
pr
ovet
hei
ssuet
othehi
gherst
andar
dofpr
oofwhi
chconf
ir
mst
othest
andar
dof
“
bey
ondr
esponsi
bledoubt“
asi
tisi
ncr
imi
nal
cases.Fori
nst
ance,
underAr
t168ofRFC,
t
heper
sont
owhom t
hel
awat
tri
but
est
hepat
erni
tyofachi
l
dmaydi
sownsuchchi
l
dby
pr
ovngdeci
i sivel
ythathecoul
dnothav
ehadsexuali
nter
cour
sewi
tht
hemot
herdur
ing
t
heper
i ween300thand180thdaybef
odbet oret
hebi
rt
hoft
hechi
l
d.Her
e,t
hephr …by
ase“
pr
ovi
ngdeci
si
vel
ythat
…”showst
hatt
hest
andar
drequi
redi
nsuchcasei
ssomehow
abov
ethebal
anceofpr
obabi
l
iti
es.

I
ncaseofr
ebut
abl
epr
esumpt
ion,somet
imest
hel
awr
est
ri
ctst
hegr
ounduponwhi
ch
t
hepr
esumpt
ionmayber
ebut
ted,
andi
not
hercasesdoesnoti
mposeanyr
est
ri
cti
onon
how t
orebutt
hepr
esumpt
ion.Thussomer
ebut
abl
epr
esumpt
ionsar
erebut
abl
eon
unl
i
mit
edgr
oundswhi
l
eot
her
sonl
i
mit
edgr
ounds.Thesedi
ff
erencesmayal
sohav
eit
s
owni
mpactont
hest
andar
dofpr
oofr
equi
redt
orebutt
hepr
esumpt
ion.

Mor
eov
er,
someoft
hepr
ovi
sionsoft
hel
awmayi
mposeal
i
mit
ati
onont
heper
sonwho
coul
drebutt
hepr
esumpt
ion.

Anot
herki
ndofr
ebut
abl
epr
esumpt
ionsar
ethoser
eput
abl
eonl
i
mit
edgr
ounds.Her
e
onecannotr
ebutt
hepr
esumpt
ionbyanyev
idencesot
hert
hant
hosepr
ovi
dedunder
t
hepr
ovi
sionoft
hel
awi
nwhi
cht
hepr
esumpt
ionoper
ates.

2.
2.3.
3Per
missi
vepr
esumpt
ions

Per
missi
vepr
esumpt
ions,l
i
kepr
esumpt
ionoff
act
,theyar
enotmandat
ory
,andl
i
ke
pr
esumpt
ionofl
awt
heyar
epr
escr
ibedundert
hel
aw.Thepr
ovi
sionsoft
hel
awwhi
ch
pr
ovi
desper
missi
vepr
esumpt
ioncont
aint ase”maypr
hephr esume.
..
”whi
chshowsi
ts
per
missi
venat
ure.Howev
er,t
hepar
tyonwhosef
avort
hepr
esumpt
ioni
smadecannot
enf
orcet
hecour
ttor
eacht
osuchconcl
usi
on.I
tisupt
othedi
scr
eti
onoft
hecour
t.

2.
3Judi
cial
Not
ice
Speaki
nggener
all
ythet
ermj
udi
cialnot
icer
efer
stoci
rcumst
ancesi
nwhi
cht
hej
udi
cial
sy
stem assumesaf
act
ualpr
oposi
ti
ont
obet
rueev
enwi
thoutpr
oofoft
hatpr
oposi
ti
on.

Taki
ng j
udi
cialnot
ice has a gr
eatv
alue t
othe cour
ts and t
he l
i
tigantpar
ti
es i
n
shor
teni
ngoft
ri
als.Asmostoft
heschol
arsagr
eet
hemat
tert
otakeornott
otake
j
udi
cial
not
icei
slef
ttot
hedi
scr
eti
onoft
hecour
tandi
fther
eist
hesl
i
ght
estdoubtast
o
whet
hert
hef
acti
str
uet
hepar
tymustber
equi
redt
osubmi
tpr
ooft
othecour
t.

Howev
er,
thel
awmayr
equi
reacour
ttot
akeaj
udi
cialnot
iceofacer
tai
nfact
s.I
nsuch
casest
heyar
eobl
i
gedt
odoso.Fori
nst
ance,underr
ule42(
2)ofDERj
udgesar
e
obl
i
gedt
otakej
udi
cialnot
iceofal
llawspubl
i
shedi
nNegar
itGazet
te,t
het
err
it
ori
es
undert
hegov
ernmentofEt
hiopi
an,t
heseal
sofal
lmi
nist
ers,t
hedi
vi
sionoft
imeand
t
hel
i
ke.

Whatf
act
sar
esubj
ectofj
udi
cialnot
ice?

I
ncommonl
awcount
ri
esl
i
keEngl
and;t
hel
awr
ecogni
zest
wof
ormsofj
udi
cialnot
ice:
j
udi
cial
not
icewi
thouti
nqui
ryandj
udi
cial
not
iceaf
teri
nqui
ry.

Judi
ci
alnot
icewi
thouti
nqui
ryatcommonl
awi
stakeni
nrespectoft
hosef
act
sthatar
e
somuchpar
tofcommonknowl
edget
hatt
heyr
equi
renopr
oofandcannotber
ebut
ted
i
nev
idence.Thecour
tmayal
sot
akej
udi
cialnot
icewi
thouti
nqui
ryofcer
tai
nmat
ter
s
pr
escr
ibedbyt
hel
aw.

Howev
er,j
udi
ci
alnot
iceaf
teri
nqui
ryappl
i
est
othosef
act
sthatar
enotsonot
ori
ousor
par
tofcommonknowl
edgeofwhi
chnot
icemaybet
akenbyt
hej
udgeaf
terhehas
madeappr
opr
iat
einqui
res.
Thei
nqui
rymayi
ncl
uder
efer
ri
ngt
otextbooks,wor
ksof
r
efer
ence,cer
ti
fi
cat
esf
rom gov
ernmentof
fi
cial
sandor
alst
atement
sfr
om wi
tnesses.
Mostcases,whi
chf
alli
ntot
hiscat
egor
yofj
udi
cialnot
ice,r
elat
etof
act
sofapol
i
tical
orhi
stor
ical
nat
ureormat
ter
sofcust
om orpr
ofessi
onal
pract
ice.

Gener
all
yfact
sofwhi
cht
hecour
tmayt
akej
udi
cialnot
icecanbecl
assi
fi
edasj
udi
cial
not
iceofaj
udi
cat
ivef
act
sandj
udi
cial
not
iceofl
aws/
legi
slat
ivef
act
s.

Judi
cialnot
iceofadj
udi
cat
ivef
act
s

A.Fact
sofcommonknowl
edge.A f
actofcommonknowl
edgei
saf
act
gener
all
yknownt
obet
ruebyt
heor
dinar
yint
ell
i
genceoft
hepeopl
eand
bey
onddi
sput
e.

B.Ver
if
iabl
efact
s.Theot
hercat
egor
yoff
act
sofwhi
cht
hecour
tmayt
ake
j
udi
cialnot
icer
efer
stov
eri
tabl
efact
sassai
dear
li
ert
hosef
act
sar
enotso
not
ori
ousorpar
tofcommonknowl
edgebutar
efact
sthatcani
ndi
sput
abl
ybe
ascer
tai
nedbyr
efer
encet
oaut
hor
it
ati
vemeansandt
hosemat
ter
sofpubl
i
c
knowl
edge.Thesef
act
sar
emost
lyr
elat
est
osci
ence,
hist
ory
,ar
t.

2.
3.2Judi
cialnot
iceofl
aw

Judi
ci
alnot
iceofl
awi
sthepr
ocessbywhi
cht
hecour
tsdet
ermi
net
heappl
i
cabl
elawi
n
acase.Becauset
hei
ssuet
hatar
isebet
weenpar
ti
esmaynotonl
ybei
ssuesoff
actbut
al
soi
ssuesofl
aw.[seeAr
t240ofci
v.
p.c]

Thef
eder
alNegar
itgazet
aest
abl
i
shmentpr
ocl
amat
ionno3/
1995ofar
t2(
3)pr
ovi
des
al
lfeder
alorr
egi
onall
egi
slat
ive,execut
iveandj
udi
ciar
yor
ganaswel
lasanynat
uralor
j
udi
cialper
sonshal
ltakej
udi
cialnot
iceofl
awspubl
i
shedi
nfeder
alnegar
itgazet
a.
Fr
om t
hewor
d“shal
l
”wecanunder
standt
hatj
udi
cialnot
iceofl
awsi
smandat
ory
,thus
anyf
eder
alorr
egi
onalcour
tshav
eadut
ytot
akej
udi
cialnot
iceofl
awspol
i
shedi
n
negar
itgazet
a.I
naccor
dancewi
tht
hepr
ocl
amat
ion,cour
tscant
akej
udi
cialnot
iceof
l
awi
ftwot
hingsar
eful
fi
ll
ed.I
nonehand,
thel
awshoul
dbepubl
i
shedi
nnegar
itgazet
a
.
Andi
ntheot
herhand;
suchnegar
itgazet
ashoul
dbet
hef
eder
alnegar
itgazet
a.

Chapt
ert
hree:Rel
evanceandadmi
ssi
bil
it
yofev
idences
Ev
idencemustber
elev
antand-
-t
hati
s,i
tmusthav
eat
endencyt
omakeaf
actati
ssue
i
nthepr
oceedi
ngbemor
eorl
esspr
obabl
ethani
twoul
dbewi
thoutt
heev
idence.
.I
f
ev
idencei
snotr
elev
antt
osomef
actofconsequencet
odet
ermi
nat
ionoft
heact
ion,
t
hent
her
eisnor
easont
oadmi
tit
.Howev
er,t
her
elev
ancyofev
idencei
sor
dinar
il
y
necessar
ycondi
ti
onbutnotsuf
fi
cientcondi
ti
onf
ort
headmi
ssi
bil
i
tyofev
idence.f
or
exampl
e,r
elev
antev
idencemaybeexcl
udedi
fiti
sunf
air
lypr
ejudi
cial,
conf
usi
ngor
cumul
ati
veduet
odi
ff
erentsoci
alorpol
i
cyr
easons.Thus,t
hel
astsect
ionoft
he
chapt
erdeal
swi
thr
elev
antbuti
nadmi
ssi
bleev
idences.

3.
1Fact
sini
ssue

Facti
nissuei
sthef
act
,whi
chi
sdi
sput
edbet
weent
hepar
ti
esandt
ober
esol
vedbyt
he
hel
pofev
idence.I
ssuear
iseswhenacer
tai
nfactal
l
egedt
oexi
sti
sdeni
edbyt
heot
her
.

I
ncr
imi
nalcases,t
hecr
imi
nalcodedet
ermi
neswhatt
hepr
osecut
ionmustpr
ovei
n
or
dert
oest
abl
i
shanaccused'
sgui
l
t.I
nat
ri
alf
ort
hef
tthepr
osecut
ionhast
opr
oveal
l
t
heel
ement
sthatmakeupt
heof
fenceoft
hef
tundert
hespeci
fi
cpr
ovi
sion.I
fheadmi
ts
wi
thr
eser
vat
ion,
acour
tshal
lent
erapl
eaofnotgui
l
ty.Andt
hewhol
echar
get
urnsout
t
obei
nissue.Thus,al
ltheessent
ialel
ement
soft
hecr
imear
ethef
act
sini
ssueand
ev
idencemustbeadducedi
nrespectofeacht
other
equi
redst
andar
dofpr
oof
,bey
ond
r
easonabl
edoubtbef
oret
hepr
osecut
ioncansucceed.

I
nci
vi
lcases,t
hef
act
sini
ssuear
enor
mal
l
ytobef
oundi
nthepl
eadi
ngs:t
hati
sint
he
cl
aimant
'sst
atementofcl
aim anydef
enseputf
orwar
dbyt
hedef
endant
.Inot
herwor
ds,
af
acti
nissuei
sdet
ermi
nedi
nthepr
ocessoff
rami
ngofi
ssuesatt
hef
ir
sthear
ing.(
see
Ar
t246ofci
v.
p.c)

t
her
emayal
soacol
l
ater
alorasubor
dinat
efact
,whi
chi
snotofdi
rectr
elev
ancet
othe
outcomeoft
hecase,
butwhi
chmaynev
ert
hel
essber
aisedatt
het
ri
al.
Acol
l
ater
alf
act
i
saf
actwhi
chpr
ovest
hemi
nori
ssuewhi
chi
srel
evantt
othemaj
orf
acti
nissue.
For
i
nst
ance,
fir
st,
thosef
act
swhi
chaf
fectt
hecompet
enceofawi
tnesst
ogi
veev
idencei
s
acol
l
ater
alf
acti
nissue.Ev
idencewhi
chpr
ovesawi
tnesst
obei
ncompet
entper
haps
becauset
hewi
tnesshasament
ali
l
lnessorev
idencewhi
chpr
ovet
hatanexper
t
wi
tnessl
ackst
henecessar
yqual
i
ficat
ionordegr
eeofexper
iencet
obecompet
entt
o
gi
veexper
topi
nionev
idencear
ecommonexampl
esofcol
l
ater
alf
acti
nacase.

Secondl
y,f
actwhi
chaf
fect
sthecr
edi
bil
i
tyofawi
tnessi
sacol
l
ater
alf
actsi
ncet
he
wei
ghtt
obeat
tachedt
owi
tness'
sev
idencedepends,i
npar
t,onanassessmentoft
he
wi
tness'
scr
edi
bil
i
ty.Thus,ev
idence mayadduce whi
ch i
srel
evantt
o a wi
tness'
s
cr
edi
bil
i
tysuchasexposi
ngamot
ivef
ort
hewi
tnesst
oli
eonoat
h.

Thi
rdl
y,col
l
ater
alf
act
smayhav
etobepr
ovedasacondi
ti
ont
otheadmi
ssi
bil
i
tyof
cer
tai
nty
pesofev
idence.Forexampl
e,i
ncr
imi
nalcase,i
tisr
epr
esent
edt
hatt
he
accused'
sconf
essi
oni
sunr
eli
abl
eorwasobt
ainedbyoppr
essi
on.Suchaconf
essi
on
const
it
utesanev
ident
ialf
actr
elev
antt
othef
acti
nissuei
nthecase.Thepr
osecut
ion
woul
dhav
etopr
ovet
hecondi
ti
onf
ort
headmi
ssi
bil
i
tyoft
heaccused'
sconf
essi
on
bef
orei
tcoul
dbeadmi
tt
ed.

3.
2Rel
evantf
act
s

Rel
evancyi
sthef
ir
stpr
inci
pleofbot
hci
vi
landcr
imi
nalev
idence.
Thef
acti
nissuei
na
case and anycol
l
ater
alf
act
scan onl
ybe pr
oved byadduci
ng r
elev
antev
idence.
What
evert
hef
orm oft
heev
idence,whet
hert
est
imoni
al,document
ary
,real
,di
rector
ci
rcumst
ant
ial
,tobeadmi
ssi
bleev
idenceneedst
obebot
hlogi
cal
l
yandsuf
fi
cient
ly
r
elev
ant
.Rel
evantev
idence al
way
s has a bear
ing on t
he sear
ch f
ort
he t
rut
h
det
ermi
nat
ionofapastev
ent

I
naccor
dancewi
thRul
e3ofDER,“
Rel
evantf
act
”meansanyf
actwhi
chdi
rect
lyor
i
nfer
ent
ial
l
yleadst
ooneoft
heconcl
usi
onsnecessar
ytot
hepr
oofordi
spr
oofofaf
act
i
nissueandaf
acti
ssai
dtober
elev
antt
oanot
herwhenonei
sconnect
edwi
tht
he
ot
heri
nanyoft
heway
sment
ionedi
ntheRul
es.Thus,
from t
heabov
edef
ini
ti
onwecan
under
standt
hatr
elev
ancyexi
stsasar
elat
ionbet
weenani
tem ofev
idenceandaf
acti
n
i
ssue.
Rel
evantev
idencehast
wocomponent
s:mat
eri
ali
tyandpr
obat
ivev
alue.Mat
eri
ali
ty
r
efer
sthe r
elat
ionalaspectofr
elev
ancy
.Forev
idence t
o be r
elev
anta l
ogi
cal
r
elat
ionshi
pneedst
obeest
abl
i
shedbet
weent
heev
idencet
ender
edandt
hef
actt
obe
pr
oved.Thi
sconnect
ionmaybeei
therdi
rectconnect
ionori
ndi
rectconnect
ionwi
tha
f
acti
nissue.I
ftheev
idencei
sof
fer
edt
ohel
ppr
oveapr
oposi
ti
onwhi
chi
snoti
nissue
t
heev
idencei
simmat
eri
al

t
hesecondaspectofr
elev
ancyi
spr
obat
ivev
alue.Thi
srequi
resr
elev
antf
actt
ohav
e
t
hecapaci
tyt
opr
ove.Thepoi
nti
sthatmer
econnect
ionbutwi
thoutpr
obat
ivev
alue
doesnotser
veanypur
pose.I
tis,t
her
efor
e,cl
eart
hatr
elev
ancyr
efer
stot
hepr
obat
ive
v
alueofev
idenceandi
tsr
elat
ionshi
ptot
hepur
posef
orwhi
chi
tisof
fer
ed.

3.
3Fact
sRel
evantt
ofact
sini
ssue

Assai
dear
li
ert
hecodesnowher
especi
fywhatcat
egor
iesoff
act
sar
erel
evant
.Thus,
her
ethequest
ionmayar
iseast
ohow wecandi
sti
ngui
shr
elev
antf
actf
rom t
he
i
rr
elev
antone.Asi
tist
hecasei
nthemaj
ori
tyofi
nst
ances,t
hedet
ermi
nat
ionof
r
elev
ancyi
sbasedonl
ogi
candcommonsense.Thef
oll
owi
ngdi
scussi
onf
ocuseswi
th
r
egar
dtowhi
chf
act
sthatev
idencemaybesubmi
tt
edi
naddi
ti
ont
ofacti
nissue.

A.Fact
sfor
mingpar
toft
hesamet
ransact
ion(Res-
Gest
a).Asst
atedi
nther
ule,t
he
f
act
smustbesocl
osel
yrel
atedsoast
ofor
m par
toft
het
ransact
ion.Tr
ansact
ion
consi
stsbot
hphy
sical
fact
sandv
erbal
fact
s(wor
dsspoken)
.

Spont
aneousdecl
arat
ionsar
eusual
l
ymadeoft
het
imeoft
heoccur
renceandt
het
ime
oft
hedecl
arat
ion.Becausehi
ght
imei
nter
valmakest
heut
ter
ancenonspont
aneous.
Thi
sist
oav
oidt
hepossi
bil
i
tyoff
abr
icat
ionoff
act
s,t
hei
deai
sthat
,whenaper
son
decl
aresi
nacer
tai
nwayt
oadr
amat
icf
act
,iti
sconsi
der
edasnott
heper
sonhi
msel
f
maki
ngt
hedecl
arat
ion,
butt
heev
enti
tsel
fspeaki
ngt
hrought
hemout
hoft
heper
son.
B.
Fact
sbei
ngt
heoccasi
on,
causeoref
fectoff
act
sini
ssue

I
nthi
srul
eyouwi
l
lspeci
fi
cal
l
yconsi
der
:occasi
on,
causeoref
fectandst
ateoft
hings

(
1)Occasi
on

Thet
ime,pl
aceandcondi
ti
onofacer
tai
nacthel
pust
opr
edi
ctt
hepossi
bil
i
tyor
i
mpossi
bil
i
tyofsomet
hing.I
f“t
ime,pl
aceandcondi
ti
on”donotexi
stt
oget
her
,the
possi
bil
i
tyofacr
eat
ionactt
otakepl
acei
slesspr
obabl
e.

i
i
.Causeoref
fect

Whent
her
eisl
ogi
calcausalconnect
ionbet
weent
wof
act
s,backandf
ort
hinf
erences
t
hatar
einf
erenceaboutt
hecausesf
rom t
heef
fectoraboutt
heef
fectf
rom agi
ven
causecanbemade.

i
i
i.St
ateoft
hings.

Thi
sissomet
hingt
hatcanbeunder
stoodwheny
oucompar
efact
sthewayt
heywer
e
bef
oreandaf
teranact
.Ifbooksar
ear
rangedi
nacer
tai
nway
,aper
sonl
i
vesi
nacer
tai
n
way
;aper
son'
sheal
thet
c.bef
oreacer
tai
nhappeni
ngoraf
ter
,thi
sisaboutst
ateof
t
hings.Whent
hisst
ateoft
hingsi
sdi
stur
bed,i
tmustbebecauseofsomet
hingt
hat
i
ndi
cat
esacer
tai
nhappeni
ng,Forexampl
e,i
fthei
ssuei
swhet
herapr
oper
tyi
sst
olen
f
rom y
ourr
oom ornot
,thepr
esentst
ateoft
hingshassomet
hingt
osayaboutwhathas
happened,
andt
hati
srel
evant
.

C.Mot
ive,
prepar
ati
on,
andpr
evi
ousandsubsequentconduct

(
I)
.Mot
ive

Mot
ivei
sthecompel
l
ingf
orcet
odoacer
tai
nact
.Ther
ecanbenoact
ionwi
thouta
mot
ive,whi
chmustexi
stf
orev
eryv
olunt
aryact
.Gener
all
y,speaki
ngt
hev
olunt
aryact
s
ofsaneper
sonshasanemot
ionormot
ive.I
fsomeonehasmot
ivet
ogetmoney
,he
maybef
orcedt
othi
nkofsel
l
inghi
scar
,commi
tt
ingr
obber
yort
hef
t.Hemayev
er
possi
blyt
hinkofcor
rupt
ion.

Mot
ivepr
ecedesi
ntentt
hati
fyouar
egi
vent
hemot
ivey
oucanpr
ovei
ntent
.Incr
imi
nal
caseswher
eint
ent
ioni
sthemosti
mpor
tant
,pr
oofofmot
ivei
sast
epf
orwar
dtot
he
pr
oofofi
ntent
ion.

i
i.Pr
epar
ati
on

Mot
ivel
eads t
o a speci
fi
cint
entt
he r
eal
i
zat
ion ofwhi
ch may be pr
eceded by
pr
epar
ati
on.Pr
epar
ati
oni
snor
mal
l
yref
erst
othi
ngsy
oudot
oar
esul
tbyt
ryi
ngt
o
obt
aint
hemeans.Pr
epar
ati
onont
hepar
toft
heaccusedt
oaccompl
i
sht
hecr
ime
char
ged,ort
opr
eventi
tsdi
scov
eryort
oai
dhi
sescape,ort
oaav
ertsuspi
cionf
rom
hi
msel
far
erel
evantont
hequest
ionofhi
squi
l
t.