Table of content

I. Introduction………………..…………………………….…………………….2

II. Classification..………………..…………………………….………………….3

III. Application………………..…………………………….……………………13

IV. Operation……………………………………………………………………..14

V. Common troubles/ problems …………………………………………………15

VI. Conclusion.……………………………………………………………………18

VII. Reference ……………………………………………………………………...19

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INTRODUCTION

pump is a device that moves fluids (liquids or gases), or sometimes slurries, by

A large, electrically driven pump for waterworks near the Hengsteysee, Germany
Pumps operate by some mechanism (typically reciprocating or rotary), and
consume energy to perform mechanical work moving the fluid. Pumps operate via
many energy sources, including manual operation, electricity, engines, or wind power,
and come in many sizes, from microscopic for use in medical applications, to large
industrial pumps.
Mechanical pumps serve in a wide range of applications such as pumping water from
wells, aquarium filtering, pond filtering and aeration, in the car industry for water-
cooling and fuel injection, in the energy industry for pumping oil and natural gas or for
operating cooling towers and other components of heating, ventilation and air
conditioning systems. In the medical industry, pumps are used for biochemical
processes in developing and manufacturing medicine, and as artificial replacements
for body parts, in particular the artificial heart and penile prosthesis.

CLASSIFICATION

Classification of pumps mainly divided into two major categories:

1.. Dynamic pumps / Kinetic pumps

2. Displacement Pumps / Positive displacement pumps

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Dynamic Pumps

Dynamic pumps impart velocity and pressure to the fluid as it moves past or

through the pump impeller and, subsequently, convert some of that velocity into

additional pressure. It is also called Kinetic pumps

Kinetic pumps are subdivided into two major groups and they are centrifugal

pumps and positive displacement pumps.

Classification of Dynamic Pumps

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4
Centrifugal Pumps

A centrifugal pump is a rotating machine in which flow and pressure are

generated dynamically. The energy changes occur by virtue of two main parts of

the pump, the impeller and the volute or casing. The function of the casing is to

collect the liquid discharged by the impeller and to convert some of the kinetic

(velocity) energy into pressure energy.

Centrifugal pumps are subdivided into several categories, as shown in above

Figure

Radial Flow:

The impeller discharges fluid at right angles to the shaft axis. In this centrifugal

pump in which the pressure is developed wholly by centrifugal force. The radial

type pumps are used for the application of high head and low discharge.

In radial flow pumps ratio of impeller outside Dia ( D2) to eye Dia ( D1) is 2 or

more and impeller having narrow width.

Mixed Flow :

The flow direction is partly axial and partly radial. Hence has a result the flow is

diagonal. The mixed flow type pumps are used for the application of medium

head and high discharge.

In this centrifugal pump in which the pressure is developed partly by centrifugal

force and partly by the lift of the vanes of the impeller on the liquid.

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In mixed flow pumps ratio of impeller outside Dia ( D2) to eye Dia ( D1) less

than 1.5 and impeller having wider width.

Axial Flow:

The flow through impeller is parallel to shaft axis low head and very high

discharge. The axial flow type pumps are used for the application of medium

head and high discharge.

In this centrifugal pump in which the pressure is developed by the propelling or

lifting action of the vanes of the impeller on the liquid.

In axial flow pumps ratio of impeller outside Dia ( D2) to eye Dia ( D1) is

oneand impeller having no width.

Axial, Radial and mixed flow pumps impeller dimensions

Specific speed ( Ns ) of the centrifugal pump identifies the approximate

acceptable ratio of the impeller eye diameter (D1) to the impeller outside

diameter (D2) in designing a good impeller.

Specific Speed (Ns): 500 to 5000; > 1.5 – radial flow pump

Ns: 5000 to 10000; < 1.5 – mixed flow pump

Ns: 10000 to 15000; = 1 – axial flow pump

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Axial Split-Case Pumps

Axial split-case pumps have a casing that is split along the center line of the

shaft. The impellers can be readily exposed for service and inspection by

removing the upper half of the casing. It is also called horizontal split or

horizontal split-case pump. Axial-split pumps may be single stage or multistage

for higher pressures.

The pumps are usually mounted with shafts in the horizontal position, but

vertically mounted pumps for reduced floor space are also available.

Vertical Pumps

Vertical pumps were originally developed for well pumping. The bore size of the

well limits the outside diameter of the pump and so controls the overall pump

design.

Vertical pumps can be subdivided into three major categories:

 Lines-shaft pumps

 Submersible pumps

 Horizontally mounted axial-flow

Line-shaft Pumps:

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The driver is mounted on the discharge head for these type of motors. The line-

shafting extend through the column to the bowl assembly and transmits torque to

the pump rotor.

Submersible Pumps

Submersible pumps are close-coupled pumps driven by a submersible motor and

designed for submerged installation in a wet well. The motor is mounted below

the bowl assembly and is directly coupled to the pump rotor shaft.

Displacement Pumps

Positive displacement pumps, the moving element (piston, plunger, rotor, lobe,

or gear) displaces the liquid from the pump casing (or cylinder) and, at the same

time, raises the pressure of the liquid. So displacement pump does not develop

pressure; it only produces a flow of fluid

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Classification of Displacement Pumps

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The mainly Positive displacement pumps are subdivided into three categories as

follow

 Reciprocating pumps

 Rotary pumps

 Pneumatic pumps.

Reciprocating pumps:

In a reciprocating pump, a piston or plunger moves up and down. During the

suction stroke, the pump cylinder fills with fresh liquid, and the discharge stroke

displaces it through a check valve into the discharge line.

Reciprocating pumps can develop very high pressures. Plunger, piston and

diaphragm pumps are under these type of pumps.

Plunger / piston type pumps:

The plunger contains the cross head, driven by a cams haft arrangement. The

capacity of the pump can be adjusted by changing the stroke, the rotating speed

of the pump, or both. The stroke of the pump is changed by the eccentric pin

setting.

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These types pumps used for the application of sewage, sludge, scum, clarifier

thickener underflow. It can be applied for transfer and for metering service. Such

pumps are available in single- and multi cylinder models.

Diaphragm pumps :

These type of pumps are quite versatile, handling a wide variety of fluids like

food additives, chemicals, dry powders, slurries, pharmaceutical products, and

wastewater etc. The advantages in diaphragm pumps is the absence of seals or

packing, meaning they can be used in applications requiring zero leakage.

Rotary Type Pumps

The pump rotor of rotary pumps displaces the liquid either by rotating or by a

rotating and orbiting motion. The rotary pump mechanisms consisting of a casing

with closely fitted cams, lobes, or vanes, that provide a means for conveying a

fluid.

Vane, gear, and lobe pumps are positive displacement rotary pumps.

Rotary Lobe Pumps

Lobe pumps contains two elastomer-coated rotors that are driven by an integral

gear box and synchronized by timing gears. The rotors run without touching each

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other or the casing. The liquid is drawn through the inlet port into the pockets

between the lobes and chamber walls. Because liquid cannot escape between the

two rotors, it discharges in the direction of rotation of the outer lobes through

the discharge nozzle.

Screw Pumps

Screw pumps are a special type of rotary positive displacement pump in which

the flow through the pumping elements is truly axial. Screw pumps are high-

volume, non-clog, atmospheric -head devices that can pump a variety of solids

and debris in raw waste water without screening. Screw pumps, however, have a

practical limitation as to pumping head.

Progressive Cavity Pumps

A progressive cavity pump is designed specifically to transfer abrasive and

viscous fluids with a high solid, fiber, and air content. A hard steel screw rotor

rotates and orbits within an elastomer stator.

Pneumatic Pumps

Compressed air is used to move the liquid in pneumatic pumps. In pneumatic

ejectors, compressed air displaces the liquid from a gravity-fed pressure vessel

through a check valve into the discharge line in a series of surges spaced by the

time required for the tank or receiver to fill again.

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Applications of pumps

Below are some most popular applications of pumps.

 Pumping water from the wells

 Aquarium and pond filtering

 Water cooling and fuel injection in automobiles

 Pumping oil or gas and operating cooling towers in energy industry

 They also have their uses in waste water recycling, pulp and paper, chemical industry

etc

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OPERATION

The Function of a Pump

A pump is any device meant to facilitate the motion of a fluid. Pumps displace fluids,

causing it to move down or out of a pipe. Most pumps use some sort of compressional

action to displace the fluid. This compressional action sometimes necessitates a motor that

acts to put pressure on the fluid in order to displace it. This motor can be powered by a

variety of fuels, as long as it has the necessary power to displace the fluid. Most pumps are

either positive displacement or rotodynamic.

Positive Displacement Pumps

Positive displacement pumps function by trapping and displacing amounts of a fluid. This

causes the fluid to be displaced and move along the length of the pump and through its

discharge. The fluid must be continually displaced in order for fluid to keep being

discharged from the pump.

Rotodynamic Pumps

Rotodynamic pumps use motion to generate more energy in a fluid and then cause the fluid

to move along a pipe. Pumps such as these generally use a motor to turn a device that will

increase pressure on a fluid or will increase the flow rate of the fluid using centrifugal force

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COMMON TROUBLES/ problems

1. Little or no liquid delivery

 If you experience a lack or loss of prime, fill the pump casing and suction pipe with

liquid and check for leaks in suction pipe. Check for leaks in the mechanical seal and

replace if needed.

 If pump primes well, shorten or enlarge suction line or lower suction lift

 Check impeller and unclog, clean, repair or replace as needed

 Make sure suction and discharge valves are open

 Check suction screen and clean or replace as necessary

 Check to make sure foot valve and check valve are not leaking and replace if

defective

2. Suction is lost

 Check for air leak in suction line and repair or replace

 Foot valve or strainer could be plugged or defective. Unclog or replace.

 If suction lift is too high, lower it, install foot valve and prime

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3. Motor overheats and/or shuts off

 Make sure motor voltage matches power supply voltage and that electrical

connections are tight

 Impeller could be defective or rubbing against pump case. Clean or replace as

necessary.

 Make sure wire sizing is correct and change if necessary

4. Pump will not start or run

 Check fuse or breaker and reset or replace as necessary

 If any wires are loose or broken, tighten or replace

 Remove anything blocking impeller

 Replace motor if shorted out

 Thermal overload. Allow pump to cool and determine reason for overheating before

restarting.

 Wired improperly. Redo wiring.

5. Pump vibrates and/or makes unusual noise

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  Pump may be coming loose from mounting plate or foundation may not be

sufficiently rigid. Tighten or reinforce as needed.

 Impeller may be damaged and need replacing

 Clean out any foreign material in pump

 Motor bearings could be worn and need replacing

 Suction lift might be too high. Lower lift and install a foot valve

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conclusion

In today’s world that has competitive and sophisticated technology; centrifugal pump is more

widely used than any

other applications because the advantages of various factors are effect on the centrifugal

pump that are initial cost, efficiency, discharge is uniform and continuous flow and

installation and maintenance is easy. Centrifugal pumps are extremely simple in structure that

makes it relevant for all pumping applications

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Reference

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pump#:~:text=A%20pump%20is

%20a%20device,%2C%20displacement%2C%20and%20gravit

https://chucta.com/how-does-a-water-pump-work/

https://allpumps.com.au/classification-of-pumps/

https://www.viscotec-asia.com/technology/abrasive-fluids/?

gclid=Cj0KCQiAsdKbBhDHARIsANJ6-jcgew1UT2pO

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