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Pump
A pump is a device that moves fluids (liquids or gases), or
sometimes slurries, by mechanical action. Pumps can be
classified into three major groups according to the method
they use to move the fluid: direct lift, displacement, and
gravity pumps.[1]

Pumps operate by some mechanism (typically reciprocating or

rotary), and consume energy to perform mechanical work
moving the fluid. Pumps operate via many energy sources,
including manual operation, electricity, engines, or wind
power, come in many sizes, from microscopic for use in
medical applications to large industrial pumps.
A small, electrically powered pump
Mechanical pumps serve in a wide range of applications such
as pumping water from wells, aquarium filtering, pond
filtering and aeration, in the car industry for water-cooling
and fuel injection, in the energy industry for pumping oil and
natural gas or for operating cooling towers and other
components of heating, ventilation and air conditioning
systems. In the medical industry, pumps are used for
biochemical processes in developing and manufacturing
medicine, and as artificial replacements for body parts, in
particular the artificial heart and penile prosthesis. A large, electrically driven pump
(electropump) for waterworks near
When a casing contains only one revolving impeller, it is called the Hengsteysee, Germany
a single-stage pump. When a casing contains two or more
revolving impellers, it is called a double- or multi-stage pump.

In biology, many different types of chemical and biomechanical pumps have evolved; biomimicry
is sometimes used in developing new types of mechanical pumps.

Contents
Types
Positive displacement pumps
Impulse pumps
Velocity pumps
Gravity pumps
Steam pumps
Valveless pumps
Pump repairs
Applications
Priming a pump
Pumps as public water supplies
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Sealing multiphase pumping applications

Specifications
Pumping power
Efficiency
References
Further reading

Types
Mechanical pumps may be submerged in the fluid they are pumping or be placed external to
the fluid.

Pumps can be classified by their method of displacement into positive displacement pumps,
impulse pumps, velocity pumps, gravity pumps, steam pumps and valveless pumps. There are
three basic types of pumps: positive displacement, centrifugal and axial-flow pumps. In centrifugal
pumps the direction of flow of the fluid changes by ninety degrees as it flows over impeller, while
in axial flow pumps the direction of flow is unchanged.[2]

Positive displacement pumps

A positive displacement pump makes a fluid move by trapping a fixed
amount and forcing (displacing) that trapped volume into the
discharge pipe.

Some positive displacement pumps use an expanding cavity on the

suction side and a decreasing cavity on the discharge side. Liquid
flows into the pump as the cavity on the suction side expands and the Lobe pump internals
liquid flows out of the discharge as the cavity collapses. The volume is
constant through each cycle of operation.

Positive displacement pump behavior and safety

Positive displacement pumps, unlike centrifugal or roto-dynamic pumps, theoretically can produce
the same flow at a given speed (RPM) no matter what the discharge pressure. Thus, positive
displacement pumps are constant flow machines. However, a slight increase in internal leakage as
the pressure increases prevents a truly constant flow rate.

A positive displacement pump must not operate against a closed valve on the discharge side of the
pump, because it has no shutoff head like centrifugal pumps. A positive displacement pump
operating against a closed discharge valve continues to produce flow and the pressure in the
discharge line increases until the line bursts, the pump is severely damaged, or both.

A relief or safety valve on the discharge side of the positive displacement pump is therefore
necessary. The relief valve can be internal or external. The pump manufacturer normally has the
option to supply internal relief or safety valves. The internal valve is usually used only as a safety
precaution. An external relief valve in the discharge line, with a return line back to the suction line
or supply tank provides increased safety.

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Positive displacement types

A positive displacement pump can be further classified according to the mechanism used to move
the fluid:

Rotary-type positive displacement: internal gear, screw, shuttle block, flexible vane or sliding
vane, circumferential piston, flexible impeller, helical twisted roots (e.g. the Wendelkolben
pump) or liquid-ring pumps
Reciprocating-type positive displacement: piston pumps, plunger pumps or diaphragm pumps
Linear-type positive displacement: rope pumps and chain pumps

Rotary positive displacement pumps

These pumps move fluid using a rotating mechanism that
creates a vacuum that captures and draws in the liquid.[3]

Advantages: Rotary pumps are very efficient[4] because they

can handle highly viscous fluids with higher flow rates as
viscosity increases.[5]

Drawbacks: The nature of the pump requires very close

clearances between the rotating pump and the outer edge,
making it rotate at a slow, steady speed. If rotary pumps are Rotary vane pump

operated at high speeds, the fluids cause erosion, which

eventually causes enlarged clearances that liquid can pass
through, which reduces efficiency.

Rotary positive displacement pumps fall into 5 main types:

Gear pumps – a simple type of rotary pump where the liquid is pushed between two gears
Screw pumps – the shape of the internals of this pump is usually two screws turning against
each other to pump the liquid
Rotary vane pumps
Hollow disk pumps (also known as eccentric disc pumps or Hollow rotary disc pumps), similar
to scroll compressors, these have a cylindrical rotor encased in a circular housing. As the rotor
orbits and rotates to some degree, it traps fluid between the rotor and the casing, drawing the
fluid through the pump. It is used for highly viscous fluids like petroleum-drived products, and it
can also support high pressures of up to 290 psi.[6][7][8][9][10][11][12]
Vibratory pumps are similar to linear compressors, having the same operating principle. They
work by using a spring-loaded piston with an electromagnet connected to AC current through a
diode. The spring-loaded piston is the only moving part, and it is placed in the center of the
electromagnet. During the positive cycle of the AC current, the diode allows energy to pass
though the electromagnet, generating a magnetic field that moves the piston backwards,
compressing the spring, and generating suction. During the negative cycle of the AC current,
the diode blocks current flow to the electromagnet, letting the spring uncompress, moving the
piston foward, and pumping the fluid and generaing pressure, like a reciprocating pump. Due
to its low cost, it is widely used in inexpensive espresso machines. However, vibratory pumps
cannot be operated for more than one minute, as they generate large amounts of heat. Linear
compressors do not have this problem, as they can be cooled by the working fluid (which is
often a refrigerant). [13][14]

Reciprocating positive displacement pumps

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Reciprocating pumps move the fluid using one or more oscillating

pistons, plungers, or membranes (diaphragms), while valves restrict
fluid motion to the desired direction. In order for suction to take
place, the pump must first pull the plunger in an outward motion to
decrease pressure in the chamber. Once the plunger pushes back, it
will increase the pressure chamber and the inward pressure of the
plunger will then open the discharge valve and release the fluid into
the delivery pipe at a high velocity.[15]

Pumps in this category range from simplex, with one cylinder, to in

some cases quad (four) cylinders, or more. Many reciprocating-type
pumps are duplex (two) or triplex (three) cylinder. They can be
either single-acting with suction during one direction of piston
motion and discharge on the other, or double-acting with suction
and discharge in both directions. The pumps can be powered Simple hand pump
manually, by air or steam, or by a belt driven by an engine. This type
of pump was used extensively in the 19th century—in the early
days of steam propulsion—as boiler feed water pumps. Now
reciprocating pumps typically pump highly viscous fluids like
concrete and heavy oils, and serve in special applications that
demand low flow rates against high resistance. Reciprocating
hand pumps were widely used to pump water from wells.
Common bicycle pumps and foot pumps for inflation use
reciprocating action.

These positive displacement pumps have an expanding cavity

on the suction side and a decreasing cavity on the discharge
side. Liquid flows into the pumps as the cavity on the suction
side expands and the liquid flows out of the discharge as the
cavity collapses. The volume is constant given each cycle of
operation and the pump’s volumetric efficiency can be
achieved through routine maintenance and inspection of its
valves.[16]
Antique "pitcher" pump (c. 1924) at
Typical reciprocating pumps are:
the Colored School in Alapaha,
Georgia, US
Plunger pumps – a reciprocating plunger pushes the fluid
through one or two open valves, closed by suction on the
way back.
Diaphragm pumps – similar to plunger pumps, where the plunger pressurizes hydraulic oil
which is used to flex a diaphragm in the pumping cylinder. Diaphragm valves are used to pump
hazardous and toxic fluids.
Piston pumps displacement pumps – usually simple devices for pumping small amounts of
liquid or gel manually. The common hand soap dispenser is such a pump.
Radial piston pumps - a form of hydraulic pump where pistons extend in a radial direction.

Various positive-displacement pumps

The positive displacement principle applies in these pumps:

Rotary lobe pump

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Progressive cavity pump

Rotary gear pump
Piston pump
Diaphragm pump
Screw pump
Gear pump
Hydraulic pump
Rotary vane pump
Peristaltic pump
Rope pump
Flexible impeller pump

Gear pump
This is the simplest of rotary positive displacement pumps. It
consists of two meshed gears that rotate in a closely fitted
casing. The tooth spaces trap fluid and force it around the
outer periphery. The fluid does not travel back on the meshed
part, because the teeth mesh closely in the center. Gear pumps
see wide use in car engine oil pumps and in various hydraulic
power packs.

Screw pump Gear pump

A screw pump is a more complicated type of rotary pump that
uses two or three screws with opposing thread — e.g., one
screw turns clockwise and the other counterclockwise. The screws are
mounted on parallel shafts that have gears that mesh so the shafts
turn together and everything stays in place. The screws turn on the
shafts and drive fluid through the pump. As with other forms of
rotary pumps, the clearance between moving parts and the pump's
casing is minimal.

Progressing cavity pump

Screw pump
Widely used for pumping difficult materials, such as sewage sludge
contaminated with large particles, this pump consists of a helical
rotor, about ten times as long as its width. This can be visualized as a central core of diameter x
with, typically, a curved spiral wound around of thickness half x, though in reality it is
manufactured in single casting. This shaft fits inside a heavy duty rubber sleeve, of wall thickness
also typically x. As the shaft rotates, the rotor gradually forces fluid up the rubber sleeve. Such
pumps can develop very high pressure at low volumes.

Roots-type pumps
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Named after the Roots brothers who invented it,this lobe

pump displaces the liquid trapped between two long helical
rotors, each fitted into the other when perpendicular at 90°,
rotating inside a triangular shaped sealing line configuration,
both at the point of suction and at the point of discharge. This
design produces a continuous flow with equal volume and no
vortex. It can work at low pulsation rates, and offers gentle
performance that some applications require.
A Roots lobe pump
Applications include:

High capacity industrial air compressors

Roots superchargers on internal combustion engines.
A brand of civil defense siren, the Federal Signal Corporation's Thunderbolt.

Peristaltic pump
A peristaltic pump is a type of positive displacement pump. It
contains fluid within a flexible tube fitted inside a circular
pump casing (though linear peristaltic pumps have been
made). A number of rollers, shoes, or wipers attached to a
rotor compresses the flexible tube. As the rotor turns, the part
of the tube under compression closes (or occludes), forcing the
fluid through the tube. Additionally, when the tube opens to
its natural state after the passing of the cam it draws
(restitution) fluid into the pump. This process is called
peristalsis and is used in many biological systems such as the
gastrointestinal tract. 360° Peristaltic Pump

Plunger pumps
Plunger pumps are reciprocating positive displacement pumps.

These consist of a cylinder with a reciprocating plunger. The suction and discharge valves are
mounted in the head of the cylinder. In the suction stroke the plunger retracts and the suction
valves open causing suction of fluid into the cylinder. In the forward stroke the plunger pushes the
liquid out of the discharge valve. Efficiency and common problems: With only one cylinder in
plunger pumps, the fluid flow varies between maximum flow when the plunger moves through the
middle positions, and zero flow when the plunger is at the end positions. A lot of energy is wasted
when the fluid is accelerated in the piping system. Vibration and water hammer may be a serious
problem. In general the problems are compensated for by using two or more cylinders not working
in phase with each other.

Triplex-style plunger pumps

Triplex plunger pumps use three plungers, which reduces the pulsation of single reciprocating
plunger pumps. Adding a pulsation dampener on the pump outlet can further smooth the pump
ripple, or ripple graph of a pump transducer. The dynamic relationship of the high-pressure fluid
and plunger generally requires high-quality plunger seals. Plunger pumps with a larger number of
plungers have the benefit of increased flow, or smoother flow without a pulsation damper. The
increase in moving parts and crankshaft load is one drawback.
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Car washes often use these triplex-style plunger pumps (perhaps without pulsation dampers). In
1968, William Bruggeman reduced the size of the triplex pump and increased the lifespan so that
car washes could use equipment with smaller footprints. Durable high-pressure seals, low-
pressure seals and oil seals, hardened crankshafts, hardened connecting rods, thick ceramic
plungers and heavier duty ball and roller bearings improve reliability in triplex pumps. Triplex
pumps now are in a myriad of markets across the world.

Triplex pumps with shorter lifetimes are commonplace to the home user. A person who uses a
home pressure washer for 10 hours a year may be satisfied with a pump that lasts 100 hours
between rebuilds. Industrial-grade or continuous duty triplex pumps on the other end of the
quality spectrum may run for as much as 2,080 hours a year.[17]

The oil and gas drilling industry uses massive semi trailer-transported triplex pumps called mud
pumps to pump drilling mud, which cools the drill bit and carries the cuttings back to the
surface.[18] Drillers use triplex or even quintuplex pumps to inject water and solvents deep into
shale in the extraction process called fracking.[19]

Compressed-air-powered double-diaphragm pumps

One modern application of positive displacement pumps is compressed-air-powered double-
diaphragm pumps. Run on compressed air these pumps are intrinsically safe by design, although
all manufacturers offer ATEX certified models to comply with industry regulation. These pumps
are relatively inexpensive and can perform a wide variety of duties, from pumping water out of
bunds to pumping hydrochloric acid from secure storage (dependent on how the pump is
manufactured – elastomers / body construction). These double-diaphragm pumps can handle
viscous fluids and abrasive materials with a gentle pumping process ideal for transporting shear
sensitive media.[20]

Rope pumps
Devised in China as chain pumps over 1000 years ago, these
pumps can be made from very simple materials: A rope, a
wheel and a PVC pipe are sufficient to make a simple rope
pump. Rope pump efficiency has been studied by grass roots
organizations and the techniques for making and running
them have been continuously improved.[21]

Impulse pumps
Impulse pumps use pressure created by gas (usually air). In
some impulse pumps the gas trapped in the liquid (usually
water), is released and accumulated somewhere in the pump,
creating a pressure that can push part of the liquid upwards.

Conventional impulse pumps include:

Hydraulic ram pumps – kinetic energy of a low-head water Rope pump schematic
supply is stored temporarily in an air-bubble hydraulic
accumulator, then used to drive water to a higher head.
Pulser pumps – run with natural resources, by kinetic energy only.

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Airlift pumps – run on air inserted into pipe, which pushes the water up when bubbles move
upward
Instead of a gas accumulation and releasing cycle, the pressure can be created by burning of
hydrocarbons. Such combustion driven pumps directly transmit the impulse from a combustion
event through the actuation membrane to the pump fluid. In order to allow this direct
transmission, the pump needs to be almost entirely made of an elastomer (e.g. silicone rubber).
Hence, the combustion causes the membrane to expand and thereby pumps the fluid out of the
adjacent pumping chamber. The first combustion-driven soft pump was developed by ETH
Zurich.[22]

Hydraulic ram pumps

A hydraulic ram is a water pump powered by hydropower.[23]

It takes in water at relatively low pressure and high flow-rate and outputs water at a higher
hydraulic-head and lower flow-rate. The device uses the water hammer effect to develop pressure
that lifts a portion of the input water that powers the pump to a point higher than where the water
started.

The hydraulic ram is sometimes used in remote areas, where there is both a source of low-head
hydropower, and a need for pumping water to a destination higher in elevation than the source. In
this situation, the ram is often useful, since it requires no outside source of power other than the
kinetic energy of flowing water.

Velocity pumps
Rotodynamic pumps (or dynamic pumps) are a type of
velocity pump in which kinetic energy is added to the fluid by
increasing the flow velocity. This increase in energy is
converted to a gain in potential energy (pressure) when the
velocity is reduced prior to or as the flow exits the pump into
the discharge pipe. This conversion of kinetic energy to
pressure is explained by the First law of thermodynamics, or
more specifically by Bernoulli's principle.

Dynamic pumps can be further subdivided according to the

means in which the velocity gain is achieved.[24]

These types of pumps have a number of characteristics: A centrifugal pump uses an impeller
with backward-swept arms
1. Continuous energy
2. Conversion of added energy to increase in kinetic energy
(increase in velocity)
3. Conversion of increased velocity (kinetic energy) to an increase in pressure head
A practical difference between dynamic and positive displacement pumps is how they operate
under closed valve conditions. Positive displacement pumps physically displace fluid, so closing a
valve downstream of a positive displacement pump produces a continual pressure build up that
can cause mechanical failure of pipeline or pump. Dynamic pumps differ in that they can be safely
operated under closed valve conditions (for short periods of time).

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Radial-flow pumps
Such a pump is also referred to as a centrifugal pump. The fluid enters along the axis or center, is
accelerated by the impeller and exits at right angles to the shaft (radially); an example is the
centrifugal fan, which is commonly used to implement a vacuum cleaner. Another type of radial-
flow pump is a vortex pump. The liquid in them moves in tangential direction around the working
wheel. The conversion from the mechanical energy of motor into the potential energy of flow
comes by means of multiple whirls, which are excited by the impeller in the working channel of the
pump. Generally, a radial-flow pump operates at higher pressures and lower flow rates than an
axial- or a mixed-flow pump.

Axial-flow pumps
These are also referred to as All fluid pumps. The fluid is pushed outward or inward to move fluid
axially. They operate at much lower pressures and higher flow rates than radial-flow (centrifugal)
pumps. Axial-flow pumps cannot be run up to speed without special precaution. If at a low flow
rate, the total head rise and high torque associated with this pipe would mean that the starting
torque would have to become a function of acceleration for the whole mass of liquid in the pipe
system. If there is a large amount of fluid in the system, accelerate the pump slowly.[25]

Mixed-flow pumps function as a compromise between radial and axial-flow pumps. The fluid
experiences both radial acceleration and lift and exits the impeller somewhere between 0 and 90
degrees from the axial direction. As a consequence mixed-flow pumps operate at higher pressures
than axial-flow pumps while delivering higher discharges than radial-flow pumps. The exit angle
of the flow dictates the pressure head-discharge characteristic in relation to radial and mixed-flow.

Eductor-jet pump
This uses a jet, often of steam, to create a low pressure. This low pressure sucks in fluid and
propels it into a higher pressure region.

Gravity pumps
Gravity pumps include the syphon and Heron's fountain. The hydraulic ram is also sometimes
called a gravity pump; in a gravity pump the water is lifted by gravitational force and so called
gravity pump

Steam pumps
Steam pumps have been for a long time mainly of historical interest. They include any type of
pump powered by a steam engine and also pistonless pumps such as Thomas Savery's or the
Pulsometer steam pump.

Recently there has been a resurgence of interest in low power solar steam pumps for use in
smallholder irrigation in developing countries. Previously small steam engines have not been
viable because of escalating inefficiencies as vapour engines decrease in size. However the use of
modern engineering materials coupled with alternative engine configurations has meant that these
types of system are now a cost effective opportunity.

Valveless pumps
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Valveless pumping assists in fluid transport in various biomedical and engineering systems. In a
valveless pumping system, no valves (or physical occlusions) are present to regulate the flow
direction. The fluid pumping efficiency of a valveless system, however, is not necessarily lower
than that having valves. In fact, many fluid-dynamical systems in nature and engineering more or
less rely upon valveless pumping to transport the working fluids therein. For instance, blood
circulation in the cardiovascular system is maintained to some extent even when the heart’s valves
fail. Meanwhile, the embryonic vertebrate heart begins pumping blood long before the
development of discernible chambers and valves. In microfluidics, valveless impedance pumps
have been fabricated, and are expected to be particularly suitable for handling sensitive biofluids.
Ink jet printers operating on the Piezoelectric transducer principle also use valveless pumping. The
pump chamber is emptied through the printing jet due to reduced flow impedance in that direction
and refilled by capillary action..

Pump repairs
Examining pump repair records and mean time between
failures (MTBF) is of great importance to responsible and
conscientious pump users. In view of that fact, the preface to
the 2006 Pump User’s Handbook alludes to "pump failure"
statistics. For the sake of convenience, these failure statistics
often are translated into MTBF (in this case, installed life
before failure).[26]

In early 2005, Gordon Buck, John Crane Inc.’s chief engineer

for Field Operations in Baton Rouge, LA, examined the repair Derelict windmill connected to water
pump with water storage tank in the
records for a number of refinery and chemical plants to obtain
foreground
meaningful reliability data for centrifugal pumps. A total of 15
operating plants having nearly 15,000 pumps were included in
the survey. The smallest of these plants had about 100 pumps; several plants had over 2000. All
facilities were located in the United States. In addition, considered as "new", others as "renewed"
and still others as "established". Many of these plants—but not all—had an alliance arrangement
with John Crane. In some cases, the alliance contract included having a John Crane Inc. technician
or engineer on-site to coordinate various aspects of the program.

Not all plants are refineries, however, and different results occur elsewhere. In chemical plants,
pumps have historically been "throw-away" items as chemical attack limits life. Things have
improved in recent years, but the somewhat restricted space available in "old" DIN and ASME-
standardized stuffing boxes places limits on the type of seal that fits. Unless the pump user
upgrades the seal chamber, the pump only accommodates more compact and simple versions.
Without this upgrading, lifetimes in chemical installations are generally around 50 to 60 percent
of the refinery values.

Unscheduled maintenance is often one of the most significant costs of ownership, and failures of
mechanical seals and bearings are among the major causes. Keep in mind the potential value of
selecting pumps that cost more initially, but last much longer between repairs. The MTBF of a
better pump may be one to four years longer than that of its non-upgraded counterpart. Consider
that published average values of avoided pump failures range from US$2600 to US$12,000. This
does not include lost opportunity costs. One pump fire occurs per 1000 failures. Having fewer
pump failures means having fewer destructive pump fires.

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As has been noted, a typical pump failure, based on actual year 2002 reports, costs US$5,000 on
average. This includes costs for material, parts, labor and overhead. Extending a pump's MTBF
from 12 to 18 months would save US$1,667 per year — which might be greater than the cost to
upgrade the centrifugal pump's reliability.[26][27][28]

Applications
Pumps are used throughout society for a variety of purposes.
Early applications includes the use of the windmill or
watermill to pump water. Today, the pump is used for
irrigation, water supply, gasoline supply, air conditioning
systems, refrigeration (usually called a compressor), chemical Metering pump for gasoline and
movement, sewage movement, flood control, marine services, additives.
etc.

Because of the wide variety of applications, pumps have a plethora of shapes and sizes: from very
large to very small, from handling gas to handling liquid, from high pressure to low pressure, and
from high volume to low volume.

Priming a pump
Typically, a liquid pump can't simply draw air. The feed line of the pump and the internal body
surrounding the pumping mechanism must first be filled with the liquid that requires pumping:
An operator must introduce liquid into the system to initiate the pumping. This is called priming
the pump. Loss of prime is usually due to ingestion of air into the pump. The clearances and
displacement ratios in pumps for liquids, whether thin or more viscous, usually cannot displace air
due to its compressibility. This is the case with most velocity (rotodynamic) pumps — for example,
centrifugal pumps. For such pumps the position of the pump should always be lower than the
suction point, if not the pump should be manually filled with liquid or a secondary pump should be
used until all air is removed from the suction line and the pump casing.

Positive–displacement pumps, however, tend to have sufficiently tight sealing between the moving
parts and the casing or housing of the pump that they can be described as self-priming. Such
pumps can also serve as priming pumps, so called when they are used to fulfill that need for other
pumps in lieu of action taken by a human operator.

Pumps as public water supplies

One sort of pump once common worldwide was a hand-powered water pump, or 'pitcher pump'. It
was commonly installed over community water wells in the days before piped water supplies.

In parts of the British Isles, it was often called the parish pump. Though such community pumps
are no longer common, people still used the expression parish pump to describe a place or forum
where matters of local interest are discussed.[32]

Because water from pitcher pumps is drawn directly from the soil, it is more prone to
contamination. If such water is not filtered and purified, consumption of it might lead to
gastrointestinal or other water-borne diseases. A notorious case is the 1854 Broad Street cholera
outbreak. At the time it was not known how cholera was transmitted, but physician John Snow
suspected contaminated water and had the handle of the public pump he suspected removed; the
outbreak then subsided.
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Modern hand-operated community pumps are considered the

most sustainable low-cost option for safe water supply in
resource-poor settings, often in rural areas in developing
countries. A hand pump opens access to deeper groundwater
that is often not polluted and also improves the safety of a well
by protecting the water source from contaminated buckets.
Pumps such as the Afridev pump are designed to be cheap to
build and install, and easy to maintain with simple parts.
However, scarcity of spare parts for these type of pumps in
some regions of Africa has diminished their utility for these
areas.

Sealing multiphase pumping applications

Multiphase pumping applications, also referred to as tri- Arabic depiction of a piston pump,
phase, have grown due to increased oil drilling activity. In by Al-Jazari, c. 1206.[29][30]
addition, the economics of multiphase production is attractive
to upstream operations as it leads to simpler, smaller in-field
installations, reduced equipment costs and improved
production rates. In essence, the multiphase pump can
accommodate all fluid stream properties with one piece of
equipment, which has a smaller footprint. Often, two smaller
multiphase pumps are installed in series rather than having
just one massive pump.

For midstream and upstream operations, multiphase pumps

can be located onshore or offshore and can be connected to
single or multiple wellheads. Basically, multiphase pumps are
used to transport the untreated flow stream produced from oil
wells to downstream processes or gathering facilities. This
means that the pump may handle a flow stream (well stream)
First European depiction of a piston
from 100 percent gas to 100 percent liquid and every
pump, by Taccola, c. 1450.[31]
imaginable combination in between. The flow stream can also
contain abrasives such as sand and dirt. Multiphase pumps
are designed to operate under changing or fluctuating
process conditions. Multiphase pumping also helps
eliminate emissions of greenhouse gases as operators strive
to minimize the flaring of gas and the venting of tanks
where possible.[33]

Types and features of multiphase pumps

Helico-axial pumps (centrifugal) Irrigation is underway by pump-enabled

A rotodynamic pump with one single shaft that requires extraction directly from the Gumti, seen
in the background, in Comilla,
two mechanical seals, this pump uses an open-type axial
Bangladesh.
impeller. It's often called a Poseidon pump, and can be
described as a cross between an axial compressor and a
centrifugal pump.

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Twin-screw (positive-displacement)
The twin-screw pump is constructed of two inter-meshing screws that move the pumped fluid.
Twin screw pumps are often used when pumping conditions contain high gas volume fractions and
fluctuating inlet conditions. Four mechanical seals are required to seal the two shafts.

Progressive cavity (positive-displacement)

When the pumping application is not suited to a centrifugal pump, a progressive cavity pump is
used instead.[34] Progressive cavity pumps are single-screw types typically used in shallow wells or
at the surface. This pump is mainly used on surface applications where the pumped fluid may
contain a considerable amount of solids such as sand and dirt. The volumetric efficiency and
mechanical efficiency of a progressive cavity pump increases as the viscosity of the liquid does.[34]

Electric submersible (centrifugal)

These pumps are basically multistage centrifugal pumps and are widely used in oil well
applications as a method for artificial lift. These pumps are usually specified when the pumped
fluid is mainly liquid.

Buffer tank A buffer tank is often installed upstream of the pump suction nozzle in case of a slug
flow. The buffer tank breaks the energy of the liquid slug, smooths any fluctuations in the
incoming flow and acts as a sand trap.

As the name indicates, multiphase pumps and their mechanical seals can encounter a large
variation in service conditions such as changing process fluid composition, temperature variations,
high and low operating pressures and exposure to abrasive/erosive media. The challenge is
selecting the appropriate mechanical seal arrangement and support system to ensure maximized
seal life and its overall effectiveness.[33][35][36]

Specifications
Pumps are commonly rated by horsepower, volumetric flow rate, outlet pressure in metres (or
feet) of head, inlet suction in suction feet (or metres) of head. The head can be simplified as the
number of feet or metres the pump can raise or lower a column of water at atmospheric pressure.

From an initial design point of view, engineers often use a quantity termed the specific speed to
identify the most suitable pump type for a particular combination of flow rate and head.

Pumping power
The power imparted into a fluid increases the energy of the fluid per unit volume. Thus the power
relationship is between the conversion of the mechanical energy of the pump mechanism and the
fluid elements within the pump. In general, this is governed by a series of simultaneous differential
equations, known as the Navier–Stokes equations. However a more simple equation relating only
the different energies in the fluid, known as Bernoulli's equation can be used. Hence the power, P,
required by the pump:

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where Δp is the change in total pressure between the inlet and outlet (in Pa), and Q, the volume
flow-rate of the fluid is given in m3/s. The total pressure may have gravitational, static pressure
and kinetic energy components; i.e. energy is distributed between change in the fluid's
gravitational potential energy (going up or down hill), change in velocity, or change in static
pressure. η is the pump efficiency, and may be given by the manufacturer's information, such as in
the form of a pump curve, and is typically derived from either fluid dynamics simulation (i.e.
solutions to the Navier–Stokes for the particular pump geometry), or by testing. The efficiency of
the pump depends upon the pump's configuration and operating conditions (such as rotational
speed, fluid density and viscosity etc.)

For a typical "pumping" configuration, the work is imparted on the fluid, and is thus positive. For
the fluid imparting the work on the pump (i.e. a turbine), the work is negative. Power required to
drive the pump is determined by dividing the output power by the pump efficiency. Furthermore,
this definition encompasses pumps with no moving parts, such as a siphon.

Efficiency
Pump efficiency is defined as the ratio of the power imparted on the fluid by the pump in relation
to the power supplied to drive the pump. Its value is not fixed for a given pump, efficiency is a
function of the discharge and therefore also operating head. For centrifugal pumps, the efficiency
tends to increase with flow rate up to a point midway through the operating range (peak efficiency
or Best Efficiency Point (BEP) ) and then declines as flow rates rise further. Pump performance
data such as this is usually supplied by the manufacturer before pump selection. Pump efficiencies
tend to decline over time due to wear (e.g. increasing clearances as impellers reduce in size).

When a system includes a centrifugal pump, an important design issue is matching the head loss-
flow characteristic with the pump so that it operates at or close to the point of its maximum
efficiency.

Pump efficiency is an important aspect and pumps should be regularly tested. Thermodynamic
pump testing is one method.

References
1. Pump classifications (http://www.fao.org/docrep/010/ah810e/AH810E05.htm#5.3.1). Fao.org.
Retrieved on 2011-05-25.
2. Engineering Sciences Data Unit (2007). "Radial, mixed and axial flow pumps. Introduction" (htt
p://www.idmeb.org/contents/resource/80030b_15_23.pdf) (PDF).
3. "Understanding positive displacement pumps | PumpScout" (http://www.pumpscout.com/article
s-expert-advice/understanding-positive-displacement-pumps-aid89.html). Retrieved
2018-01-03.
4. "The Volumetric Efficiency of Rotary Positive Displacement Pumps" (https://www.pumpsandsys
tems.com/rotary-pumps/may-2015-volumetric-efficiency-rotary-positive-displacement-pumps).
www.pumpsandsystems.com. 2015-05-21. Retrieved 2019-03-27.
5. inc., elyk innovation. "Positive Displacement Pumps - LobePro Rotary Pumps" (http://www.lobe
pro.com/fund-why-choose-lobepro-12-reasons.php). www.lobepro.com. Retrieved 2018-01-03.
6. "Eccentric Disc Pumps" (https://www.psgdover.com/mouvex/products/eccentric-disc-pumps).
PSG.

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1/16/2020 Pump - Wikipedia

7. "Hollow Disc Rotary Pumps" (https://www.apexequipmentltd.com/omg-pumps/hollow-disc-rotar

y-pumps/). APEX Equipment.
8. "M Pompe | Hollow Oscillating Disk Pumps | self priming pumps | reversible pumps | low-speed
pumps" (http://www.mpompe.com/en/principi-funzionamento.html). www.mpompe.com.
9. "Hollow disc pumps" (https://www.bedu.eu/products/hollow+disc+pumps). Pump Supplier
Bedu.
10. "3P PRINZ - Hollow rotary disk pumps - Pompe 3P - Made in Italy" (https://www.3pprinz.com/p
roduct-3p-hollow-turbik-series.php?lang=en). www.3pprinz.com.
11. "Hollow Disc Pump" (https://magnatexpumps.com/mobile/hollow-disc-pump.php).
magnatexpumps.com.
12. "Hollow Rotary Disc Pumps" (https://candyne.com/hollow-rotary-disc-pump/). November 4,
2014.
13. "FAQs and Favorites - Espresso Machines" (https://www.home-barista.com/espresso-machine
s/faqs-and-favorites-t1541.html). www.home-barista.com.
14. "The Pump: The Heart of Your Espresso Machine" (https://clivecoffee.com/blogs/learn/the-pum
p-the-heart-of-your-espresso-machine). Clive Coffee.
15. "Preventing Suction System Problems Using Reciprocating Pumps" (http://www.triangle-pump.
com/preventing-suction-system-problems). Triangle Pump Components, Inc. Retrieved
2017-08-18.
16. Inc., Triangle Pump Components. "What Is Volumetric Efficiency?" (https://info.triangle-pump.c
om/blog/what-is-volumetric-efficiency). Retrieved 2018-01-03.
17. "Definitive Guide: Pumps Used in Pressure Washers" (http://pressurewashr.com/pressure-was
her-pumps/). The Pressure Washr Review. Retrieved May 14, 2016.
18. "Drilling Pumps" (http://www.gardnerdenverpumps.com/pumps/). Gardner Denver.
19. "Stimulation and Fracturing pumps: Reciprocating, Quintuplex Stimulation and Fracturing
Pump" (http://www.gardnerdenverpumps.com/pumps/stimulation-fracturing/gd-2500/) Archived
(https://web.archive.org/web/20140222144759/http://www.gardnerdenverpumps.com/pumps/st
imulation-fracturing/gd-2500/) 2014-02-22 at the Wayback Machine. Gardner Denver.
20. Admin. "Advantages of an Air Operated Double Diaphragm Pump" (https://www.globalpumps.c
om.au/blog/advantages-of-an-air-operated-double-diaphragm-pump). Retrieved 2018-01-03.
21. Tanzania water (http://tanzaniawater.blogspot.com/2010/08/hi-its-cai.html) blog – example of
grass roots researcher telling about his study and work with the rope pump in Africa.
22. C.M. Schumacher, M. Loepfe, R.Fuhrer, R.N. Grass, and W.J. Stark, "3D printed lost-wax
casted soft silicone monoblocks enable heart-inspired pumping by internal combustion," RSC
Advances, Vol. 4,pp. 16039–16042, 2014.
23. Demirbas, Ayhan (2008-11-14). Biofuels: Securing the Planet's Future Energy Needs (https://b
ooks.google.com/?id=4pp6aFaMPJ4C&pg=PA22&dq=%C2%A0A+hydraulic+ram+is+a+water
+pump+powered+by+hydropower.#v=onepage&q=%C2%A0A%20hydraulic%20ram%20is%20
a%20water%20pump%20powered%20by%20hydropower.&f=false). Springer Science &
Business Media. ISBN 9781848820111.
24. Welcome to the Hydraulic Institute (http://www.pumps.org/content_detail_pumps.aspx?id=176
8) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20110727191500/http://www.pumps.org/content_deta
il_pumps.aspx?id=1768) 2011-07-27 at the Wayback Machine. Pumps.org. Retrieved on 2011-
05-25.
25. "Radial, mixed and axial flow pumps" (http://www.idmeb.org/contents/resource/80030b_15_23.
pdf) (PDF). Institution of Diploma Marine Engineers, Bangladesh. June 2003. Retrieved
2017-08-18.
26. Pump Statistics Should Shape Strategies (http://www.maintenancetechnology.com/2008/10/pu
mp-statistics-should-shape-strategies/). Mt-online.com 1 October 2008. Retrieved 24
September 2014.
27. Submersible slurry pumps in high demand (http://www.engineeringnews.co.za/article/submersi
ble-slurry-pumps-in-high-demand-2006-10-06). Engineeringnews.co.za. Retrieved on 2011-05-
25.
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28. Wasser, Goodenberger, Jim and Bob (November 1993). "Extended Life, Zero Emissions Seal
for Process Pumps". John Crane Technical Report. Routledge. TRP 28017.
29. Donald Routledge Hill, "Mechanical Engineering in the Medieval Near East", Scientific
American, May 1991, pp. 64-9 (cf. Donald Hill, Mechanical Engineering (http://home.swipnet.s
e/islam/articles/HistoryofSciences.htm) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/2007122509183
6/http://home.swipnet.se/islam/articles/HistoryofSciences.htm) 25 December 2007 at the
Wayback Machine)
30. Ahmad Y. al-Hassan. "The Origin of the Suction Pump: al-Jazari 1206 A.D." (https://web.archiv
e.org/web/20080226102543/http://www.history-science-technology.com/Notes/Notes%202.ht
m) Archived from the original (http://www.history-science-technology.com/Notes/Notes%202.ht
m) on 26 February 2008. Retrieved 16 July 2008.
31. Hill, Donald Routledge (1996). A History of Engineering in Classical and Medieval Times (http
s://books.google.com/books?id=MqSXc5sGZJUC&pg=PA143&dq=Taccola+first+piston).
London: Routledge. p. 143. ISBN 0-415-15291-7.
32. "Online Dictionary – Parish Pump" (http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/parish+pump).
Retrieved 2010-11-22.
33. Sealing Multiphase Pumping Applications | Seals (http://pump-zone.com/seals/seals/sealing-m
ultiphase-pumping-applications.html). Pump-zone.com. Retrieved on 2011-05-25.
34. "When to use Progressive Cavity Pumps" (http://www.libertyprocess.com/when_to_use_progre
ssive_cavity_pumps.html). www.libertyprocess.com. Retrieved 2017-08-18.
35. John Crane Seal Sentinel – John Crane Increases Production Capabilities with Machine that
Streamlines Four Machining Functions into One (http://www.sealsentinel.com/interphex/Day1-
Story2.html) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20101127044346/http://www.sealsentinel.c
om/interphex/Day1-Story2.html) 2010-11-27 at the Wayback Machine. Sealsentinel.com.
Retrieved on 2011-05-25.
36. Vacuum pump new on SA market (http://www.engineeringnews.co.za/article/vacuum-pump-ne
w-on-sa-market-2005-04-22). Engineeringnews.co.za. Retrieved on 2011-05-25.

Further reading
Australian Pump Manufacturers' Association. Australian Pump Technical Handbook, 3rd
edition. Canberra: Australian Pump Manufacturers' Association, 1987. ISBN 0-7316-7043-4.
Hicks, Tyler G. and Theodore W. Edwards. Pump Application Engineering. McGraw-Hill Book
Company.1971. ISBN 0-07-028741-4
Karassik, Igor, ed. (2007). Pump Handbook (https://books.google.com/books?id=MNq-mAEAC
AAJ) (4 ed.). McGraw Hill. ISBN 9780071460446.
Robbins, L. B. "Homemade Water Pressure Systems" (https://books.google.com/books?id=7ig
DAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA83). Popular Science, February 1919, pages 83–84. Article about how a
homeowner can easily build a pressurized home water system that does not use electricity.

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