ED Project Report

ELECTRONIC DEVICES LAB
PROJECT REPORT
WIRELESS SWITCH CIRCUIT USING LDR AND CD4017
SECTION:
EE 19 A
SUBMITTED TO:
SIR QAZI MUSHTAQ
SUBMITTED BY:
MUHAMMAD UMER AYYUB (200401063)
ABDUL HANAN AHMAD (200401026)
ABSTRACT:
Normally, home appliances are controlled by means of switches, etc. However,
physical connection with switches may be dangerous if there is any shorting.
The wireless switch circuit described here requires no physical contact for
operating the appliance. Here we have explained a circuit that needs no physical
contact with the appliance. In these circuits all you need is to pass your hand
above LDR. As you first pass your hand over LDR the device connected with it
started and remain in that state till you again pass your hand above LDR.
INTRODUCTION:
This project report shows how to operate any electrical system without making
physical contact with it. Generally, electrical and electronic appliances that we
use in our houses are controlled with the help of switches i.e. we toggle the
switches to turn the appliance ON or OFF. But this project shows an interesting
way to control any device like a Light Bulb for example. The method
implemented here involves a Wireless Switch Circuit where when you slide our
hand in front of the circuit, the device will be turned ON and if you slide your
hand once again, the device will be turned OFF. Using this simple Wireless
Switch Circuit, you can avoid the dangers of having physical contact with the
switches. In this project, we are going to show you how to make a wireless
circuit using LDR, LM741op-amp IC and 4017-decade counter IC. When you
take your hand over the LDR first time, the light will turn on and when you take
your hand over the LDR second time the light will turn off. We know that
resistance of LDR decreases when light falls on it, so when we cover the LDR
with something its resistance will increase and this will affect the Voltage at
LDR. This change in voltage is sensed by Op-amp 741 and this will in turn
control IC 4017 output which is connected to the AC light through Relay
Module. So each time we cover the LDR with our hand, it will either switch on
or Off the AC load.
CIRCUIT PRINCIPLE:
The main principle of this Wireless Switch Circuit is in the functioning of LDR,
LM741 Op-Amp and a CD4017-IC. In this circuit, all you need is to pass your
hand above a simple Light Sensor, the infamous LDR. The LDR is configured
in such a way that, light from an LED will continuously fall on the LDR and
when you place your hand over the device connected to the circuit will turn ON.
This change is detected by an Op-Amp. The device will stay turned ON until
you pass your hand over the LDR again. The circuit shown is triggered on the
leading edge of the switch pulse which means that output changes when you
again put your hand over LDR. You can adjust the sensitivity of LDR with the
help of VR1.
BLOCK DIAGRAM:
LDR Op- 4017 5v

(Light amp IC Decade Relay LED
Dependent LM741 counter module BULB
Resistor) IC
COMPONENTS REQUIRED:
Components required are:
 Op-amp IC LM741
 4017 Decade counter IC
 5v Relay module
 LDR (Light Dependent Resistor)
 Bulb
 Potentiometer (10k)
 Resistor (10k)
 Capacitor (22uf)
 Connecting wires
 Battery 9v
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
OP-amp IC LM741:
LM741 operational amplifier is a DC-coupled high gain electronic voltage
amplifier. It’s a small chip having 8 pins. An operational amplifier IC is used as
a comparator which compares the two signal, the inverting and non-inverting
signal. In Op-amp IC 741 PIN2 is an inverting input terminal and PIN3 is non-
inverting input terminal. The output pin of this IC is PIN6. The main function of
this IC is to do the mathematical operation in various circuits.
When the voltage at non-inverting input (+) is higher than the voltage at inverting
input (-), then the output of the comparator is High. And if the voltage of inverting
input (-) is Higher than the non-inverting end (+), then the output is LOW. In
this Wireless Switch Circuit, LM741 is used to provide the Low to high Clock
pulse to IC 4017, for each time when one passes a hand over the LDR.
PIN-DIAGRAM:
PIN-CONFIGURATION:
PIN NO. PIN Description
1 Offset null
2 Inverting (-) input terminal
3 Non-inverting (+) input terminal
4 Negative voltage supply (-VCC)
5 Offset null
6 Output voltage pin
7 Positive voltage supply (+VCC)
8 Not connected
Decade Counter IC 4017:

4017 IC is a CMOS decade counter chip. It can produce output at the 10 pins (Q0
– Q9) sequentially, means it produces output one by one at the 10 output pins.
This output is controlled by a LOW to HIGH clock pulse at PIN 14. At first,
output at Q0 (PIN 3) is HIGH, then with each clock pulse, output advance to the
next PIN. Like one clock pulse makes the Q0 LOW and Q1 HIGH, and then the
next clock pulse makes the Q1 LOW and Q2 HIGH, and so on. After the Q9, it
will start from the Q0 again. So it creates sequential ON and OFF of all the 10
OUTPUT PINs. In this Wireless Switch, we have used 4017 IC to latch the output
to one pin when we pass the hand over LDR.
PIN-DIAGRAM:
PIN-CONFIGURATION:
PIN
PIN Name PIN Description
NO.
1 Q5 Output 5: Goes high in 5 clock pulse
3 Q0 Output 0: Goes high at the beginning – 0 clock pulse
6 Q7 Output 7: Goes high in 7clock pulse
8 GND Ground PIN

CO –Carry Used to cascade another 4017 IC to makes it count up to 20, it

12
out is divide by 10 output PIN
CLOCK Clock enable pin, should be kept LOW, keeping HIGH will
13
inhibit freeze the output.
Clock input, for sequentially HIGH the output pins from PIN 3
14 CLOCK
TO PIN 11
Active high pin, should be LOW for normal operation, setting

15 RESET
HIGH will reset the IC (only Pin 3 remain HIGH)
16 VDD Power supply PIN (5-12v)
WIRELESS SWITCH CIRCUIT WORKING:

Initially AC light will remain in ON condition as we have connected Relay to Q0
pin of 4017, and Q0 will be high by default in 4017 IC. Now when someone
firstly passes the hand over the LDR or cover it with something then its resistance
gets increased and according to Voltage Divider rule, the voltage at Pin3 of
LM741 becomes higher than Pin2, and that makes the output Pin 6 of op-amp
741 HIGH. The output of Op-amp is connected to the Clock PIN 14 of Decade
counter IC 4017. As the output of OP-amp become HIGH, it gives a LOW to
HIGH clock pulse to 4017 IC, which makes the output PIN3 (or Q0) of IC 4017
Low and output Pin 2 (or Q10) high, which turns off the Light connected at Q0.
Now the light remains in OFF state until the next clock pulse, which will be
generated when we again put the hand over LDR.
The output of LM741 remains high only till we cover the light over LDR, as soon
as we remove the hand, output Pin 6 of LM741 becomes low again. But this does
not affect the latched output of 4017 as IC 4017 only shifts its output to the next
pin when it receives Low to high pulse. So it won’t be affected with High to low
pulse, generated when the output of LM741 goes high to low.
Now when we again pass our hand over the LDR, the op-amp output again goes
High and IC 4017 again receives a Low to High clock pulse which turns the Q1
from HIGH to LOW and makes the Q2 (Pin 4) high. Now here is the trick, we
have fed the Q2's high output to the reset pin 15 of IC4017, which resets the IC
and put the IC in default mode where Q0 will be high. So again Light will get
turn on with Q0 high.
To prevent it from misbehaving or remove error in counting pulse because of
bounding effect, we have used RC circuit using the capacitor of 22uf and 10k
resistor at Clock PIN 14 of 4017 IC, which helps it to count only one pulse on
each time hand passes over the LDR.
BENEFITS OF USING WIRELESS SWITCHES:

Benefits of using wireless switches:
 Tidy – not having wires means that the workspace remains tidy and
clutter free.
 Safe – with no wires to trip over, the workplace is a lot safer.
 Convenient – being able to operate a device from a distance with a
transmitter can be very convenient in some applications.
 No restrictions – using a wireless solution means that you are not
restricted by the length of the cable.
CONCLUTION:
In this circuit the delay time between input and output is very less to produce an
output for an applied input. The power wastage in the circuit is very less because
of low current sinking property of the op-amp because of its high input
impedance. The circuit doesn’t require any manual touch to switch ON or OFF
the electronics appliances. Because of the non-ideal behavior of op-amp, the
circuit output may deviate from the ideal value.
THE END!

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ELECTRONIC DEVICES LAB

LDR Op- 4017 5v

2 Inverting (-) input terminal

3 Non-inverting (+) input terminal

4 Negative voltage supply (-VCC)

6 Output voltage pin

7 Positive voltage supply (+VCC)

Decade Counter IC 4017:

1 Q5 Output 5: Goes high in 5 clock pulse

2 Q1 Output 1: Goes high in 1 clock pulse

3 Q0 Output 0: Goes high at the beginning – 0 clock pulse

4 Q2 Output 2: Goes high in 2 clock pulse

5 Q6 Output 6: Goes high in 6 clock pulse

6 Q7 Output 7: Goes high in 7clock pulse

7 Q3 Output 3: Goes high in 3 clock pulse

8 GND Ground PIN

10 Q4 Output 4: Goes high in 4 clock pulse

11 Q9 Output 9: Goes high in 9 clock pulse

CO –Carry Used to cascade another 4017 IC to makes it count up to 20, it

Active high pin, should be LOW for normal operation, setting

16 VDD Power supply PIN (5-12v)

WIRELESS SWITCH CIRCUIT WORKING:

BENEFITS OF USING WIRELESS SWITCHES:

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