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Applications of Signals and
Systems
By: Mohit Goel

Application Areas
• Control
• Communications
• Signal Processing
Control Applications
• Industrial control and automation (Control
the velocity or position of an object)
• Examples: Controlling the position of a
valve or shaft of a motor
• Important Tools:
– Time-domain solution of differential equations
– Transfer function (Laplace Transform)
– Stability
Communication Applications
• Transmission of information (signal) over a
channel
• The channel may be free space, coaxial
cable, fiber optic cable
• A key component of transmission:
Modulation (Analog and Digital
Communication)
Modulation
• Analog Modulation: Transmitting audio
signals.
X(t) Ax(t)c os(wt)
X
Loc al Osc illator
• Advantage: Higher frequency range good

propagation
Modulation
• Frequency Modulation (FM), modulate the
angle of the carrier.
• Advantage: More robust to interference

Digital Modulation
• Used in CDs, digital cellular service, digital
phone lines and computer modems.
• Advantages:
– Can be encrypted
– Electronic routing of data is easier
– Digital storage faster
– Multimedia capability
Signal Processing Applications
• Signal processing=Application of algorithms to
modify signals in a way to make them more
useful.
• Goals:
– Efficient and reliable transmission, storage and display
of information
– Information extraction and enhancement
• Examples:
– Speech and audio processing
– Multimedia processing (image and video)
– Underwater acoustic
– Biological signal analysis
Multimedia Applications
• Compression: Fast, efficient, reliable
transmission and storage of data
• Applied on audio, image and video data for
transmission over the Internet, storage
• Examples: CDs, DVDs, MP3, MPEG4,
JPEG
• Mathematical Tools: Fourier Transform,
Quantization, Modulation
Biological Signal Analysis
• Examples:
– Brain signals (EEG)
– Cardiac signals (ECG)
– Medical images (x-ray, PET, MRI)
• Goals:
– Detect abnormal activity (heart attack, seizure)
– Help physicians with diagnosis
• Tools: Filtering, Fourier Transform
Example
• Brain waves are usually contaminated by
noise and hard to interpret
Biometrics
• Identifying a person using physiological
characteristics
• Examples:
– Fingerprint Identification
– Face Recognition
– Voice Recognition
Audio Signal Processing
• Active noise cancellation:Adaptive filtering
– Headphones used in cockpits
• Digital Audio Effects
– Add special music effects such as delay, echo,
reverb
• Audio signal separation
– Separate speech from interference
– Wind sound from music in cars
Short Time Fourier Transform (STFT)
Fourier Analysis
• Fourier analysis expands signals or functions in terms of
sinusoids (or complex exponentials).
• It reveals all frequency components present in a signal
Examples
f1 (t ) = cos(2π ⋅ 5 ⋅ t )
f 2 (t ) = cos(2π ⋅ 25 ⋅ t )
f 3 (t ) = cos(2π ⋅ 50 ⋅ t )
Examples
F1(u)
F2(u)
F3(u)
Fourier Analysis – Examples
f 4 (t ) = cos(2π ⋅ 5 ⋅ t )
+ cos(2π ⋅ 25 ⋅ t )
+ cos(2π ⋅ 50 ⋅ t )
F4(u)
Limitations of Fourier Analysis
• Cannot not provide simultaneous time and frequency
localization.
• Not useful for analyzing time-variant, non -stationary

signals.
Stationary vs non-stationary signals
• Stationary signals:
time-invariant spectra
f 4 (t )
• Non-stationary
signals: time-varying
spectra
f 5 (t )
Stationary vs non-stationary signals
Non-stationary signal:
f 5 (t )
Perfect knowledge of what

frequencies exist, but no
information about where
these frequencies are
located in time!
F5(u)
 Need a local analysis scheme for a time-frequency
representation (TFR).
 Windowed F.T. or Short Time F.T. (STFT)
 Segmenting the signal into narrow time intervals (i.e.,
narrow enough to be considered stationary).
 Take the Fourier transform of each segment.
• Steps :
(1) Choose a window function of finite length
(2) Place the window on top of the signal at t=0
(3) Truncate the signal using this window
(4) Compute the FT of the truncated signal, save results.
(5) Incrementally slide the window to the right
(6) Go to step 3, until window reaches the end of the signal

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Applications of Signals and

By: Mohit Goel

Loc al Osc illator

• Advantage: Higher frequency range good

• Advantage: More robust to interference

• Not useful for analyzing time-variant, non -stationary

Perfect knowledge of what

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