Activity 1

OBIECTIVE MATERIAL REQUIRED

To verify that the relation R in the set A piece of plywood, some pieces of
L of all lines in a plane, defined by wires (8), nails, white paper, glue etc.
R= {(, m): 11 m} is symmetric but
neither reflexive nor transitive.

METHOD OF CoNSTRUCTION
Take a piece of plywood and paste a white paper on it. Fix the wires randomly
on the plywood with the help some ofthem parallel,
of nails such that
some are perpendicular to each other and some are inclined as shown in
are

Fig.1.

Fig. 1

DEMONSTRATION
. Let the wires represent the lines 1,,
2.1, is perpendicular to each of the lines 1,, 1,, [see Fig. 1]

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3. is perpendicular to ,
4. 4, is parallel to l, , is parallel to l, and I, is parallel to
5. ,4). , 1), 0, 4). t , 1,) E R

OBSERVATION
1. In Fig. 1, no line is perpendicular to itself, so the relation
R {( 7, m): 1Lm}. reflexive (is/is not).

2. In Fig. 1, 4L1. Is
l,L,? (Yes/No)

-R («/¬)
Similarly, ,L,. Is ,L 1,?- (Yes/No)
( ) e R(1,1) R (/E)
Also, L1. Is l, L I? . (Yes/No)
( 4) e R »(1, 1). R (lE)
The relation R ..
symmetric (is/is not)
3. In Fig. 1,1, LI, and ,LI. Is1,L1?... (Yes/No)
i.e., 1)e Rand (,, 1,) e R^(l, 1) R (elE)
The relation R.. transitive (is/is not).

APPLICATION NoTE
This activity can be used to check whether a
1. In this case, the relation is
given relation is an equivalence relation or not an equivalence relation.
not.
2. The activity can be repeated
by taking some more wire in
different positions.

102
Laboratory Manual
Activity 3
OBJECTIVE MATERIAL REQUIRED
To demonstrate a function which is Cardboard, nails, strings, adhesive
not one-one but is onto. and plastic strips.

METHOD OF CONSTRUCTION
1. Paste a
plastic strip
the left hand side of the cardboard and fix three nails
on
on it as shown in the Fig.3.1. Name the nails on the strip as 1,2 and 3.
2. Paste another strip on the right hand side of the cardboard and fix two nails in
the plastic strip as shown in Fig.3.2. Name the nails on the strip as a and b.
3. Join nails on the left strip to the nails on the right strip as shown i Fig..3.3.

b
3 3

Fig. 3.1 Fig..3.2 Fig. 3.3

DEMONSTRATION
1. Take the set X =
{1, 2, 3
2. Take the set Y = [a, b}

3. Join (correspondence) elements of X to the elements ofY as shown in Fig. 3.3

OBSERVATiON
1. The image of the element 1 of X in Y is .
The image of the element 2 of X in Y is

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 The image of the element 3 of X in Y is

So, Fig. 3.3 represents a

2. Every element in X has a. image in Y. So, the function is

(one-one/not one-one).
in XK (exists/does not exist).
3. The pre-image of each element of Y
So, the function is . (onto/not onto).

APPLICATION NoTE
Demonstrate the same
This activity can be used to demonstrate the
and onto function.
activity by changing the
concept of one-one
number of the elements of
the sets X and Y.

L
ep

O
Activity 9
OBJECTIVE MATERIAL REQUIRED
To find analytically the limit of a Paper, pencil, calculato.
functionfx) atx c and also to check
=

the continuity of the function at that

point.

METHOD OF CONSTRUCTION

16
1. Consider the function given by f)=r-4
x*4|
10, X=4

2. Take some points on the left and some points on the right side ofc (=4)
which are very near to c.
3. Find the corresponding values of f () for each of the points considered in
step 2 above.
4. Record the values of points on the left and right side of c as x and the
corresponding values of f) in a form of a table.

DEMONSTRATION
1. The values of x and f(t) are recorded as follows:

Table 1 For points on the left of c (=4).

3.9 3.99 3.999 3.9999

3.99999|3.999999 3.9999999
7.9 7.99 7.999 7.9999 7.99999 |7.999999| 7.9999999

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 2. Table 2: For points the
on
right of c (= 4).

4.1 4.01 4.001 4.0001 4.00001 4.000001 4.0000001

S 8.18.01 8.001| 8.0001 8.00001 8.000001 8.0000001
OBSERVATiON
. The value of f (r) is approaching to as r 4 from the left.
2. The value of f (x) is approaching to as x 4 from the right.

3. So, lim f(r) =| and lim f (x)=

4. Therefore, limf(x)=| ,f(4) =

5. Is lim f () =
f(4) ? (Yes/No)

6. Since f (c)*lim f(x), so, the function is .

at x = 4 (continuous/
not continuous).

APPLICATION
This activity is useful in understanding the concept of limit and continuity of a
function at a point.
Activity 14
OBJECTIVE MATERIAL REQUIRED
To understand the concepts of local A piece of plywood, wires,
adhesive, white paper.
maxima, local minima and point of
inflection.

METHOD OF CONSTRUCTION
size and paste a white paper on it.
1. Take a piece of plywood of a convenient
40 and fix them the paper on
pieces of wires each of length cm on
2. Take two

plywood in the form of r-axis and y-axis.

of curve. Fix
3. Take another wire of suitable length and bend it in the shape
this curved wire on the white paper pasted on plywood, as
shown in Fig. 14.

X'
O

Fig. 14

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 4. Take five more wires each of length say 2 em and fix them at the pointsA, C,
B, P and D as shown in figure.

DEMONSTRATION
1. In the figure, wires at the points A, B, C and D represent tangents to the
curve and are parallel to the axis. The slopes of tangents at these points are
zero, i.e., the value of the first derivative at these points is zero. The tangent
at P intersects the curve.
2. At the points A and B, sign of the first derivative changes from negative to
positive. So, they are the points of local minima.
3. At the point C and D, sign of the first derivative changes from positive to
negative. So, they are the points of local maxima.
4. At the point P, sign of first derivative does not
change. So, it is a point of
inflection.

OBSERVATION
1. Sign of the slope of the
tangent (first derivative) at a
point on the curve to
the immediate left of A is

2. Sign of the slope of the tangent (first derivative) at a point on the curve to
the immediate right of A is_
3. Sign of the first derivative at a point on the curve to immediate left
of B is

4. Sign of the first derivative at a

point on the curve to immediate
right
of B is
5. Sign of the first derivative at a
point on the curve to immediate left
of C is
6. Sign of the first derivative at a point on the curve to immediate right
of C is
7. Sign of the first derivative at
of D is
a
point on the curve to immediate left

Mathematics
135

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8. Sign of the first derivative at a point on the curve to immediate right
of D is
9. Sign of the first derivative at a point immediate left of P is . and
immediate right of P is
10. A and B are points of local.
I1. C and D are points of local .
12. P is a point of

APPLICATION
1. This activity may help in explaining the concepts of points of local maxima,
local minima and inflection.
2. The concepts of maxima/minima are useful in problems of daily life such
as making of packages of maximum capacity at minimum cost.

O
Activity 16
OBJECTIVE MATERIAL REQUIRED
To construct an open box of maximum Chart papers, scissors, cellotape,
volume from a given rectangular sheet calculator.
by cutting equal squares from each
corner.

METHOD OF CONSTRUCTION
1. Take a rectangular chart paper ofsize 20 cmx 10 cm and name it as ABCD.
2. Cut four equal squares each of side x cm from each corner A, B, C and D.

3. Repeat the process by taking the same size of chart papers and different
values of x.

4. Make an open box by folding its flaps using cellotape/adhesive.

b e

10cm

20cm
Fig 16

DEMONSTRATION
1. When x = 1, Volume of the box = 144 cm*

2. When x = 1.5, Volume of the box = 178.5 cm*

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3. When x =
1.8, Volume of the box = 188.9 cm
4. When x = 2, Volume of the box = 192 cm'.

5. When x = 2.1, Volume of the box = 192.4 cm.

6. When x = 2.2, Volume of the box = 192.2 cm'.

7. When x = 2.5, Volume of the box = 187.5 cm>.

8. When x =3, Volume of the box = 168 cm.

Clearly, volume of the box is maximum when r = 2.1.

OBSERVATiON
1. V, = Volume of the open box ( when x = 1.6) =...
**********

2. V = Volume of the open box ( when x = 1.9) =. ***********

3. V= Volume of the open box ( whenx= 2.1) * * * *

4. V, = Volume of the open box ( when x = 2.2) =,****************

5. V, = Volume of the open box ( when x = 2.4) = ***************

6. V, = Volume of the open box (when x = 3.2).

7. Volume V, is . than volume V.

8. Volume V, is , than volume V.

9. Volume V, is . than volume V.

10. Volume V, is- than volume V.

11. Volume V, is . than volume V.

So, Volume of the open box is maximum when x =.

APPLICATION
This activity is useful in explaining the concepts of maxima/minima of functions.
It is also useful in making packages of maximum volume with minimum cost.
Activity 21
OBJECTIVE MATERIAL REQUIRED
To verify that angle in a semi-circle is Cardboard, white paper, adhesive,
a right angle, using vector method. pens, geometry box, eraser, wires,
paper arrow heads.

METHOD OF CONSTRUCTION
1. Take a thick cardboard of size 30 cm x 30 cm.
2. On the cardboard, paste a white paper of the same size using an adhesive.
3. On this paper draw a circle, with centre O and radius 10 cm.

Fig. 21

4. Fix nails at the points O, A, B, P and Q. Join OP, OA, OB, AR, AQ, BO, OQ
and BP using wires.
5. Put arrows on OA, OB, OP AP, BP, 0Q, AQ and BQto show them as vectors,
using paper arrow heads, as shown in the figure.

DEMONSTRATION
1. Using a protractor, measure the angle between the vectors APand BP, i.e.,
LAPB = 90°.

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 2. Similarly, the angle between the vectors AQand BQ, i.e., 2 AQB = 90°.

3. Repeat the above process by taking some more points R, S, T, ... on the
semi-circles, forming vectors AR, BR; AS, BS; AT, BT;..., etc., i.e., angle
formed between two vectors in a semi-circle is a right angle.

OBSERVATION
By actual measurement.

OP-OA Q=r=a=p=
AP BP .AB
BQ
AP+BP-
So, ZAPB =_ and AP.BP LAQB = , and

AQ.BP
Similarly, for points R, S, T, .
LARB = LASB = | LATB =
i.e., angle in a semi-circle is a right angle.

APPLICATION
This activity can be used to explain the
concepts of

(i) opposite vectors

(ii) vectors of equal magnitude

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(ii) perpendicular vectors
iv) Dot product of two vectors.
NOTE
Let OA = OB = a = OP = p

OA=-ä. OB =ä, OP =p
AP=-OA+OP = + 7., BP=p- .

AP BP-p+a)(p-ä)-"-a =0

since pf-l)
So, the angle APB between the vectors AP and
BP is a right angle.

Similarly, AQ. BO=0, so, ZAQB =90° and so on.

Activity 20
OBJECTIVE MATERIAL REQUIREDD
To verify
geometrically that Geometry box, cardboard, white
paper, cutter, sketch pen, cellotape.
cxa+b)=cxa+cxb
METHOD OF CONSTRUCTION
1. Fix a white paper on the cardboard.
2. Draw a line segment OA (=6 and let it represent
cm, say) c.
3. Draw another line segment OB (=4 cm, say) at an angle (say 60°) with OA.
Let OB =a

Fig. 20

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4. Draw BC(=3 cm, say) making an angle (say 30°) with OA. Let BC=b
5. Draw perpendiculars BM, CL and BN.

6. Complete parallelograms OAPC, OAQB and BQPC.

DEMONSTRATION

1. OC=OB +BC = a +b, and let 2COA=a.

2. a + - +b sin a = area of parallelogram OAPC.

3. xa area of parallelogram OAQB.

4. xbarea of parallelogram BQPC.

5. Area of parallelogram OAPC =
(0A) (CL
(OA) (LN + NC) = (OA) (BM + NC)

=
(OA) (BM)+ (OA) (NC)
Area of parallelogram OAQB + Area of parallelogram BQPC

-Fo+Fx
So, Fxa+6)|=cxi|-xi

Direction of each of these vectors cx{a+b), cxa and cxb is perpendicular

to the same plane.

So, cx(a+b)= cxa + cxb.

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OBSERVATION
A= OA = ,

la+b-o-OC=_
CL =

cx(ã+b)= Area of parallelogram OAPC

=
(OA) (CL) =
, sq. units ()
exa= Area of parallelogram OAQB
=
(OA) (BM) =
.
X
(ii)

cxb= Area of parallelogram BQPC

=
(OA) (CN) = (iii)
From (), (i) and (ii),

Area of parallelogram OAPC = Area of parallelgram OAQB + Area of

Parallelgram

Thus Fxa+-x -x|

cxa, cxb and cx(a+b) are all in the direction of. to the plane
of paper.

Therefore cxa+b)=cxa+
Mathematics 155

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APPLICATION

Through the activity, distributive property of vector multiplication over addition

can be explained.

NoTE
This activity can also be per-
formed by taking rectangles
instead of parallelograms.
Activity 27
OBJECTIVE MATERIAL REQUIRED
To explain the computation of A piece of plywood, white paper
conditional probability of a given pen/pencil, scale, a pair of dice.
eventA, when event B has already
occurred, through an example of
throwing a pair of dice.

METHOD OF CONSTRUCTION
1. Paste a white paper on a piece of plywood of a convenient size.

2. Make a
square and divide it into 36 unit squares of size lcm each
(see Fig. 27).
3. Write pair of numbers shown in the
as
figure.

1,5 1,6

2|
3,5 3.6

454
5,1 sa
5.45.55.
Fig. 27

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DEMONSTRATION
1. Fig. 27 gives all possible outcomes of the given experiment. Hence, it
represents the sample space of the experiment.
2. Suppose we have to find the conditional probability of an event A if an event
B has already occurred, whereA is the event "a number 4 appears on both
the dice" and B is the event "4 has appeared on at least one of the dice"i.e,
we have to find P(A I B).
3. From Fig. 27 number of outcomes favourable to A = l1

Number of outcomes favourable to B = 11

Number of outcomes favourable to AnB = 1.

NOTE
4. (i) P (B) = 1. You may repeat this activity by
6 taking more events such as thee
probability of getting a sum 10when
a doublet has already occurred.
(ii) P (An B) =

36 2. Conditional probability
P(AIB) can
alsobe found by first
taking the sample space of event B
(ii) P (A I B) =
PAnB) 1 out of the sample space of the
PB) experiment, and then finding the
probability A from it.
OBSERVATION
1. Outcome(s) favourable to A: . n (A) =

2. Outcomes favourable to B: n (B) =

3. Outcomes favourable to A nB:. n (AnB) = .

4. P(AnB) =.
5. P (AI B) =

APPLICATION
This activity is helpful in understanding the concept of conditional probability,
which is further used in Bayes' theorem.

Mathematics 175

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