The Nature of Community

by Kenneth Pigg

C
ommunities were historically “established” by people diverse, that is, when they may be based on any combination of
with a grand scheme to take advantage of “real factors, such as business dealings, human service arrangements,
or imagined” strategies, such as extracting natural political activity, neighborhood proximity, civic associations or
resources, accessing frequently used transportation routes, leisure activity. In other words, when we “know” people in our
or creating a central location for trade or politics. As these community and interact with them in the context of different
strategic advantages disappeared, so did some of these places, roles, our social relationships are much stronger than in places
especially if lasting social relations had not been established. where the interactions are based on more limited relations.

Today, there are still places we call communities that have Community is Structured
strong strategic advantages as a basis for their existence, but
the global society has diminished many of these resources. It Block’s notion of community as “structured” by
is only where there are also strong social relationships that relationships is important for any discussion about
communities continue to thrive.These relationships may be community. Close examination of the relationships that
purely social, but more often also include the relationships constitute an established community reveals a pattern
built around business ventures or political activities. All of these of interpersonal relations governed by certain accepted
bases for community existence can be found in rural places, norms or rules, such as reciprocity, shared values,
although social relationships are often the most important. inclusiveness or respect for property. In some cases,
these norms are formally recognized and subscribed
Community, then, is more than a geographic location; it is a to in a public manner, creating institutions such as
bond of socially constructed reciprocal relationships. Peter schools, churches, civic organizations and neighborhood
Block (2008)1 argues for an understanding of community associations. Newcomers to a community may have some
as a “structure of belonging.” According to some observers, difficulty recognizing these structures and their meaning at
community is strongest when these social relationships are first. This is often the case when a long-time resident says,
“You’re not from around here are you?” The new resident
1 Block, Peter. 2008. Community:The Structure of Belonging. San Francisco, CA:
is lost “socially” since they do not know how “things are
Berrett-Koehler Publishers, Inc.
done around here.” Though norms are often informal

1
 as being “held in common.” For example, community
parks and schools are generally considered “community
property,” and all residents have open access to these
properties. Similarly, youth are often considered a
community asset — “they are our future” — even while
it is recognized that each family takes responsibility for
the behavior and development of the individual young
person. The notion that “it takes a village to raise a child”
recognizes this collective versus individual dynamic
relationship.

Most commonly, the collective nature of our communities

and rarely discussed as a public matter, they are well
is represented by the organization of activities and
known among long-term residents and quickly learned by
interactions. Americans are famous for the extent
newcomers.
and quality of their associational lives, even though all
associations do not function alike.3 Some forms of
One of the most important structures for community
association are little more than informal collections
development activities is the “local government” (i.e.,
of individuals who interact with a specific focus (e.g.,
county, parish, village, township, etc.) because of the
genealogy, bird watching, bingo, etc.). Other forms attract
statutory authority granted to these institutions by the
those with a more public or civic purpose in mind,
state to govern how they respond to local needs. In some
such as community service or advocacy for educational
cases, however, the lack of specific authority constrains
quality; these forms of association may take on formal
local governments to act in the face of obvious needs.
organizational structures and adopt charters for
The “Dillon rule,” passed down by courts in the late 19th
governance purposes. Similarly, some organizations, like
century, says that if the state had not explicitly granted
soccer clubs, sororities or Girl Scouts, exist for more
local governments the authority to act in a specified
private or individual benefits. All of these organizations
area, they have no authority to act at all.2 Because of the
are based on shared interests and/or “sentiment.”4 Most
limitations, local citizens have to rely on other institutions
or all of these associations simultaneously exist within the
or create improvised forms of social organization to
community.
accomplish tasks. Research demonstrates that citizens
often take matters of meeting community needs into
There is the overarching collective we call community
their own hands. They may seek an “endorsement” by
as well. The community “houses” all these other forms
local government officials, but that is often only a verbal
of collective activity and may provide a means of aligning
“attaboy” sort of reassurance since the local officials have
common interests among them. This alignment does not
no authority to act.
usually happen without leadership that keeps attention
focused on the values and goals common to all residents.
Community is a Collective This sort of civic leadership may come from a variety of
sources but is usually essential to general community
Although our democratic system establishes opportunities
well-being and a viable future.
in our communities for individualism to thrive, community
is also a collective, and many resources are treated 3 Stolle, D. and Rochon, T.R. 1998. “Are All Associations Alike?” American Behavioral

Scientist, 42.1 (September): 47-65.

2 See Frug, G., Ford. R. and Barron, D. 2006. Local Government Law, 4th ed. St. Paul,
4 Homans, G.C. 1950. The Human Group. New York: Harcourt, Brace and World, Inc.
MN: Thomson/West.

2
Community is Diverse
Gaining an appreciation for diversity starts with an honest
The value Americans place on individual liberty produces assessment of our own capabilities and characteristics that
a high degree of diversity in our communities. Such could benefit the collective. Using tools such as the Myers-
diversity can be expressed in many ways — the color of Briggs Type Indicator9 or True Colors Test10 provides an
our skin, the values and beliefs we uphold, the activities assessment of individual personalities. Other exercises that
we pursue, the behaviors we exhibit and those with whom prompt personal reflection on diversity can help people
we interact. To sociologists, community is defined by the get past their concerns and fears.11 An important aspect of
nature of its members’ activities and their sentiments.5 In community leadership development includes overcoming
defining community as activities and sentiments, it naturally stereotypes and gaining an appreciation for the gifts that
follows that communities will be diverse. After all, who others can contribute to helping solve difficult problems.
wants to be just like the neighbors all the time?
Community is Networking
Diversity can be an asset for communities. Diverse
life experiences and individual talents provide a broad One result of our daily interactions with other people is
range of resources residents can use to get things a social structure we usually refer to as a “network.” On
done in their communities. The strategy of “asset-based a daily basis, we interact with family members, friends,
community development” has been widely employed business or civic associates, service providers, and co-
as an effective approach to improving community well- workers. These social networks provide emotional and
being.6 The approach most often used involves “mapping” physical support, as well as access to resources linked to
each resident’s capabilities, no matter how distant from others in our network. The popularity of technology-based
the immediate community need these may be. This social networking assets, such as Craig’slist, Facebook and
allows teams of people with complementary skills and Twitter, demonstrates just how important such networks
knowledge to assemble and complete tasks effectively. are to individuals.
Obviously, leaders must also be open and willing to
have a diverse group of people involved in collective
Figure 1. Multi-Modal Networked Organizations
efforts and interactions. However, leaders often are not
willing to do so because they may be afraid that either
their own weaknesses would appear to the rest of the
community or that sharing power with others would
cause them to lose power and control. Such fears are a
sign of a limited understanding of the leader’s role and
what leadership entails. Instead of focusing on old models
of leadership that emphasize individual abilities, leaders
should implement a more collaborative approach that
provides opportunities for many to assume leadership
roles and address community needs.7 Leadership emerges
from interactions that promote collaboration and effective
strategic planning. 8 However, these networks can also be valuable to us
collectively as we organize and mobilize assets to
accomplish goals in our communities. As shown in Figure
5 Ibid.
1, networked organizational structures are very complex,
6 Kretzman, J.P. and McKnight, J.L. 1993. Building Communities from the Inside Out: A
involving different kinds of organizations. Though each
Path Toward Finding and Mobilizing a Community’s Assets. Evanston, IL: Northwestern
organization is founded upon different purposes, they
University, ABCD Institute.

7 Crosby, B.C. and Bryson, J.M. 2005. Leadership for the Common Good:Tackling Public 9 https://www.cpp.com/products/mbti/index.aspx

Problems in a Shared-Power World, 2nd Ed. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. 10 http://truecolorstest.com/

8 Rost, J. 1993. Leadership for the 21st Century. Westport, CT: Praeger. 11 Crosby and Bryson, Ibid 61-63.

3
share a common belief, for example, of the importance of
maintaining the community’s well-being and serving the
residents. Coordinating various community organizations
devoted to the well-being and development of youth —
scouting, athletic, recreational, cultural and educational
organizations — could result in powerful changes or
efforts. For example, a community leader concerned
about teen substance abuse or bullying might ask each of
these organizations to collaborate, develop a more formal
working relationship and collectively bring their individual
resources to bear on the problem in a coordinated and
reinforcing manner. All participants then become involved
in something we can call leadership, and such collaboration
is very important for solving complex problems.12

Community is Resources communities, such as natural or environmental capital,

human capital, built capital (physical infrastructure), and
The types of networks discussed represent “social capital,” economic or fiscal capital (actual financial wealth).15
or relationships of trust and reciprocity.13 These networks Community capital usually refers to the economic
are also indications of the civic structure or civic capital measure of wealth that provides the tax base upon which
that exists in a community devoted to civic purposes.14 As local communities rely to provide a stream of funds for
part of the community’s civic structure, many organizations capital projects and services. However, even economists
and individuals may also represent political capital or the acknowledge that “wealth” is made up of more than
ability to legitimately represent and influence broader money; human, social, natural and cultural capital all
segments of the community’s interests and processes. contribute to community wealth as a means of accessing
other forms of assets.16 Community leaders must learn
Cornelia Flora and her colleagues have also argued for to recognize each form of community capital and then
recognition of the broader set of “capitals” that make up effectively mobilize them to support collective action.

12 Bryson and Crosby, Ibid . 15 Flora, C., & Flora, J. (with Fey, S.). 2004. Rural communities: Legacy and change 2nd

13 Putnam, R.B. 2000. Bowling Alone:The Collapse and Revival of American Community. ed. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.

New York: Simon & Schuster. 16 Flora and Flora, Ibid.

14 Morton, L.W. 2003. “Small Town Services and Facilities: the Influence of Social

Networks and Civic Structure on Perceptions of Quality.” City and Community, 2-2:

101-120.
SRDC Series: Leadership and Civic Engagement

Publication #267