JAVA PROGRAMMING

SYLLABUS
Programming Fundamentals

 Variables
 Data types
 Operators
 Conditions
 Loops
 Methods

Object-Oriented Programming

 Concrete Classes
 Objects
 Abstraction
 Encapsulation
 Inheritance
 Polymorphism
 Exceptions
 Abstraction Classes
 Interfaces
 File I/O
Why Learn JAVA

 High-level,General-Purpose,O-O programming Language

->Easy&used to develop any kind of programs.
 Very Popular.
->A huge online community for getting help.
 Can be used in Android development.
 C based language
->learn C/C++/C# easier.

Program (Software)

Set of instruction that tell a computer what to do

 We use programs to interact/talk with computers.

 To write programs we use programming languages.

Programming Languages

Languages used to write programs

 Computer are machines.

->they do not understand human languages.
 Programs are written in a language a computer can
understand.
->programming language.

Machine Language

A computer’s native language

 Uses zeros & ones(0|1)-> Binary Language.

 To add 2 and 3 and get the result :1101101010011010.
->Very hard to use.
  Machines dependent | differs among different types
of machines.
 Every instruction should be written in machine language
before it can be executed
->All instruction written in other programming
languages must be translated to machines code
instruc..

Assembly Language

Was developed to make programming easier

 Machine dependent.
 Introduced keyword | add,sub,..
 To add 2 and 3 and get the result: add 2,3,result
 A program called ‘assembler’ translates assembly code
to machine code.

Assembler

High-Level Language

A new generation of programming languages

 Uses English words | Easy to learn & use.

 Machine independent | your program will run on
different machines.
 Instruction are called ‘statements’.
 A program written in a high-level language is called
‘source program’ or ‘source code’.
  To add 2 and 3 and get the result: result = 2+3;
 A ‘compiler’ or an ‘interpreter’ is used to translate
source code to machine code.

Compiler

Translates all the source code into machine code

SOURCE PROGRAM->EXECUTABLE

Source code-COMPILER->Machine code-EXECUTOR->output

Interpreter

Translates each statement into machine code and executes

it right away

Statement-INTERPRETER->OUTPUT

About Java

 Developed at Sun Microsystem which was purchased by

Oracle in 2010.
 General-purpose & powerful programming language.
 Used for developing software that runs on mobile,
desktop, and servers.
 Machine independent.

Java language specification

The syntax and semantics of java

 To write we should follow some rules (Grammar,…).

 Also, to write java we should follow some rules->syntax
& semantics.
 He are playing -> syntax error. (Grammar)
 He is hello and bye -> semantic error. (Meaning)
API

Application programming interface

 Also known as a ‘library’.

 Contains predefined java code that we can use to
develop java programs.
-> Faster and easier development process | no need to
write everything from scratch.

Editions of java

Java comes in three editions

 Java Standard Edition (SE): develop application that

run on desktop.
 Java Enterprise Edition (EE): develop server-side
application.
 Java Micro Edition (ME): develop application from
mobile devices.

JDK

Java development kit

 Set of programs that enable us to develop our

programs.
 Contains JRE (Java Runtime Environment) that is used
to run our programs.
 JRE & JDK contains JVM(Java Virtual Machine).
 JVM executes our java programs on different
machines.
->java is independent.
IDE

Integrated development environment

A program that allows us to:

 Write | source code.

 Compile | machine code.
 Debug | tools to find errors.
 Build | files that can be executed by JVM.
 Run | execute our program.
->Development is faster and easier.
Popular Java IDEs: Netbeans, Eclipse, IntelliJ IDEA,…

Anatomy of Java

CLASS – A blueprint to create OBJECTS

OBJECTS – An instance of a CLASS

Class Structure

‘class’ is a keyword(syntax).
Method

Group of instruction to do a specific task

Examples:

 A method to add two numbers.

 A method to say Hi to the user.
 A method to get the user’s name.
We have a special method called ‘main’.

Method Structure

Each method consists of 4 main parts

Note: every method is written inside a class.

Calling a method

Is basically using the method

->The code block of this method will be executed.

Note: the main() method is automatically called when we run

our java program.

-> it is the first method that is called.

-> it is the starting point of execution of our program

Access Modifiers

Specify how to access Classes & Methods

(Discussed later in OOP)

 Public
 Private
 Protect
 Default

Naming Conventions

How to write names in programming

Pascal case convention:

->ThisIsAName

Camel case convention:

->thisIsAName

Snake case convention:

->this_is_a_name

Java Program Structure

Remember

 Every java program contains at least one class.

 Pascal case is used with classes.
 Camel case is used with methods.
 A method exists inside a class.
 main() is the starting point of execution of our program

Package

A container for classes

Strings

Group of characters (Text)

Strings in java should be put in double quotes.

Examples:
Calling println()

Displays its parameter on the console window

‘ln’ is to break to a new line.

-> No line break

What is System.out.?

 out is an object of the ‘PrintStream’ Class.

 out has the print() and println() methods.
->use’.’ to access print()/println() of out.
 Out refers to the standard output device.(screen).
 System is a class (pascal case)
 Out is inside System (field).
->use’.’ to access out of System.
->System.out.println().

Numbers

Numbers in java are just like in mathematics

Examples: 0,-19,129,-0.5,90.81
Arithmetic operators

Addition operator: +

Subtraction operator: -

Division operator: /

Multiplication operator: *

Printing some values

The value will be calculated and then the result will be

printed

Creating, Compiling, & Executing a Java Program

 Write java code in notepad

Save the file as Main.java on your Desktop.

  Compile & run main java using CMD

 What happens exactly?

Comments

Text ignored by the compiler

 Write notes
 Find errors
Access Modifier

Public Access Modifier

Specify how to access classes, methods, and fields

The access level is everywhere

 Inside a class
 Outside a class
 Inside the package
 Outside the package

Private Access Modifier

The access level is only inside the class

Static Non-Access Modifier

You can access fields/methods using the class name.

Example: System.out

 out is a static field of System

Return Types

The type of data that a method return/gives

 A method can return/give a value.

 Consider this mathematical function: f(x) = x+1
-> x is a parameter to this function.
-> x+1 is the return value of this function.
-> This function return a number (return type).
 The same thing applies for method/function in
programming.
Examples:

 getUserName();
-> Get te name of the user and return the value.
-> The return type is a text (String).
 getUserAge();
-> Get the age of the user and return the value.
-> the return type is a number (int, double, …).

The void return type

Main() has a void return type.

-> void means nothing.

-> main() does not return a value.

Examples:

 printUserName();
-> We just want to print the name of the user.
-> we do not want to get any value from this method.
-> The return type is void.
 Note that every method has a very specific role.
-> getUserName();
-> printUserName();
Command line arguments

Data given to the main method

Programming errors
JAVA BASICS

1. Variables

A container that stores some data

 Our computer has a memory where we can store things.

 To be able to store something in the memory we have
to reserve some space. -> Variable.
 Each variable has a specific type.
 It is classed a variable because the value inside it can
change.

2.Data types

We have different types of data

Example:

 Text.
 Number.
 Boolean.(true/false)
 User defined types.(car,person,…)

These types are also for variables.

3.Operators

Arithmetic, relational, and logical operators

 Arithmetic: to do some calculations.(+,-,…)

 Relational: to do some comparisons.(<,>,=,…)
 Logical: to combine conditions together.(AND,OR,…)
4.Conditions

Used to control what to execute in our program

 If a condition is true -> do something.

 If it is not true -> do another thing.

5.Loops

Used to run some code more than once

 While loop.
 Do while loop.
 For loop.
 For each loop.

6.Methods

Divide our code into smaller pieces

 Less code in main().

 Our program will be easier to maintain and debug.
 Our program will be easier to understand.
 Makes the development process easier by breaking our
program to smaller pieces an solving them one by one.

VARIABLES

1.Memory-A variable is like a box in the computer’s memory

2.Declaration

Allocating space inside our memory

 To allocate space in our memory we declare a variable

-> TYPE NAME;
 The type of the variable should be compatible with
data inside it
->to store a string inside a variable, the variable’s type
should be string
 String myName;
->Declared a variable called myName and can store a
string
 To declare multiple variables of the same type:
 TYPE NAME1. NAME2;
 String myName, myJob;
->myName & myJob are two variables tha can store a
string.
 A variable must be declared before it can be used.

3.Assignment

Used to store/put a value inside a variable

 We can assign a value to a variable by using the

assignment operator(=).
 variableName = expression
-> myJob = “programmer”;
-> ”programmer” will be stored inside myJob.
 An expression is anything that produces/gives a value.
Example: (1+3), (4*2).
4.Initialization

Assigning a value to a variable when declaring it

Example: String myJob = “programmer”;

This is equivalent to:

String myJob;

myJob = “programmer”;

5.Remember (Be Careful)

Do not re-define variables

Consider the following code:

 Each variable has a unique name.

 When assigning a value to a variable do not define it
again.

Always initialize your variables!

 Less error.
 Less code.
 More readable code.
Constants

A variable whose value can not be changed

 To define a constant we use the final keyword

 Constant can be used like any other variable
 Constants names are written in upper case and using
the snake case convention
 You will get a syntax error if you try to change the
value of a constant.

Initializing constants

final TYPE NAME = VALUE;

Benefits of using constants

1. The value will not be changes by accident.

2. You don’t have to type the same value of it is used
multiple times.
3. A descriptive names for a constant makes the program
easy to read and understand.

Indentifiers

Identidiers are the names that identify the element in a

program

 Names of classes
 Names of method
 Names of variables
myName, myJob, sayName, Main, …
Naming rules

Every identifies must obey some rules

 Can contain letter, digit, underscores(_), and dollar

signs($)
-> myName, my_Name2, my$
 Must start with a letter, or an underscore, or a dollar
sign. It cannot start with a digit and it can not contain
spaces.
-> hello, i, _myName, $1, $myAge ->OK
-> 1hello, @hi, *name, my age -> NOT OK
 Cannot be reserved word
-> main, class, String, …

Example

Legal Illegal
1. $2 1. 2A
2. Person 2. a+b
3. Area 3. user name
4. Radius 4. int
5. Point 5. main
6. hello 6. System

Case sensitivity in java

 area. Area, Area, and AREA are four different

identifiers
 X is different than x
 Main is different than main
Tips

 Use clear and descriptive names

-> numberOfStudents, username
 Avoid using abbreviations
-> numStuds, uName
 Do not use the $ character when naming identifiers