Lfad211 Prelim

LFAD211 - LINUX FUNDAMENTALS
AND ADMINISTRATION
Linux Suse Enterprise Server

History of Linux
• Linux began in 1991 as a personal project by Finnish student Linus
Torvalds: to create a new free operating system kernel.
• resulting Linux kernel has been marked by constant growth
throughout its history.
• initial release of its source code in 1991, it has grown from a small
number of C files under a license prohibiting commercial distribution
to the 4.15 version in 2018 with more than 23.3 million lines of source
code, not counting comments, under the GNU General Public
License v2.

History of Linux
• Linus Benedict Torvalds
• Finland Swedish
• born 28 December 1969
• is a Finnish-American software engineer who is the creator and,
historically, the principal developer of the Linux kernel, which is the
kernel for Linux operating systems (distributions) and other operating
systems such as Android and Chrome OS.

SUSE Linux Enterprise
• SUSE Linux Enterprise Server, a secure, open source server
operating system designed to tackle mission-critical workloads.
• designed for servers, mainframes, and workstations
• SUSE Linux Enterprise Server administration concepts.
• set up a server to use Secure Boot, manage users and groups, and
administer the most common network services.
• covers various file systems, and using logical volume management to
optimize your storage.

SUSE Linux
• is a computer operating system developed by SUSE. It is built on top
of the free and open source Linux kernel and is distributed with
system and application software from other open source projects.
• is of German origin, an acronym of “Software und System-
Entwicklung” (software and systems development), and was mainly
developed in Europe.
• first version appeared in early 1994, making SUSE one of the oldest
existing commercial distributions. It is known for its YaST
configuration tool.

SUSE Linux
• Novell bought the SUSE (then "SuSE") brands and trademarks in
2003
• founded on 2 September 1992 in Nuremberg, Germany, by Roland
Dyroff, Thomas Fehr, Burchard Steinbild, and Hubert Mantel.
• mathematics students at a university

SUSE Linux Logo
• The official logo and current mascot of the distribution is a veiled
chameleon officially named, "GEEKO" (portmanteau of "Gecko" and
"geek"), following a competition. As with the company's name, the
"GEEKO" logo brand has evolved over time to reflect the name
changes.
• SUSE – A Malaysian term a type of lizard

openSUSE Project
• On 4 August 2005, Novell announced that the SUSE Professional
series would become more open, with the launch of the openSUSE
Project community.
• software always had been open source, but openSUSE opened the
development process, allowing developers and users to test and
develop it. Previously, all development work had been accomplished
in-house by SUSE.
• Version 10.0 was the first version that offered public beta testing.

Microsoft agreement
• On 3 November 2006 (renewed 25 July 2011), Novell signed an
agreement with Microsoft covering improvement of SUSE's ability to
interoperate with Microsoft Windows, cross-promotion/marketing of
both products and patent cross-licensing.
• Agreement is considered controversial by some in the Free Software
community.
• Free software or libre software is computer software distributed
under terms that allow users to run the software for any purpose as
well as to study, change, and distribute it and any adapted versions.
• Example: VLC Player, Firefox Web, Xfce desktop environment, GIMP image editor, Vim text
editor

SUSE Distributions
• S.u.S.E Linux (Slackware-based)
• S.u.S.E Linux (jurix-based)
• SuSE Linux
• SUSE Linux Enterprise

SUSE Linux Enterprise
SLES version FCS Release date
1 October 31, 2000
7 October 31, 2001
8 October 1, 2002
9 August 3, 2004
10 June 17, 2006
11 March 24, 2009
12 October 27, 2014
15 July 16, 2018

Five Common Operating Systems
What Operating Systems Do
• Operating systems define how a computer stores files, switches
between different applications, manages memory, keeps itself
secure, and interacts with peripherals like printers and cameras.
– Microsoft Windows
– Apple iOS
– Apple macOS
– Linux Operating System
– Google's Android OS

Linux Distributions
• Ubuntu
• Linux Mint Cinnamon
• Zorin OS
• Elementary OS
• Linux Mint Mate
• Manjaro Linux
• Redhat
• Debian
• Fedora
• Solaris
• Suse
Mac OS
• Mac OS X Public Beta
• Mac OS X 10.0 Cheetah
• Mac OS X 10.1 Puma
• Mac OS X 10.2 Jaguar
• Mac OS X 10.3 Panther
• Mac OS X 10.4 Tiger
• Mac OS X 10.5 Leopard
• Mac OS X 10.6 Snow Leopard
• Mac OS X 10.7 Lion
• OS X 10.8 Mountain Lion
• OS X 10.9 Mavericks
• OS X 10.10 Yosemite
• OS X 10.11 El Capitan
• macOS 10.12 Sierra
• macOS 10.13 High Sierra
• macOS 10.14 Mojave
• macOS 10.15 Catalina
iOS
• Phone OS 1 – derived from "OS X" (At the time, "macOS" was still known as "Mac OS X"
and not "OS X" as it was known from 2012 to 2016.)
• iPhone OS 2
• iPhone OS 3
• iOS 4 – continued from iPhone OS 3
• iOS 5
• iOS 6
• iOS 7
• iOS 8
• iOS 9
• iOS 10
• iOS 11
• iOS 12
• iOS 13

Microsoft Windows
• MS-DOS
• Windows 1.0 - 2.0
• Windows 3.0 – 3.1
• Windows 95
• Windows 98
• Windows ME - Millennium Edition
• Windows NT 31. - 4.0
• Windows 2000
• Windows XP
• Windows Vista
• Windows 7
• Windows 8
• Windows 10
• Windows Server
• Windows Home Server
• Windows CE

Android
• Android 1.5: Android Cupcake
• Android 1.6: Android Donut
• Android 2.0: Android Eclair
• Android 2.2: Android Froyo
• Android 2.3: Android Gingerbread
• Android 3.0: Android Honeycomb
• Android 4.0: Android Ice Cream Sandwich
• Android 4.1 to 4.3.1: Android Jelly Bean
• Android 4.4 to 4.4.4: Android KitKat
• Android 5.0 to 5.1.1: Android Lollipop
• Android 6.0 to 6.0.1: Android Marshmallow
• Android 7.0 to 7.1: Android Nougat
• Android 8.0 to Android 8.1: Android Oreo
• Android 9.0: Android Pie

SUSE Linux Enterprise Desktop
• SLED version 12 has included a modified version of the GNOME
Classic Shell to include a layout with one panel on the bottom of the
screen, traditional application menus, and desktop icons for
traditional desktop users.
• includes LibreOffice, Mozilla Firefox, and Evolution along with many
standard GNOME utilities, such as GNOME Documents and GNOME
Files. As well, the YaST Control Center allows end users to make
advanced changes to the system from the command line.

GNOME (GNU Network Object Model
Environment)
• is a graphical user interface (GUI) and set of computer desktop
applications for users of the Linux computer operating system.
• Linux operating system easy to use for non-programmers and
generally corresponds to the Windows desktop interface and its most
common set of applications.

Graphical User Interface (GUI)
• is a form of user interface that allows users to interact with electronic
devices through graphical icons and audio indicator such as primary
notation, instead of text-based user interfaces, typed command
labels or text navigation.

Linux kernel
• is a free and open-source, monolithic, Unix-like operating system
kernel.
• deployed on a wide variety of computing systems, from personal
computers, mobile devices, mainframes, and supercomputer to
embedded devices, such as routers, wireless access points, private
branch exchanges, set-top boxes, FTA receivers, smart TVs,
personal video recorders, and NAS appliances.

What is open source?
• Open source products include permission to use the source code,
design documents, or content of the product. It most commonly
refers to the open-source model.
• open-source software or other products are released under an open-
source license as part of the open-source-software movement.

What is YaST?
• (Yet another Setup Tool) is a Linux operating system setup and
configuration tool.
• released first in April 1995
• featured in the openSUSE Linux distribution and SUSE's derived
commercial distributions.
• YaST Control Center

Installation of Linux Suse
• 1 Overview • 9 Add-On Product
• 2 Installer Self-Update • 10 System Role
• 3 Language, Keyboard, and• 11 Partitioning
Product Selection • 12 Clock and Time Zone
• 4 License Agreement • 13 Create New User
• 5 IBM Z: Disk Activation • 14 Authentication for the System
• 6 Network Settings Administrator “root”
• 7 Registration • 15 Installation Settings
• 8 Extension and Module• 16 Performing the Installation
Selection

Hardware Requirements
• All CPUs available on the market to date are supported
• maximum number of CPUs supported by software design is 8192 for
Intel 64 and AMD64.
• A minimum of 1024 MB of memory is required for a minimal
installation.
• Hard Disk Requirements

Boot Screen on Machines Equipped
with Traditional BIOS

Boot Screen on Machines Equipped
with UEFI

Language, Keyboard, and Product
Selection

License Agreement

IBM Z: Disk Activation

Configuring DASD Disks

Network Settings

Registering Manually

Installing without Registration

Selecting Extensions and Modules with
Registration

Selecting Extensions and Modules
without Registration

Add-On Product

System Role

Suggested Partitioning

Clock and Time Zone

Create New User

Authentication for the System
Administrator “root”

Installation Settings

Software

Registering SUSE Linux Enterprise and
Managing Modules/Extensions
Registering with YaST

Registering with YaST

additional packages

Adding Modules and Extensions with
YaST

Deleting Modules and Extensions with
YaST

Using the Expert Partitioner

Managing Btrfs Subvolumes using
YaST

Creating Volume Groups

Configuring Logical Volumes

Soft RAID Configuration

SUSE Linux Enterprise Server
Deployment Guide
https://documentation.suse.com/sles/15-SP1/html/SLES-all/book-sle-
deployment.html

Getting Started with the GNOME
Desktop
Logging In

Switching the Session Type Before
Logging In

Desktop Basics
• Applications menu
• Places menu
• Task switcher
• Notification indicator (not always visible)
• Workspace switcher
• Date and time
• Status icons

Managing Files and Directories

E-mail and Scheduling

Creating, Displaying, and
Decompressing Archives

Customizing Your Settings
GNOME Settings Dialog
• Personal
• Hardware
• System

Getting Started with the GNOME
Desktop
https://doc.opensuse.org/documentation/leap/archive/42.2/gnomeuser/h
tml/book.gnomeuser/cha.gnomeuser.start.html

AND ADMINISTRATION

Topics
• The Terminal
• Main Pages
• Info Pages
• Access Release Notes
• Install Package

The Terminal
• press the windows key on your keyboard. Type “Terminal” in the
popup search box
• click the icon with a “Terminal” title. OK
• To list directory contents, type ls in the terminal.

The Terminal
• ls /home - show all contents stored in your /home directory.
• -l: - display a long list with additional useful information like
permissions, file size and last modification time.
• -a - will show hidden files or sub directories
• pwd command stands for “print working directory and will show the
name of current working directory – means “where you are” right now
• cd command, stands for “change directory”, can change your current
working directory.

The Terminal
• rm is used for deleting files or directories.
• clear command will clear the terminal screen.
• mv command will move your files or directories to somewhere else.
• command <i>mkdir<i> means “make directory” and allows for the
creation of new directories.
• cp is a command used to copy files or directories.
• su command can help to switch to superuser.
• command poweroff shuts down the running system, while the
command reboot cares for a reset of your system.

Man Pages
• an essential part of any Linux system
• Man pages can be accessed with man followed by the name of the
command.
• displayed directly in the shell.
• MAN PAGES—CATEGORIES AND DESCRIPTIONS

Example: man man
will list how to use the command man.

Man page has of several parts
• NAME - name of the command or function, followed by a one-line
description of what it does.
• SYNOPSIS - a command, a formal description of how to run it and
what command line options it takes.
• DESCRIPTION - A textual description of the functioning of the
command or function.
• EXAMPLES - Some examples of common usage.
• SEE ALSO - A list of related commands or functions.

To navigate
• move up and down with Page ↑ and Page ↓.
• Move between the beginning and the end of a document with
[Home] and [End].
• End this viewing mode by pressing Q.
• P (previous page)
• N (next page)

man command in Linux with Examples
• No Option: It displays the whole manual of the command.
• Syntax :
• $ man [COMMAND NAME]
• Example:
• $ man printf
• Output:

• Section-num: a manual is divided into multiple sections so this option
is used to display only a specific section of a manual.
• Syntax :
• $ man [SECTION-NUM] [COMMAND NAME]
• Example:
• $ man 2 intro

• -f option: One may not be able to remember the sections in which a
command is present.
• Syntax:
• $ man -f [COMMAND NAME]
• Example:
• $ man -f ls

• -a option: This option helps us to display all the available intro
manual pages in succession.
• Syntax:
• $ man -a [COMMAND NAME]
• Example:
• $ man -a intro

• -k option: This option searches the given command as a regular
expression in all the manuals and it returns the manual pages with
the section number in which it is found.
• Syntax:
• $ man -k [COMMAND NAME]
• Example:
• $ man -k cd


-w option: This option returns the location in which the manual page of a
given command is present.
Syntax:
$ man -w [COMMAND NAME]
Example:
• $ man -w ls

-I option: It considers the command as case sensitive.
Syntax:
$ man -I [COMMAND NAME]
Example:
• $ man -I printf

\

• command ‘printf‘ is taken as case-sensitive i.e ‘printf‘ returns the
manual pages but ‘Printf‘ gives error.

Info Pages
• more detailed than man pages.
• divided into different nodes.
• pages that can be read with an info reader, which works much like a
web browser.
• To view the info page for a certain command, enter info followed by
the name of the command, for example, info ls.
– Use Space to move forward and <— to move backward. Within a node, you
can also browse with Page ↑ and Page ↓ but only Space and <— will take you
also to the previous or subsequent node. Press Q to end the viewing mode.
Not every command comes with an info page and vice versa.
– default location of info documentation is /usr/share/info.
– Syntax: info [OPTION]... [MENU-ITEM...]

Info Pages
• -a, –all: It use all matching manuals.
• -k, –apropos=STRING: It look up STRING in all indices of all manuals.
• -d, –directory=DIR: It add DIR to INFOPATH.
• -f, –file=MANUAL: It specify Info manual to visit.
• -h, –help: It display this help and exit.
• -n, –node=NODENAME: It specify nodes in first visited Info file.
• -o, –output=FILE: It output selected nodes to FILE.
• -O, –show-options, –usage: It go to command-line options node.
• -v, –variable VAR=VALUE: It assign VALUE to Info variable VAR.
• –version: It display version information and exit.
• -w, –where, –location: It print physical location of Info file.

Info Pages with Examples
• Examples:
• -a : It use all matching manuals and display them for a particular
command.
• info -a cvs

• -k : It look up STRING in all indices of all manuals and then display
the same.
• info -k cvs

• -d : It adds DIR to INFOPATH and also display the same.
• info -d cvs

• -O : It go to command-line options node for a particular command
and display the same.
• info -O cvs

• -w Command : It print physical location of Info file.
• info -w cvs

• To check for the manual page of info command, use the following
command:
• man info
• To check the help page of info command, use the following

command:
• info --help

Link for Man and Info Pages
https://documentation.suse.com/sles/12-SP4/html/SLES-all/cha-
adminhelp.html

Access Release Notes
• provides a high-level overview of features, capabilities, and
limitations of SUSE Linux.
– About the Release Notes
– Modules, Extensions, and Related Products
– Installation and Upgrade
– General Features & Fixes
– Specific Features & Fixes
– Known Issues & Workarounds
– Removed and Deprecated Features and Packages
– Obtaining Source Code
– Legal Notices
» https://www.suse.com/releasenotes/x86_64/SUSE-SLES/15-SP2/

Installing or Removing Software
• YaST's software management module to search for software
components you want to add or remove.
– Registering an Installed System
– Using the YaST Software Manager
– Managing Software Repositories and Services
– The GNOME Package Updater
– Updating Packages with GNOME Software

Installing or Removing Software

How to use
• Overview – Using Package Hub is as simple as, Register your
product, Enable the SUSE Package Hub extension and Search for
and install package.
• Availability - is available as a free extension to all users with valid
subscriptions.
• Enabling During Installation - the Package Hub extension can be
enabled and packages selected to be included during the initial OS
installation.
• Enabling Post Installation
– YaST2 Registration Module
– Enabling with SUSEConnect

AND ADMINISTRATION

Files and Directories
• Linux files are organized in a logical fashion for ease of
administration.
• This logical division of files is maintained in hundreds of directories

that are located in larger containers called file system.
• RED HAT LINUX follows the FILE SYSTEM Hierarchy

standard(FHS) for file organization.

File System
• Disk Based:
– DISK-based file systems are created on physical media such as
a hard disk.
• Memory- Based:
– Memory- based file systems, also called virtual file system, are
created at system boot up and destroyed at shut down.

Files System Tree
• The Linux file system structure is like an inverted tree with the root of
the tree at the top and branches and leaves at bottom.
• The top level is referred to as root and represented by forward

slash(/) character.
• Two file systems -/ and /boot- are created, by default, when RHEL is
installed.
• The custom installation procedure provided later in this, also creates
/var, /usr,/tmp,/opt and /home file systems in addition to / and /boot.

File System Tree
• These directories hold Static and Dynamic(or variable) information.
– The Static refers to file contents that are not usually modified.
– Static dir normally contain cmds, lib routines, kernel files, devices files, etc.
– The Dynamic or variable data refers to file contents that are modified as
required.
– DD hold log files, status files, configuration files, temporary files, etc.
• RHEL provides a graphical file manager called nautilus that can be
used to view and navigate within the directory structure.

Linux Directory Hierarchy

• The Binary directory (/bin):
– The binary directory contains crucial user executable commands.
– This directory holds static data files.
• The library directory (/lib):
– The library directory contains shared library files required by programs.
– It contains sub-directories that hold static data files.
• The System Binary Directory (/sbin):
– Most commands required at system up are located in the system binary
directory.
– In addition, most cmds requiring root privileges to run are also located here.
– The /sbin dir holds static data files.

• The etcetera directory(/etc):
– The etcetera directory holds most configuration files.
– The /etc dir contains dynamic data files.
• The lost+ found dir(/lost+found):
– This directory is used to hold files that become orphan after system crash.
– An orphan file is a file that has lost its name and it holds dynamic data.
• /root:
– This is default home directory location for the root user.
• /srv:
– This dir holds server data associated with database, website, etc.

• /boot:
– It contains linux kernels, boot loader and boot configuration files in addition to
other files required to boot RHEL.
– The /boot file system contains static data files.
• /var:
– /var contains data that frequently change while the system is up and running.
• UNIX system Resoucres file system(/usr):
– Disk based, this file system contains general files related to the system.

ext2
• The ext2 or second extended filesystem is a file system for the
Linux kernel.
• It was initially designed by Rémy Card as a replacement for the

extended file system (ext).
• ext2 was the default filesystem in several Linux distributions.
• ext2 is still the filesystem of choice for flash-based storage media
(such as SD cards, and USB flash drives), since its lack of a journal
minimizes the number of writes.

ext3
• ext3, or third extended filesystem, is a journaled file system that is
commonly used by the Linux kernel.
• It is the default file system for many popular Linux distributions.

• Its main advantage over ext2 is journaling, which improves reliability
and eliminates the need to check the file system after an unclean
shutdown.
• Its successor is ext4.

Journaling
• A journaling is a file system that keeps track of the changes that will
be made in a journal (usually a circular log in a dedicated area of the
file system) before committing them to the main file system.
• In the event of a system crash or power failure, such file systems are
quicker to bring back online (stable state)and less likely to become
corrupted.
• Journaling provides for fast and effective recovery in case of disk
crashes, instead of using e2fsck or fsck.

ReiserFS
• The Reiser file system is a journaling FS designed for fast server
performance, especially in directories containing thousands of files.
• It is more space efficient than most other file system, because it

does not take up a minimum of one block per file.
• If we want to write a bunch of really small files to disk, ReiserFS
squeezes them all into one block instead of writing one small file to
one block file.

AND ADMINISTRATION

• manage the files on your system and using a shell prompt
• details of using a shell prompt
• method of management

File System Terms
• extension
– An extension is that part of a filename that is found after the final ".". In the
filename foo.txt ".txt" is the le's extension. Extensions are used to indicate le
type.
• path
– A path is the string of directories and sub-directories you would have to
navigate through in order to reach a given location in the le system.

File System Terms
• root access
– To have root access means to be logged in using the root account. This can be
done from the main login screen, a shell prompt, or any application that
requires your root password. Root access means that the user has permission
to do anything on the system, so use root access with care.
• root directory
– The root directory is the top-most directory of the le system. All other les and
directories exist in this directory or one of its sub-directories. Do not confuse
the root directory, /, with root's home directory, /root/.

Larger Picture of the File System
• Every operating system has a method of storing data in files and
directories so that it can keep track
• of additions, modifications, and other changes. In Red Hat Enterprise
Linux, every file is stored in
• a directory. Directories can also contain directories: these
subdirectories may also contain files and
• other subdirectories. You might think of the le system as a tree and
• directories as branches.
• away the directories branch, everything is connected to the root
directory, which is represented as a
• singe forward slash (/).

Paths
/home/user/

Managing Files
• File Types
• Naming Conventions
• Finding the Correct File Extension

Managing Files-File Types

– Compressed and Archived Files
– .bz2. a file compressed with bzip2
– .gz. a file compressed with gzip
– . .tar. a file archived with tar (short for tape archive), also known as a tar file
– . .tbz or .tar.bz. a tarred and bzipped le
– . .tgz or .tar.gz. a tarred and gzipped le
– . .zip.a le compressed with ZIP compression, commonly found in MS-DOS
applications; most compressed les for Linux use the gzip compression, so
nding a .zip archive for Linux les is rare

Managing Files-File Formats
• .au. an audio le
• .gif. a GIF image le (short for Graphics Interchange Format)
• .html or .htm. an HTML le (short for Hyper Text Markup Language)
• .jpg. a JPEG image le (short for Joint Photographic Experts Group)
• .pdf. an electronic image of a document; PDF stands for Portable Document Format
• .png. a PNG image le (short for Portable Network Graphic)
• .ps. a PostScript file; formatted for printing
• .txt. a plain ASCII text file
• .wav. an audio le
• .xpm. an image le (short for X Pixelmap)

• Programming and Scripting Files
– .c . a C program language source code le
– .cpp . a C++ program language source
– code le
– .h . a C or C++ program language header le
– .o . a program object le
– .pl . a Perl script
– .py. a Python script
– .so . a library file
– .sh. a shell script
– .tcl . a TCL script

Managing Files
• File Types
• Finding the Correct File Extension

Managing Files
– Dot Files
– Using Spaces in File Names
– Using Symbols in File Names
– Files with Multiple Extensions

Managing Files
– Dot Files

Managing Files
– Dot Files

Managing Files-Dot Files
• Files whose name begins with a ".", called "dot" files, are hidden
files. These files can be viewed in both graphical file managers like
Nautilus and from the shell prompt, but require an extra step to
reveal them. command ls –al used for view the hidden files in your
home directory,
– How to make hidden file or folder?

– Touch .extension Mkdir .extension

Using Spaces in File Names
• While Linux allows file names with spaces in them, manipulating
these files from a shell prompt can be quite cumbersome.

Using Symbols in File Names
• It is possible to use punctuation marks in your file names. However,

be aware that these special characters have special meaning to the
shell and may cause errors at a shell prompt. It is generally
recommended that you avoid using special characters in file names
for this reason. If you choose to use file names with special
characters, use quotes around the file names when manipulating
them from a shell prompt.
• You cannot use a "/" — this indicates a directory.

File Compression and Archiving
• It is useful to store a group of files in one file for easy backup, for transfer to
another directory, or for transfer to another computer. It is also useful to compress
large files; compressed files take up less disk space and download faster via the
Internet.
• It is important to understand the distinction between an archive file and a
compressed file. An archive file is a collection of files and directories stored in one
file. The archive file is not compressed — it uses the same amount of disk space
as all the individual files and directories combined. A compressed file is a collection
of files and directories that are stored in one file and stored in a way that uses less
disk space than all the individual files and directories combined. If disk space is a
concern, compress rarely-used files, or place all such files in a single archive file
and compress it.

• File Compression and Archiving with GUI
– Applications >> accessories >> archive manager
• File Compression and Archiving
– Shell prompt File Compression and Archiving
• Bzip2 and Bunzip2
• bzip2 filename. extinction bunzip2 filename.ext.bz2
Compression File Extension Decompression

Tool Tool
Bzip2 .bz2 Bunzip2
Gzip .gz Gunzip
Zip .zip Unzip

• Shell prompt Zip unzip
• To compress a file with zip, enter the following command: zip –r

filename.zip filesdir
• The -r option specifies that you want to include all files contained in
the filesdir directory recursively.
• Zip –r filename.zip collection items
• Zip –r z.zip a b s q.png

• Tar
– Tar –cvf coll.tar 1 2 3 4 5 6 dirA dirB dirC
Filename for archiving

• List Content of tar Archive File
• Tar –tvf coll.tar
• Add Files or Directories to tar Archive File

• Tar –rvf coll.tar 1 2 3 4 5 6
• Check the Size of the tar, tar.gz and tar.bz2 Archive File
• Tar –czf – coll.tar | wc -c

• Tar
• Compression and Archiving

– z.Tar >>>> z.tar.gz
– Gzip z.tar

• Creating Directories
• Creating Directories
• Deleting Directories
• Dot Directories .
• To create a new directory using a shell

prompt, use the command mkdir. Enter: mkdir

• Deleting Directories
– right click on it and choose Move to Trash, or click and drag the icon to the
Trash on the Desktop.
– To delete an empty directory from a shell prompt, enter the command rmdir.
– To delete a directory that may not be empty (and consequently everything

inside that directory), enter the command rm - rf
– <directory>.

• Dot Directories
– Mkdir .name


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Lfad211 Prelim

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LFAD211 - LINUX FUNDAMENTALS

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