Urinary System

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Anatomy and Physiology

Prepared by: Francine Diann Malabug


Professor: Mr. Carlos Mikhael Timbreza Date: 01-06-23

ANATAMONY AND PHYSIOLOGY CHAPTER 16

TOPIC Renal cortex:


SUBTOPIC • outer portion
SUB-SUBTOPIC
Renal medulla:

• inner portion
Chapter 14 – DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
Renal pyramid:

• junction between cortex and medulla


1. Excretion
2. Blood volume and blood pressure control Calyx:
3. pH regulation • tip of pyramids
4. Concentration of solutes
Renal pelvis:
5. Vitamin D production
6. Red blood cell concentration • where calyces join
• narrows to form ureter

Nephron
What is it?
• 2 kidneys
• 2 ureters • functional unit of kidneys
• 1 urinary bladder • over 1 million/kidney
• 1 urethra
Components of Nephron
Kidney Characteristics Renal corpuscle:
Shape and size:
• structure that contains a Bowman’s capsule and
• bean shaped glomerulus
• weighs 5 oz. (bar of soap or size of fist)
Bowman’s capsule:
Location:
• enlarged end of nephron
• th rd
between 12 thoracic and 3 lumbar vertebra • opens into proximal tubule
• contains podocytes (specialized cells around
Kidney Structures glomerular capillaries)
Renal capsule:
Glomerulus:
• connective tissue around each kidney
• protects and acts as a barrier • contains capillaries wrapped around it

Hilum: Filtration membrane:

• indentation • in renal corpuscle


• contains renal artery, veins, nerves, ureter • includes glomerular capillaries, podocytes, basement
membrane
Renal sinus:
Filtrate:
• contains renal pelvis, blood vessels, fat
• fluid that passes across filtration membrane
1
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
Prepared by: Francine Dianne Malabug
Date: 01-06-23
Anatomy and Physiology
Prepared by: Francine Diann Malabug
Professor: Mr. Carlos Mikhael Timbreza Date: 01-06-23

ANATAMONY AND PHYSIOLOGY CHAPTER 16

Proximal tubule:

• where filtrate passes first


• Movement of water, ions, small molecules through
Loop of Henle:
filtration membrane into Bowman’s capsule
• contains descending and ascending loops • 19% of plasma becomes filtrate
• water and solutes pass through thin walls by • 180 Liters of filtrate are produced by the nephrons
diffusion each day
• 1% of filtrate (1.8 L) become urine rest is reabsorbed
Distal tubule: • Only small molecules are able to pass through
• structure between Loop of Henle and collecting duct filtration membrane
• Formation of filtrate depends on filtration pressure
Collecting duct: • Filtration pressure forces fluid across filtration
membrane
• empties into calyces
• Filtration pressure is influenced by blood pressure
• carry fluid from cortex through medulla

• 99% of filtrate is reabsorbed and reenters circulation


1. Renal corpuscle
• Proximal tubule is primary site for reabsorption of
2. Proximal tubule
solutes and water
3. Descending loop of Henle
• Descending Loop of Henle concentrates filtrate
4. Ascending loop of Henle
• Reabsorption of water and solutes from distal tubule
5. Distal tubule
and collecting duct is controlled by hormones
6. Collecting duct
7. Calyx Urine Production-Secretion
8. Renal pelvis • Water, small ions, by products of metabolism, drugs,
9. Ureter urea are found in urine

Ureters - small tubes that carry urine from renal pelvis of


kidney to bladder
1. Renal artery Urinary bladder:
2. Interlobar artery
3. Arcuate artery • In pelvic cavity
4. Interlobular artery • stores urine
5. Afferent arteriole • can hold a few ml to a max. of 1000 ml
6. Glomerulus
Urethra:
7. Efferent arteriole
8. Peritubular capillaries • tube that exits bladder
9. Vasa recta • carries urine from urinary bladder to outside of body
10. Interlobular vein
11. Arcuate vein
12. Interlobar vein

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ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
Prepared by: Francine Dianne Malabug
Date: 01-06-23
Anatomy and Physiology
Prepared by: Francine Diann Malabug
Professor: Mr. Carlos Mikhael Timbreza Date: 01-06-23

ANATAMONY AND PHYSIOLOGY CHAPTER 16

Regulation of Urine Concentration and Volume • Stretching of bladder stimulates sensory neurons to
Three Hormonal Mechanisms inform brain person needs to urinate

• Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone Body Fluid Compartments


• Antidiuretic Hormone 1. Intracellular fluid
• Atrial Natriuretic Hormone 2. Extracellular fluid

1. Renin acts on angiotensinogen to produce


angiotensin I
2. Angiotensin-converting enzyme converts angiotensin
I to angiotensin II
3. Angiotensin II causes vasoconstriction
4. Angiotensin II acts on adrenal cortex to release
aldosterone
5. Aldosterone increases rate of active transport of Na+ Regulation of Extracellular Fluid Composition
in distal tubules and collecting duct
• Volume of water in urine decreases Thirst Regulation

• Water intake is controlled by hypothalamus in thirst


center
• Conc. of blood increase thirst center responds by
1. ADH is secreted by posterior pituitary gland
initiating sensation of thirst
2. ADH acts of kidneys and they absorb more water
• When water is consumed, conc. of blood decreases
(decrease urine volume)
and sensation of thirst decreases
3. Result is maintained blood volume and blood
pressure

1. ANH is secreted from cardiac muscle to right atrium


of heart when blood pressure increases
2. ANH acts on kidneys to decrease Na+ reabsorption
3. Sodium ions remain in nephron to become urine
4. Increased loss of sodium and water reduced blood
volume and blood pressure

Urine Movement
Micturition reflex - activated by stretch of urinary bladder
wall

• Action potentials are conducted from bladder to


spinal cord through pelvic nerves
• Parasympathetic action potentials cause bladder to
contract

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ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
Prepared by: Francine Dianne Malabug
Date: 01-06-23
Anatomy and Physiology
Prepared by: Francine Diann Malabug
Professor: Mr. Carlos Mikhael Timbreza Date: 01-06-23

ANATAMONY AND PHYSIOLOGY CHAPTER 16

Regulation of Acid-Base Balance

Buffers

• Chemicals resist change in pH of a sol’n


• Buffers in body contain salts of weak acids or bases
that combine with H+
• 3 classes of buffers: proteins, phosphate buffer,
bicarbonate buffer

Respiratory System

• Responds rapidly to change in pH


• Increased resp. rate raises pH due to rate of carbon
dioxide elimination being increased
• Reduced respiratory rate reduced pH due to rate of
carbon dioxide elimination being reduced

Kidneys

• Nephrons secrete H+ into urine and directly regulate


pH of body fluids
• More H+ if pH is decreasing and less H+ if pH is
increasing

Acidosis and Alkalosis


• Acidosis occurs when pH of blood falls below 7.35
• 2 types are resp. acidosis and metabolic acidosis
• Alkalosis occurs when pH of blood increases above
7.45

4
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
Prepared by: Francine Dianne Malabug
Date: 01-06-23

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