8.3.15.

DESIGN OF UNDER TUNNEL (AQUEDUCTS / VIADUCT):

8.3.15.1. INTRODUCTION:

Under tunnel :when the stream bed level at the crossing is just below or above
Canal bed level but the Highest flood level of the stream is below the canal F.S.L
an Under Tunnel is proposed. In order to have required head way for the stream
flow, if necessary the bed of the stream is depressed by means of a drop at the
entry. Tail channel is proposed till it meets the natural ground level. In such cases
the flow in the barrel is under pressure. In this case the canal section is carried as
it is but the outer slopes are partially restricted by head walls on the barrel as per
the site condition and in view of cost economics.

8.3.15.2. The design is dealt in two parts :

i. Hydraulic design
ii. Structural design

8.3.15.3. Hydraulic design

a) Maximum flood discharge:
Calculation of the maximum flood discharge is computed based on the catchment
area (C.A) adopting appropriate formulae as per Annexure-I of this document.
b) Highest flood level
The highest flood levels (H.F.L) in the stream are calculated normally at the point
of crossing and in between from 100 m U/S to 100 D/S. Adopting the maximum
flood discharge as arrived from catchment area to corresponding H.F.L’s are
worked out by adopting trial and error method . In this method the fall is worked
out from longitudinal section (L.S) of the stream.
Using manning’s equation considering Roughness co-efficient taken as per Table
5 of IS 7784 (Part 1): 1993.

CENTRAL DESIGNS ORGANISATION, A.P. Version 1.0 Page

 c) Vent way:
The vent way and transitions are fixed for the maximum flood discharge
considering the depth of flow arrived in item (b) and with allowable velocity (vide
cl.8.1.2 of IS 7784 (part I) - 1993)
Assuming 60% to 80% fluming ratio the width of vent way is fixed.
d) Tail channel design:
Using manning’s equation, the width of vent way from lacey’s formula and the
depth of flow in the tail channel shall be arrived based on the natural MFL of the
section.
The length of the barrel is the sum of top width of canal, top width of the both
banks, horizontal length of the outer slope and top width of head walls. The outer
slopes of the canal banks can be restricted by head walls at half the height of
bank to limit the length of the barrel.
e) Transition :
A splay of 1 in 2 at entry and 1 in 3 at the exit are proposed in most of the cases
or as specified in IS : 7784 (part - 2/sec1) – 1995 clause 6. If necessary, drops on
U/S and D/S may be provided.
f) Total energy levels(T.E.L’s):
The total energy levels will be calculated in the barrel/ trough and transition at
various sections. Starting from the tail channel to end of the approach channel,
considering the depth of flow in the stream as worked out in the high flood levels
and adopting the allowable velocity in the barrel as given below.
Calculation of T.E.L.s.: The total energy levels at different sections as shown in
the below sketch are arrived at by trials by fixing the M.F.L from the H.F.Ls exit
end of the transition in the tail channel. Co-efficient of loss of head due to change
in velocity from section to section, for sudden contraction & sudden expansion
are adopted as 0.30 and 0.50 respectively as per IS:7784(Part-1)-1993. The

CENTRAL DESIGNS ORGANISATION, A.P. Version 1.0 Page

 wings and returns will be proposed from 0.30 m to 0.60m above the maximum
flood levels as worked out and head walls limiting slope of canal bank, are also
kept above the M.F.L at the entry and exit.
This process will be repeated to suit to the MFL’s and to tally the levels, the Tail
channel bed width or vent sizes will be changed and after the finalization of TELs
only the hydraulic design is assumed to the completed.

CENTRAL DESIGNS ORGANISATION, A.P. Version 1.0 Page

 g) Scour Depth calculation:
Scour depth for the drain shall be calculated by:
R=1.34 (q2 / f)^1/3 with relevant factor of safety
(as per IS : 7784 (part - 1) – 1993)
Accordingly Cut-offs for the apron on U/S and D/S and barrel are proposed.
A proposal sketch is prepared on the above design parameters and file is put up
to the Chief Engineer, CDO for approval through proper channel. If the proposal
is approved, then the structural design will be taken up.

8.3.15.4. Structural design

The minimum grade of PCC shall be M15 Grade, the minimum grade of RCC
members shall be designed M25 grade and R.C.C box shall be designed for M30
grade mix. in designing relevant Structural members like top slab , end wall and
middle walls.

a) R.C.C Barrel
The RCC barrel is checked for the following conditions in STAAD analysis. The
stress under head wall is restricted to stress under earth bank and adopted the
same thickness and reinforcement for both the cases i.e., the same section is
adopted. The same may be checked for the following conditions with moment
distribution method in excel format also.

(1) Box under earth bank

(a) Box full under earth bank
(b)Box empty under earth bank

(2) Box under canal

(a)Canal full and Box full
(b)Canal full and Box empty
(c)Canal empty and Box full
(d)Canal empty and Box empty

CENTRAL DESIGNS ORGANISATION, A.P. Version 1.0 Page

The reinforcement for the members is worked out for the maximum bending
moment and shear force from the above cases and proposed accordingly for box
under earth bank and under canal trough.
b) Design of Head wall: The Head wall on U/S & D/S is design as per TVA
procedure/ Rankine's Theory with a suitable top width considering inclined
surcharge.
c) Wings and returns:
These are designed for saturated earth pressure computed as per T.V.A/ Rankine's
Theory procedure.
d) Tabulation of stress table :- A consolidated stress table has to be furnished
indicating the stress on concrete & stress on soil for the Barrel, Head wall, Wings &
Returns.
e) Protection works: 300mm thick Revetment over 225mm thick gravel backing for
the sides and 300 thick bed pitching over 225 thick Gravel backing for a length not
less than 3 times the depth of flow (FSD) on u/s and 5 times the depth of flow (FSD)
on d/s of the structure shall be provided.
Canal Lining: The canal shall be lined for a length of not less than 15 m on either
side of the structure or as per the agreement condition.
f) Miscellaneous items:
PVC Water stops, weep holes with inverted filter in the wings and return walls
above water level, Expansion, Contraction & Construction Joints shall be provided
as per IS : 7784 (part I) :1993 & IS : 3370 (part I) :2009.
g) Drawings:
a) General Plan, Sectional Elevation & End View - Plan indicating half plan @Top &
half plan @ bottom & Sectional elevation along the LS of the drain & End view along
the cross section of the drain.
b) Wall Sections, R.C.C Details & Details of miscellaneous items.

CENTRAL DESIGNS ORGANISATION, A.P. Version 1.0 Page

The Drawings shall contain assumptions made, TPs, Specifications, HPs of canal,
Hydrology/HPs of the drain, Stress table etc.
Note: The Scale to be considered for General arrangement drawing is 1:50, 1:100
(or) 1:200 and for Sections and RCC details 1:25 (or) 1:20/1:10 are followed.

h) Model Studies: Designs for major cross drainage works, model studies may be
carried out. These studies should inter alia and taking into account the impact of
ancillary components of the structure, namely, the approaches end connections,
afflux bund, protection arrangements and any upstream or downstream structures
on either the canal or the drainage channel.

Abbreviations

The following letter abbreviations shall have the meaning indicated against each.

1. U.T. = Under Tunnel

2. R.C.C. = Reinforced cement concrete
3. T.E.L = Total Energy line
4. M.F.L = Maximum flood level
5. H.F.L = Highest flood level
6. F.S.L = Full supply level
7. C.C = Cement concrete
8. U/S = upstream side
9. D/S =Downstream side
10. C/C = center to center
11. GAD = General arrangement drawing
12. L.S = Longitudinal section
13. C.S =Cross section
14. HPs =Hydraulic particulars
15. TPs = Trail pit particulars

CENTRAL DESIGNS ORGANISATION, A.P. Version 1.0 Page

 Annexure-A

Input data required for CM and CD works:-

1. The HPs of the canal at the location of the structure
SL. PARTICULARS CANAL @ KM.
NO
.
1 DISCHARGE ( REQD. ) cumecs
2 DISCHARGE ( DES. ) cumecs
3 BED WIDTH mts.
4 FULL SUPPLY DEPTH mts.
5 VELOCITY mts/sec
6 BED FALL
7 COEFFT. OF RUGOSITY
8 FREE BOARD mts
9 SIDE SLOPES : 1
10 TOP WIDTH OF BANKS mts.
( LEFT )
( RIGHT ) mts.
11 LOSS OF HEAD mts.
12 BED LEVEL + M
13 FULL SUPPLY LEVEL + M
14 TOP BUND LEVEL + M
15 GROUND LEVEL + M

2. Details of vagu/drain at crossing:

SL.
NO. PARTICULARS units
1 DEEP BED LEVEL + M
2 CATCHMENT AREA Sq.Miles
3 MAXIMUM FLOOD DISCHARGE Cumecs

3. LS of drain / river :
i) Covering 500 mts on U/S & 500 mts on D/S.

CENTRAL DESIGNS ORGANISATION, A.P. Version 1.0 Page

ii) The LS with levels @ 10m to 20m interval with cross section of drain on U/S, D/S
@ centre line, 10m, 25m, 50m, 100m @ 100m interval beyond for a length of 500m.
iii) The cross section levels shall be @ 3m to 5m interval in the gorge portion and
10m intervals in the flanks extended up to MFL touching the ground.
4. C.S of drain / river :
The Cross section levels shall be @ 3m to 5m interval with Cross sections of drain
on U/S, D/S @ centre line, 25m, 50m, 100m, & @ 100m interval beyond for a length
of 500m.
5. Catchment area of the drain/river ( MFD calculations)
The catchment area shall be marked on the Topo Sheet for all the CAs more than
2.5 Sq. Km. If the C.A. is less than 2.5 Sq.km, the C.A. is to be traversed on ground
and to be furnished.
6. Silt factor to be adopted in design.
The silt factor ‘f’ value to be considered in the design shall be duly confirmed and
authenticated by APERL.
7. Sub-strata details:
Bore hole data / TPs upto Hard strata or for min. depth of 2m for shallow
foundations & @ suitable intervals depending upon the importance of the structure
with minimum 5 Nos. of TPs covering both the Drain & Canal @ centre, U/S & D/S
sides. Also the Safe Bearing Capacity of foundation strata is to be furnished.
8. Site plan
Site plan with flow direction of canal & drain with net levels at 10m intervals &
contours with minimum netting of 500m x 500m.
9. Index plan
Showing the alignment of canal and drain / stream /river course in a copy of Topo
sheet to true scale of 1:50000.
10. Report accompanying the Site survey:
With a justification of proposed structure as per site condition.

CENTRAL DESIGNS ORGANISATION, A.P. Version 1.0 Page

 Annexure-1

Computation of Maximum Flood Discharge for design of cross Drainage

works on main canals Branches and Distributaries as per the CDO circular
Lr. No. CDO/EE-C1/1084/83-3, Dated: 28-3-1983.

M.F.D.CALCULATIONS:

S.No CA in deltaic
Type Of Canal C.A. in upland Acres.
. Tracts

1. MAIN CANAL Where Q=CM3/4 Q=CM2/3

C=1400 for CA-1 Sq. Mile. Value of C=1000
C=1200 for CA between 1 to 30 Velocities in vents
Sq. Miles. restricted to 10
ft/sec
C=1060 for CA 30 to 500 Sq.
Miles.
For CA more than 500 Sq. Miles
Q=7000 √M

Velocity to be allowed in vents

upto 12’ to 13’ ft/ sec. depending
on stream bed strata.

CENTRAL DESIGNS ORGANISATION, A.P. Version 1.0 Page