Physics 3rd Edition Giambattisata Solutions Manual 1
Physics 3rd Edition Giambattisata Solutions Manual 1
Physics 3rd Edition Giambattisata Solutions Manual 1
No reproduction or distribution
without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
Chapter 6
CONSERVATION OF ENERGY
Conceptual Questions
1. Assume the object can be treated as a point particle. The total work done on it by external forces is equal to the
change in its kinetic energy. An object moving in a circle may be changing its speed as it goes around, so the total
work done on it is not necessarily zero.
2. The force exerted on the backpack by your back and shoulders is directed upward and is perpendicular to your
horizontal displacement. Hence it does not do any work on the backpack. (1) Now there is a component of your
displacement directed downward, anti-parallel to the force on the backpack, so the force does negative work on
the backpack. (2) In this case the backpack’s kinetic energy is increasing as you gain speed. The force you exert
on the backpack is no longer vertical, but has a horizontal component in the direction you are moving. Thus, it
does positive work on the backpack.
3. When the roads leading up a mountain wind back and forth, the angle of inclination of the road is less than that of
a road going straight up the mountain. The switchbacks reduce the force necessary to drive the car up the road
and, for a particular speed, the required power output of the engine as well. The length of road is increased,
however, so the total work that must be done to reach the top of the mountain remains the same (or may be larger
if frictional forces are taken into account).
4. During the fall, the gravitational force on the mango is parallel to the mango’s displacement, so it does positive
work. The gravitational force on the Earth due to the mango is directed upward, toward the mango, and has the
same magnitude as the force of gravity on the mango (Newton’s third law). The Earth moves upward by a very
small (imperceptible) amount as the mango falls, so the mango’s gravitational field does positive work on the
Earth. Wm and WE are both positive, but WE is a very small number, close to zero, so Wm >> WE .
186
Physics Chapter 6: Conservation of Energy
5. Yes, static friction can do work. As an example, imagine a book on a conveyor belt that carries it up an incline. If
the book does not slip on the belt, the frictional force is static. The force of static friction on the book is directed
upward along the surface of the belt and has a component that is parallel to the book’s displacement. Thus, the
force of static friction does positive work on the book. (At the same time, the work done on the book by the
Earth's gravity is negative and the total work done on the book is zero.)
6. Work is done on the roller coaster car by a tow chain or some other mechanism designed to increase its height
with respect to the ground and thus to increase its gravitational potential energy. At the apex of the first hill, the
kinetic energy of the roller coaster is typically negligibly small so that its total initial energy is nearly equal to its
potential energy. Energy is dissipated along the trip around the track as a result of frictional effects and air
resistance. Thus, unless additional energy is added to the system—via another tow chain for example—the energy
available to the roller coaster to climb subsequent hills is less than the original total energy—the hills must
therefore be lower.
7. When the ball reaches the ground, the gravitational potential energy it originally possessed will have been
converted into the kinetic energy of its motion. If the ball is a rigid point-like particle, its kinetic energy will be
conserved during the bounce and the ball’s velocity will be the same immediately before and after rebounding.
Most balls however are made of deformable materials like rubber that compress when bouncing. The deformation
process involves a temporary switch of energy into and out of the fund of elastic potential energy, but also
permanently changes the state of the molecules that make up the ball—increasing the ball’s internal energy. The
energy required for this process must be obtained via a decrease in the kinetic energy of the ball after the rebound.
The maximum height attained by the ball will therefore be lower.
8. The total mechanical energy of the gymnast swinging in a vertical circle about a crossbar has the same constant
value for each point along the path (if we ignore the relatively small amount of work done by the gymnast’s
muscles during the swing). The gravitational potential energy of the gymnast is lowest at the bottom of the path
and greatest at the top. Because the gymnast’s total energy is constant, this implies that the kinetic energy of the
gymnast must be lowest at the top of the circle and greatest at the bottom. Correspondingly, the gymnast’s
velocity is a minimum at the top of the loop and a maximum at the bottom.
9. The bicyclist needs some certain minimum amount of energy to attain the top of the hill. This quantity is
independent of the means that the bicyclist employs to acquire the energy and is solely a function of the height of
the hill. (The energy required is also affected by the work done by frictional and drag forces—the magnitude of
this effect is approximately equal for any method used by the bicyclist to climb the hill and therefore doesn’t
affect our reasoning). After beginning the ascent, a component of the gravitational force acts in the direction
opposite to the displacement thereby increasing the amount of negative gravitational work done on the rider with
respect to the amount done while riding on flat land. Therefore, the rate at which the rider's muscles must do work
to acquire the necessary mechanical energy is greater when pedaling uphill than when on flat land. It is thus
advantageous to acquire as much energy as possible before the ascent when the amount of kinetic energy gained
per amount of work done by the rider is greatest.
10. When you are pushing the crate with a force parallel to the ground, the force of friction acting to impede its
motion is proportional to the normal force acting on the crate—in this situation, the normal force is equal to the
crate’s weight. When you are pulling the crate with a rope angled above the horizontal, the normal force on the
crate is less than its weight—the force of friction is therefore reduced. To keep the crate moving across the floor,
the applied force in the parallel direction must be greater than or equal to the force of friction—pulling on the rope
therefore requires a smaller parallel applied force. The work done in moving an object is equal to the product of
the displacement through which it has been moved and the force component parallel to the direction of motion.
The applied force component parallel to the ground is smaller when pulling the crate with the rope—thus, the
work done to move the crate with the rope must be less, regardless of the weight of the crate or the size of the
displacement.
187
Chapter 6: Conservation of Energy Physics
11. Such animals have larger than average leg muscles, mostly located inside the torso at their hips and shoulders so
that the muscles don’t have to move with the legs. You can see that the legs of these animals, especially their feet
and lower legs, are slimmer than the legs of slower animals of similar size. The less massive legs require less
work to accelerate and to slow down—more of the animal’s energy can therefore go into increasing its kinetic
energy and thus its speed.
12. Because an ideal spring has zero mass, Newton’s second law implies that the net force exerted on it must be zero.
(It cannot have infinite acceleration.) The forces exerted by a spring on objects attached to its ends are equal in
magnitude and opposite to the forces exerted by those objects on the spring, according to Newton’s third law. The
forces exerted by the spring must therefore be equal in magnitude and opposite in direction so that the spring
experiences a zero net force. The work done on the two attached objects is not necessarily the same, because the
distances they move can be different. Consider for example a spring attached to a heavy lead ball on one end and
a Ping-Pong ball on the other. If the spring were initially in a stretched position and then released, the end
attached to the lead ball would hardly move at all compared to the other end. The work done by the spring on the
Ping-Pong ball would therefore be greater than that done on the heavy ball.
13. Zorba is correct. You get to high speeds sooner on the first slide, so it takes less time to get to the bottom, but the
final speeds are the same from mgh = 1 mv 2 .
2
Multiple-Choice Questions
1. (c) 2. (b) 3. (b) 4. (a) 5. (c) 6. (c) 7. (c) 8. (c) 9. (b) 10. (a) 11. (f)
Problems
1. Strategy Use Eq. (6-1).
Solution Find the work done by Denise dragging her basket of laundry.
W = Fr cos = (30.0 N)(5.0 m) cos 60.0 = 75 J
2. Strategy The distance is equal to the speed times the time interval. Then use Eq. (6-1).
3. Strategy and Solution Since the book undergoes no displacement, no work is done on the book by Hilda.
4. Strategy The angle between the tension and the displacement is zero. Use Eq. (6-1).
188
Physics Chapter 6: Conservation of Energy
Solution Find the sum of the forces the mules exert on the barge.
Fy = T sin − T sin = 0 and Fx = T cos + T cos = Fx .
Find the work done on the barge.
W = Fx x = (2T cos )x = 2(1.0 kN) cos 45(150 m) = 210 kJ
top view
Discussion. We could just as well say that the two mules do equal
work and that we used Eq. 6-1, of which Eq 6.2 is just a special case
anyway. We did not need to know the mass of the barge or to
compute the y force components perpendicular to the displacement.
6. (a) Strategy The average upward force is equal to the weight of the pile driver, for a process in which the driver
starts and ends at rest. Use Eq. (6-1).
(b) Strategy and Solution The work done by gravity is the negative of the work done to raise the pile driver
since the force of gravity is opposite the driver’s motion. Thus Wgravity, up = −Wcable = −47 kJ .
(c) Strategy and Solution The motion of the driver is in the same direction as the force of gravity, so the work
done by gravity is opposite that found in part (b); therefore, Wgravity, down = −Wgravity, up = 47 kJ .
7. (a) Strategy Consider the work done on the carton by Jennifer and the work done of the carton by gravity.
Solution Jennifer does positive work on the carton because the carton moves up in the direction of the force
applied by Jennifer. The Earth's gravity does negative work on the carton because the carton moves in the
direction opposite the force due to gravity. The carton starts and stops this motion at rest, so the absolute
value of each amount of work done is the same, and the total work done on the carton is zero.
(b) Strategy Use Eq. (6-1). Note that represents the angle between force and displacement.
8. Strategy Use Eqs. (6-2) and (6-6). Use the idea efficiency = horse's work output/chemical energy input
Solution The force of friction is opposite the motion of the horse and cart. The horse must do work to oppose the
force of friction and, just over the first bit of motion, to supply the kinetic energy of the cart. Write an expression
for the work required of the horse.
1
W = f x x + K = f x x + mv 2
2
Since 9.0 kJ of energy is released per gram of oats, and 10.0% of the energy released is available for work, each
gram of oats provides 900 J of energy. Compute the mass of oats required.
1 g oats 1 1 g oats 1
moats = f x x + mv 2 = (260 N)(1500 m) + (250 kg)(0.38 m s)2 = 430 g
900 J 2 900 J 2
9. Strategy Use Eq. (6-2), letting Fx represent the total force on the box. Let the x-axis point in the direction of
motion.
189
Chapter 6: Conservation of Energy Physics
Solution The force of friction is opposite the motion of the box. Dirk’s
horizontal force is in the direction of motion.
W = Fx x = (F − fk )x = (66.0 N − 4.80 N)(2.50 m) = 153 J
Discussion. We have found the answer to the question, By how much does the
kinetic energy of the box increase?
10. Strategy Use a free body diagram and Eq. (6-2). Let the x-axis point in the direction of motion.
Solution According to Newton’s second law, the vertical forces add to zero and the normal
force is equal to the magnitude of the gravitational force. The force of friction is opposite
the motion of the box, and equal to fk = k N = k mg. Juana’s horizontal force is in the
direction of motion. Solve for the displacement.
W = Fx x, so
W W W 74.4 J
x = = = = = 1.3 m .
Fx F − fk F − k mg 124 N − 0.120(56.8 kg)(9.80 m s2 )
Solution. The displacement of the sliding crate is at 36.9 above the horizontal, so it is at 90 + 36.9 away from
the downward gravitational force. W = F r cos = m1g r cos = 12.4 kg (9.8 N/kg)(1.40 m) cos 126.9 = –
102 J.
13. Strategy. The total work is the work done by the tension plus the negative work done by the Earth through its
gravitational force; the work by the normal force is zero because it is perpendicular to the crate's motion.
Solution. The work by the tension is W = F r cos = 110.5 N (1.40 m) cos 0 = 155 J. The displacement of the
sliding crate is at 36.9 above the horizontal, so it is at 90 + 36.9 away from the downward gravitational force,
which does work W = F r cos = m1g r cos = 12.4 kg (9.8 N/kg)(1.40 m) cos 126.9 = –102 J. The total
work on the sliding crate is then 155 J – 102 J = 53 J.
Discussion. Observe that there are no negative signs for the quantities substituted into F r cos . The only way
work can be negative is for the angle to be between 90 and 180. The positive sign for the work by the tension is
associated with the way it tends to speed up the crate. Doing negative work, the gravitational force tends to slow
the motion of the crate. Doing zero work, the normal force has no direct effect on the crate's change in speed.
14. Strategy. The total work is the work done by the tension, plus the negative work done by the Earth through its
gravitational force, plus the negative work done by friction; the work by the normal force is zero because it is
perpendicular to the crate's motion.
Solution. The work by the tension is W = F r cos = 121.5 N (1.40 m) cos 0 = 170 J. The displacement of the
sliding crate is at 36.9 above the horizontal, so it is at 90 + 36.9 away from the downward gravitational force,
which does work W = F r cos = m1g r cos = 12.4 kg (9.8 N/kg)(1.40 m) cos 126.9 = –102 J. The given
friction force does work W = F r cos = 19.4 N (1.40 m) cos 180 = –27.2 J. The total work on the sliding
crate is then 170 J – 102 J – 27.2 J = 41 J.
15. Strategy. We find the gravitational force and use the definition of work.
190
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Language: Finnish
Romaani
Kirj.
EMILIE FLYGRE-CARLÈN
Suomentanut
Eero Alpi
— Jos sanon sinulle, Antonia, että kirjeen sisältö oli minulle niin
ankaran yllättävä ja koski sydämeeni niin syvästi, että ensi kerran
elämässäni pyörryin…
— Ja jos lisään, etten etten koskaan omien surujen tähden ole tuntenut
puoliksikaan niin suurta tuskaa kuin tunsin tämän sinua kohdanneen
tavattoman onnettomuuden vuoksi, niin…
— Mitkä ne ovat?
— Jumalalle olkoon kiitos, että äiti on ollut sellainen äiti kuin olette
ollut! Jos esimerkin voima mitään vaikuttaa, niin oli minulla aina
edessäni esimerkki lempeydestä.
— Tahtoisiko äiti olla hyvä ja antaa minun lukea mieheni kirjeen, ellei
äiti ole lupautunut olemaan näyttämättä sitä?
Voi hyvä äiti, jos minulla olisi ollut rohkeutta, olisin tullut ja
heittäytynyt helmaasi, jonka tiedän olevan minulle avoinna, mutta
onnettomuuteemme liittyy salaisuus, jota meillä kummallakaan ei ole
oikeutta ilmaista.
Itse puolestani aion niin pian kuin asiani myöntävät ottaa osaa siihen
ulkomaiseen opintoretkeen, joka on määrätty kahden upseerin
suoritettavaksi, ja joista henkilöistä voin varmuudella edellyttää itseni
joutuvan toiseksi, koska kokemukseni ulkomaisessa sotapalveluksessa
oikeuttaa minut siihen ja minä sitäpaitsi olen saavuttanut erityistä
suosiota.
Matka tulee kestämään vuoden ja päivän. Sen jälkeen saamme nähdä,
minkälaisiksi olosuhteet muodostuvat.
Hartain toivoni on, ettei maailma saa tietää eromme syytä, ainakaan
alussa, kunnes se vähitellen arvaa, että kyseessä todellakin on avioero.
Näennäisyyden vuoksi täytyy minun joskus käydä hänen luonaan.
Hän ratkaisee.
Pitkän ajan kuluttua sen jälkeen kun nuori rouva oli lukenut miehensä
kirjeen, tuon näytteen mielenhillinnästä hetkenä, jolloin sydämen tuska
painoi viimemainittua kovaa kidutuspenkkiään vasten, hän istui aivan
liikkumattomana. Viimein katsahti hän äitiinsä.
— Pyydän äitiä tekemään minulle sen ilon, että kutsuisi häntä, kuten
minäkin useimmin, ainoastaan Wolratiksi! En pidä Charles-nimestä.
Sitäpaitsi hänen suloinen sisarensa nimittää häntä aina rakkaaksi
Charlesiksi. Minä puolestani en siedä lempinimiä enkä ranskalaisia
nimiä yleensä.
— Se on totta… totta!
— Ei, sillä minä vien kaikkialle itseni mukanani. Mutta totta on, että
minä tästälähtein tahtoisin joka päivä ottaa osaa seuraelämään, joskaan
en samassa piirissä kuin tähän saakka, vaan vallan uusien ihmisten
parissa.
Eroamisen syy.
Oli kulunut vähän yli viikko siitä, kun oli niitä tunnelmarikkaita iltoja,
jolloin kaksi yhdistynyttä sielua hengittää ainoastaan runouden ja
haaveiden ilmaa, eläen vain toisilleen moninkertaistunein olemuksin —
lyhyesti sanoen, eräs sellaisia iltoja, jolloin 'don Carlos' istui 'donna
Antonian' jalkojen juuressa, antaen syvän, miehekkään rakkautensa
tulvia esiin sanoin ja lauluin.
Nyt oli kaikki hiljaista, jokainen kuunteleva korva oli poissa, ja nuo
kaksi silloin vielä niin sanomattoman onnellista olentoa katselivat
toisiaan silmiin vaieten, ikäänkuin he olisivat olleet henkien lumoissa.
— No niin… Minä vien sinut suureen taloon, jonne niin moni nainen
sekä pääkaupungista että maaseudulta on mennyt katsomaan mitä siellä
on ja myöskin joskus tekemään hyvän lyön taivasta kohtaan.
Antonia oli kuunnellut häntä niin jännittyneenä, ettei hänelle ollut edes
juolahtanut mieleen keskeyttää häntä. Nyt lausui hän aivan kylmästi
seuraavat neljä sanaa: — Onko se lapsi sinun?
— Mutta minä teen sen ainoastaan sillä ehdolla että ilmoitat minulle
lapsen äidin nimen.
— En koskaan.
— En silloinkaan.
— Mutta minä en voi siihen mukautua: minä tahdon tietää, ken tuo
röykkeä syntinen on, tuo kurja olento, jonka vuoksi minun täytyy kantaa
seuraukset.
Sopimus.
Antonia ei ollut vielä näyttäytynyt, mutta nyt hän tuli ulos vaiteliaana
ja marmorinkalpeana; hänen kasvoillaan ei silti näkynyt jälkiä
mielenliikutuksesta tai kyynelistä.