Chapter 6

ALIA NAZIRA
○ Flowers are the most distinctive organs in the angiosperms

○ The beauty and scent of flowers which have evolved, not only attract animals and
insects, but also play a role in ensuring the survival of species
○ Flowers contain both male and female reproductive organs
○ Besides, flowers also have structures called
a) Peduncles
b) Sepals
c) Petals
Stamen Carpel
Male reproductive Female reproductive

organ organ
SIMILARITIES
SIMILARITIES
» Both produce gametes
» Both are located at the flower’s organ
DIFFERENCES
MALE FLOWER PART FEMALE FLOWER PART

Consists of stamen Consists of carpel
Has filament and anther Has stigma, style and ovary
Produces pollen grains Produces embryo sac
Projecting out from the base of the ovary Located in the middle part of the flower
1 | CHAPTER 6 – SEXUAL REPRODUCTION IN FLOWERING PLANTS

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⌂ The part of a flower that produces

pollen grains is the anther
∆ The microspore mother cell divides by

meiosis to produce four haploid (n)
microspore cells
∆ These four microspore cells are
collectively known as tetrad
∆ Each cell in the tetrad develops into
a pollen grain
 The nucleus in the pollen grain

divides by mitosis and produces two
1 nuclei, namely the generative nucleus
and tube nucleus
→ During the development of anther, a
 The wall of the pollen sac, which is
group of tissues grows inside each
thick and waterproof, breaks when
lobe to form four pollen sacs
the pollen grain matures
→ In each pollen sac, there are
 The pollen grains are released
hundreds of pollen mother cells,
called microspore mother cells which
are diploid (2n)

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as the embryo sac mother cell which

will develop to form an embryo sac
THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE EMBRYO SAC
1
STRUCTURE OF A MATURE OVULE
✓ The megaspore mother cell (2n)
➢ Ovule are structures of a flower
divides by meiosis to produce four
formed inside the carpel that develop
haploid (n) megaspore cells
from a layer of tissues inside the
ovary 2
➢ A single ovary may contain one or
ꚛ Three of the megaspore cells
more ovules that attaches to the
degenerate and only one megaspore
ovary wall through a stalk called the
cell develops
funicle
➢ The area of attachment of the 3
funicle to the ovary is called the
❖ The nucleus of the cell that has
placenta that supplies nutrients to
developed, divides mitotically three
the ovule through the funicle
times to produce a cell with eight
➢ A mass of tissues inside the ovary
nuclei
develops forming a lump called
nucellus that consists of parenchyma 4
tissues and develops into two layers
• Three nuclei move to one end of the
called the integument
embryo sac to form three antipodal
➢ At the end of the integument, there
cells
is a little opening, called the
• Another three nuclei move to the
micropyle which allows the entry of
opposite end of the embryo sac and
air and water into the seed during
form two synergid cells and one egg
germination
cell
➢ One of the nucellus cells is the
• Two nuclei in the centre of the
megaspore mother cell or also known
embryo sac form the polar nuclei

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Two synergid
cells

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→ The generative nucleus will move

Pollination is the process in which along the pollen tube towards the
pollen grains are transferred from ovule
the anther to the stigma → At the same time, the generative
This process assisted by pollinating nucleus will divide by mitosis to form
agents (insects, mammals, birds, two male gametes (n)
water or wind)
5
The presence of pollen grains on the
stigma triggers the process of ➢ The end of the pollen tube will
fertilisation secrete an enzyme to digest the
tissues of the style
FORMATION OF POLLUN TUBE AND MALE
GAMETES 6
1 ∆ When it reaches the embryo sac, the

pollen tube will penetrate the ovule
◊ The wall of anther from mature
through the micropyle
pollen will dry, shrink and split
∆ The tube nucleus will degenerate and
◊ Pollen grains in the pollen sac are
both male gametes enter the embryo
released
sac
2
» The released pollen grains are

transferred to the stigma of the
same flower or different flowers by
pollinating agent
⌂ The pollen grains that have been

transferred to the stigma will
germinate and form a pollen tube
⌂ The pollen tube grows down towards
the ovule through the style

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◊ The second male gamete fuses with

polar nuclei to form a triploid
endosperm tissue
 When it reaches the embryo sac, the

pollen tube will penetrate the ovule
through the micropyle
 The tube nucleus will degenerate and
both male gametes enter the embryo
sac
◊ Double fertilisation involves two

male gametes that produced from the
generative nucleus which undergoes
mitosis in the pollen tube and will
enter the embryo sac for
fertilisation
◊ The first male gamete fertilises the
egg cell to form a diploid zygote

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○ One of the male gametes fertilises

the egg cell and produces a diploid
zygote
○ The second male gamete fuses with
the two polar nuclei to form a
triploid endosperm nucleus

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DEVELOPMENT OF AN EMBRYO ✓ The zygote divides by mitosis to

form two cells, a larger cell and a
✓ After double fertilisation occurs,
smaller cell
the triploid endosperm nucleus
✓ The larger cell develops into a
divides by mitosis and form the
suspensor that anchors the embryo
endosperm tissue
to the wall of the embryo sac
✓ The endosperm tissue is the food
✓ The smaller cell will become an
storing tissue which surrounds and
embryo that consists of plumule,
supplies nutrients to the embryo
radicle and cotyledon
DEVELOPMENT OF THE OVARY INTO A ❑ During the development of ovule and

FRUIT AFTER FERTILISATION seed, the ovary develops into a fruit
❑ Other flower parts (stigma and
❑ The ovule develops to become the
style) degenerate and leave a scar on
seed in the fruit
the ovary wall
❑ The integument becomes two layers
❑ The ovary wall becomes the pericarp
of seed coat that serves to protect
of the fruit which consists of the
the embryo
exocarp, mesocarp and endocarp

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» Seeds contain embryo that germinate to form seedlings

» Inside the seeds, the endosperm tissue or cotyledon is the source of nutrients to supply
energy when germination occurs
» Seeds are enclosed by the testa which is strong and water impermeable to prevent the
seeds from spoiling
» Seeds can form a dormant structure which enables the seeds to be stored for a long time
» Seeds have special features such as light, have spongy tissue, strong and do not spoil
easily
» These special features are important so that the seeds are easily dispersed to another
place to avoid competition

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ALIA NAZIRA

○ Flowers are the most distinctive organs in the angiosperms

Male reproductive Female reproductive

MALE FLOWER PART FEMALE FLOWER PART

1 | CHAPTER 6 – SEXUAL REPRODUCTION IN FLOWERING PLANTS

⌂ The part of a flower that produces

∆ The microspore mother cell divides by

 The nucleus in the pollen grain

2 | CHAPTER 6 – SEXUAL REPRODUCTION IN FLOWERING PLANTS

as the embryo sac mother cell which

THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE EMBRYO SAC

3 | CHAPTER 6 – SEXUAL REPRODUCTION IN FLOWERING PLANTS

4 | CHAPTER 6 – SEXUAL REPRODUCTION IN FLOWERING PLANTS

→ The generative nucleus will move

1 ∆ When it reaches the embryo sac, the

» The released pollen grains are

⌂ The pollen grains that have been

5 | CHAPTER 6 – SEXUAL REPRODUCTION IN FLOWERING PLANTS

◊ The second male gamete fuses with

 When it reaches the embryo sac, the

◊ Double fertilisation involves two

6 | CHAPTER 6 – SEXUAL REPRODUCTION IN FLOWERING PLANTS

○ One of the male gametes fertilises

7 | CHAPTER 6 – SEXUAL REPRODUCTION IN FLOWERING PLANTS

DEVELOPMENT OF AN EMBRYO ✓ The zygote divides by mitosis to

DEVELOPMENT OF THE OVARY INTO A ❑ During the development of ovule and

8 | CHAPTER 6 – SEXUAL REPRODUCTION IN FLOWERING PLANTS

» Seeds contain embryo that germinate to form seedlings

9 | CHAPTER 6 – SEXUAL REPRODUCTION IN FLOWERING PLANTS

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