CBBLM

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CBLM Driving NCII 2022 Drive Light Vehicle
bs criminology (Innovative College of Science and Technology )

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COMPETENCY-BASED LEARNING MATERIALS

DRIVING ( Light Vehicle) NCII

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Sector:
AUTOMOTIVE AND LAND TRASNPORT
Qualification:
DRIVING NC II
Unit of Competency:
Drive Light Vehicle
Module Title:
Driving Light Vehicle
Innovative College of Science and Technology
Malitbog, Bongabong, Oriental Mindoro
Document No. DRV NCII - 01

Date Developed: Issued by:
Driving NC II April 2021
S.G.I.
Page 1 of 101
Drive Light Vehicle Developed by :
Revision No.001
Salvador G. Ignacio

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HOW TO USE THIS COMPETENCY BASED LEARNING MATERIALS
Welcome to the module in Driving NC II. This module contains training materials and activities for you to
complete.
The unit of competency “DRIVING LIGHT VEHICLE" contains knowledge, skills and attitudes required for
a trainer course. It is one of the specialized modules in Driving NC II.
You are required to go through a series of learning activities in order to complete each learning
outcome of the module. In each learning outcome are Information Sheets and Resources Sheets
(Reference Materials for further reading to help you better understand the required activities). Follow
these activities on your own and answer the self-check at the end of each learning outcome. You may
remove a blank answer sheet at the end of each module ( or get one from your facilitator/trainer) to
write your answers for each self-check. If you have questions, don‟t hesitate to ask your facilitator for
assistance.
You may already have some or most of the knowledge and skills covered in this learner's guide
because you have: been working for some time already completed training in this area.
If you can demonstrate to your trainer that you are competent in a particular skill or skills, talk to
him/her about having them formally recognized so you don't have to do the same training again. If you
have a qualification or Certificate of Competency from previous trainings, show it to your trainer. If the
skills you acquired are still current and relevant to the unit/s of competency they may become part of
the evidence you can present for RPL. If you are not sure about the currency of your skills, discuss this
with your trainer.
This module was prepared to help you achieve the required competency in DRIVING LIGHT
VEHICLE. This will be the source of information for you to acquire knowledge and skills in this particular
trade independently and at your own pace, with minimum supervision or help from your instructor.
 Talk to your trainer and agree on how you will both organize the Training of this unit. Read through
the module carefully. It is divided into sections, which cover all the skills, and knowledge you need to
successfully complete this module. Work through all the information and complete the activities in
each section. Read information sheets and complete the self-check. Suggested references are
included to supplement the materials provided in this module.
Most probably your trainer will also be your supervisor or manager. He/she is there to
support you and show you the correct way to do things. Your trainer will tell you about the
important things you need to consider when you are completing activities and it is important that
you listen and take notes.
You will be given plenty of opportunity to ask questions and practice on the job. Make sure you
practice your new skills during regular work shifts. This way you will improve both your speed and
memory and also your confidence.
Talk to more experience workmates and ask for their guidance.
Use the self-check questions at the end of each section to test your own progress. When you are
ready, ask your trainer to watch you perform the activities outlined in this module.

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As you work through the activities, ask for written feedback on your progress. Your trainer keeps
feedback/ pre-assessment reports for this reason. When you have successfully completed each
element, ask your trainer to mark on the reports that you are ready for assessment.
When you have completed this module (or several modules), and feel confident that you have had
sufficient practice, your trainer will arrange an appointment with registered assessor to assess you.
The results of your assessment will be recorded in your competency Achievement Record.
Instructional Sheets :
• Information Sheet – This will provide you with information (Concepts, principles and other
relevant information) needed in performing certain activities.
• Operation Sheet – This will guide you in performing single task, operation process in a job.
• Job Sheet – This is designed to guide you how to do the job that will contribute to the attainment
of the learning outcome.
Assignment Sheet – The assignment sheet is a guide used to enhance (follow up) what you have
learned in the information sheet or job sheet.
• Worksheet – are the different forms that you need to fill up certain activities that you performed.
LIST OF COMPETENCIES
NO UNIT OF COMPETENCIES MODULE TITLE CODE

.
1 Carry out Minor Vehicle Carrying out Minor Vehicle ALT723348
MODULE CONTENT
UNIT OF COMPETENCY : Drive Light Vehicle
MODULE TITLE : Driving Light Vehicle
L.O 1 Perform light vehicle pre-starting and warm-up
L.O.2 Drive light vehicle

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L.O 3 Monitor and maintain vehicle performance
ASSESSMENT CRITERIA
• Vehicle Inspection is performed as per manufacturer’s specification.

• Safety harness/devices and tools are check according to the land transportation office
(LTO)/ land transportation franchising and regulatory board (LTFRB) requirements.
• Warm up of light vehicle is performed as per manufacturer’s manual.
• Light vehicle is driven in accordance with traffic rules and regulations and
manufacturer’s instruction.
• Driving hazards are identified and/or anticipated and avoided or controlled through
defensive driving as per standard operating procedures.
• -The light vehicle is parked, shut down and secured in accordance with manufacturer’s
specifications, traffic regulations and workplace procedures.
• Passengers and loads are transported up to the route assigned and fares are collected
as per LTFRB regulations.
• Driving is performed according to the restriction and condition stated in the official
receipt license and within the occupational health and safety standards ( OHS ).
• Out-of line/ anti-car napping clearance permit is secured as per traffic rules and
regulations.
• Defective or irregular performance and malfunctions are monitored and reported to
the appropriate person/ authority.
• Minor vehicle maintenance is performed in accordance with manufacturer’s manual.
• Vehicle records are maintained/ updated in accordance with workplace procedures.
LEARNING OUTCOME Perform vehicle Pre starting and Warm up #1

CONTENTS
 Parts of Light Vehicle and its Function
• Hand Tools

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• LIGHT Vehicle with some Safety
Harness/Devices/Tools of a vehicle
• Routinely Check up of a Vehicle
• LTO/LTFRB Safety Requirements
• Light Vehicle Pre-starting and Warm-up
ASSESSMENT CRITERIA
 Vehicle Inspection is performed as per manufacturer’s
specification.
• Safety harness/devices and tools are check according to the land transportation office
(LTO)/
Read Information sheet 2.1-4 on Use Information sheet 2.1-4 on Routinely Routinely Check up of a
Vehicle Check up of a Vehicle
Answer Self-Check 2.1-4 Check your answer using Answer Key 2.1-4
Read Information sheet 2.1-5 on Use Information sheet 2.1-5 on LTO/LTFRB

LTO/LTFRB Safety Requirements Safety Requirements
Perform Job Sheet 2.1-1 on Light Evaluate your Performance using

Vehicle Pre-starting and Warm-up Performance Criteria Checklist
Information sheet 2.1-1

Parts of Light Vehicle and Its Function
Objectives: After reading this information sheet, the trainee should be able to:
1. Give the parts of the vehicle and its function.
2. Explain the operation of the speed-control system, and other electrical and electronic devices.
3. Describe analog and electronic instrument panels, and the operation of the speedometer and
odometer.
I. Vehicle Lightning

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A. Lights—the driver uses electric lightning to provide the illumination or light needed to safely
operate the vehicle. The various lights provide vision and information to the driver, convenience
for passengers, and signals and warnings to other drivers and pedestrians.
The outside or exterior lights on an automotive include:

1. Two or four headlamps which illuminate the area ahead of the vehicle.
2. Taillights to show red at the rear of the vehicle.
3. Parking light to mark the front of a parked vehicle, and to mark the front of the vehicle if a
headlamp fails.
4. License light too illuminate the license plate on the rear of the vehicle.
5. Side-marker lights on the front and rear sides of the vehicle to indicate its overall length.
6. Turn-signal lights which indicate an intended change in direction by flashing lights on the side
toward which the turn will be made.
7. Backup lights to illuminate in back of the car when the transmission is shifted into reverse.
8. Emergency flasher or hazard-warning lights that warn an approaching driver of the presence of a
vehicular hazard by flashing all turn-signal lights together.
The inside of thee car has a variety of interior lights. These include:
1. Instrument-panel lights
2. Warning and indicator lights
3. Courtesy and dome lights—turn on when a door opens. Courtesy and dome lights are all
powered from the fuse panel. They will operate regardless of the position of thee ignition key or
headlamp switch.
B. Light Bulbs
Lightning is provided by various sizes and types of light bulbs. When an electric current flows
through a fine wire or filament in the bulb, the filament gets hot and emits visible light. The bulb
may fit into a socket which forms part of a lamp. The bulb may fit into a socket which forms part
of a lamp. Some bulbs have two filaments. This allows a single bulb to provide light in two circuits
for different purposes. The various bulbs and lighting circuits usually receive power from the fuse
panel, ignition switch, or headlamp switch.
C. Headlamps
It is the most important lamps for the driver. When switch on, they provide light ahead of the
vehicle. The tungsten filament turns white-hot when connected to the battery and gives out light.
The light is reflected forward by the curved reflector. Then the light passes through the lens
which arranges it in a pattern to light the road ahead. The sealed beam headlamp is replaced as a
unit.
Many vehicles have halogen headlamps. These emit a whiter and brighter light than other
sealed-beam lights. The halogen headlamp has a smaller inner bulb filled with halogen gas

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which protects the tungsten filament. The outer case is airtight or hermetically sealed. The
halogen headlamp is replaced as a unit.
The most widely used headlamps are made in four sizes, two round and two rectangular The
round sizes are 5.75 (146 mm) and 7 inches (178 mm). The rectangular sizes are 6.5 by 4 inches
(165 by 100 mm) and 7.9 by 5.6 inches (200 by 142mm). All have the number the number 1 or 2
molded into the top of the lens. Type 1 has one high-beam filament. Type 2 has two filaments,
one for high beam and other for low beam. The letter H or the word HALOGEN appears on the
lens of a halogen headlamp.
Some cars use smaller rectangular headlamps or aerodynamically-styled composite headlamps

.These are made of plastic instead of glass and have a replaceable halogen bulb.
The driver selects the beam needed by operating the beam selector or dimmer switch. It is either
on the floor or on the steering column. Beam selection is made automatically by the automatic
headlamp dimmer system. A defective dimmer switch, or a corroded or loose dimmer-switch
connection, affects both low-beam and both high-beam filaments. The low beams or high beams
may operate normally. However, the other set of filaments may be dim or fail to operate.
A vehicle with four headlamps has two type 1 and two type 2 headlamps. For low- beam driving,
one filament in each type 2 headlamp comes on. On high beam, the other filament in the type 2
headlamps comes on along with thee single filament in the type 1 headlamps.
D. Headlamp Switch
The Headlamp Switch controls the operation of the headlamps and other exterior and interior
lights. It connects directly to the battery and mounts on the instrument panel to left of the
steering wheel. The headlamp switch usually combines a circuit breaker with a three- position
pull switch. It also includes a rotary switch that operates a variable resistor or rheostat. The three
positions of the pull switch are OFF, PARK, and HEADLAMPS. Pulling the knob to the first detent
or PARK position turns on the parking lights, sidemarker lights, and instrumental panel lights.
Pulling the knob to the second detent turns on the headlamps. Clockwise rotation of the knob
varies the instrument-panel lighting from full bright to dim Rotating the knob fully
counterclockwise turns on the dome light and courtesy lights. Instead of the pull-type headlamp
switch, some cars have three-position rocker switch and a rotating thumbwheel on the
instrument panel.
E. Automatic Headlamp Controls

The automatic headlamp dimmer automatically switches the headlamps from high to low beam.
This occurs when a light sensor senses the headlamps of an approaching vehicle or the tail-lamps
of a vehicle overtaken. The light sensor triggers a relay that switches beams. When the other car
has passed, the system automatically returns the headlamps to high beam. A sensitivity control
can be set by the driver. This adjusts the light sensor to the surrounding light.
An automatic on-off headlamp control turns the headlamps on when it gets dark enough to
require light for driving. A light sensor signals the control module when headlamps are needed.
The control then switches the headlamps on. This system also includes an adjustable time-delay

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turn-off. The headlamps will stay on for a short time after the ignition key is turned off. This is a
convenience when exiting the car at night.
F. Turn-Signal Lights
The turn signals permit the driver to signal an intention to turn right or left. The system includes:
1. A lamp at each front and rear corner of the vehicle.
2. A lever-operated turn-signal switch in the steering column.
3. A flasher which is an automatic-reset circuit breaker.
4. Left- and right- turn indicator lights in the instrument panel.
The turn-signal lever is moved up for right turn and down for a left turn. The turn-signal switch
then completes the circuits to the proper lamps current flows from the battery through the
flasher to the lamps. In the flasher, the current passes through a thermostatic blade. The
resulting heat causes the thermostatic blade to bend, opening thee flasher contacts. The blade
quickly cools and contacts close. This produces a pulsating voltage that causes the turn-signal
lights to flash.
After completing the turn, the turn movement the steering wheel automatically cancels the turn
signal. The lever moves back to its neutral position, opening the circuit.
A bulb failure or poor ground may cause the turn signals to work in one direction but not the
other. If no flashing occurs in either direction, check for a blown fuse or defective flasher.
G. Fiber-optic Lighting
Some cars have as many as 80 light bulbs. Each bulb can burn out and fail. Some components,
such as instrument panels, have many bulbs close together. However, there is little room behind
the instrument panel for the bulbs, their sockets, and thee connecting wiring. One solution is the
use of printed circuits. Another is the use of fiber-optic cables.
Fiber-optic cables are made of one or more transparent glass or plastic fibers bundled together
parallel to one another. Each cable formed by the fiber or bundle can conduct light, even around
bends and corners. As light starts down thee fiber, the light keeps reflecting off the internal
surfaces of the fiber with little loss. When the light comes out the other end, it is almost as strong
as when it entered.
There is what we call a fiber-optic lamp monitor system. Fiber-optic cables run from the lamps to
a lamp monitor on top of each front fender. When the headlamps are on, the lamp monitors
show that the lights are working. If a bulb burns out, its monitor also goes out. This warns the
driver that the lamp has failed.
Another way to use fiber-optics is to run cables from a central light source to various outlets
where light is needed. This allows only one bulb to provide light at many places. A special arc-
discharge bulb provides thee light. It is smaller and lasts longer than a halogen bulb. Similar to a
fluorescent or neon bulb, there is no filament to burn out. The light appears at each lamp or
outlet only when needed. This system would prevent the failure of many individual bulbs.

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H. Computer Controlled Lighting
In most cars, a separate switch controls each lighting circuit. However, an electronic-control
module or lamp module can control the complete vehicle lighting system. When the driver
operates any switch that controls a lamp circuit, the switch sends an input signal to tee lamp
module. It then turns the desired lamps on or off. The lamp module provides the intermittent
operation of the hazard-warning and turn-signal lights. No flasher is needed.
In most lighting system a switch supplies voltage to lamps that are permanently grounded. With
computer-controlled lighting, many circuits operate differently. Voltage is always supplied and a
switch or relay provides the lamp ground. The various lights switches are grouped on the left side
of the steering column in the left switch pod.
I. Distributed Lighting System

The distributed lighting system is a computer-controlled lighting system that uses the body
control module (BCM) as the lamp module. The system includes nine-solid-state switches or
output switching modules (OSM), a serial data line or bus, and the left switch pod. The BCM
controls all interior and exterior lighting through the switching modules. Each switching module
controls four lamp circuits. Three jumpers divide the power feeds into three groups. This
prevents a module circuit failure from making all rear or all front lights inoperative.
In addition to controlling and monitoring lamp operation, the system can substitute some lamps
for others that have failed. The system includes two extra or redundant relays. They
automatically provide power to the headlamp (low beam) and left tailamp if the BCM or the
serial data buss fails. Problems in the distributed lighting system cause a LIGHTING FAULT
message to display.
This also sets a lighting-system trouble code which is stored in the BCM.
The operation of the distributed lighting system is made possible by multiplexing. This is the use
of one conductor, such as the serial data bus, to do the job of many wires. A single main-wiring
harness simplifies the electrical system. Because of multiplexing, it has fewer connectors which
improve reliability.
J. Headlamp Aiming
Headlamps must be aimed correctly so the driver can see at night and to prevent the blinding of
approaching drivers. One method is the use of an aiming screen. Park the car on a level floor, 25
feet (7.6 m) from the screen. Then the high beam and low beam can be checked.
Adjust the headlamps to provide the specified pattern. There are usually adjusted by turning
vertical-aim and horizontal-aim adjusting screws. An adapter mounts to the three aiming pads on
the headlamp. Some shops have an optical aimer. It does not touch the headlamp. When using a
headlamp aimer, follow the manufacturer’s operating instructions. Headlamp-aiming patterns
and adjustment are in the vehicle service manual.
Some vehicles have aiming devices built into the headlamp assembly. A bubble level indicates the
proper height (up-and-down) adjustment as the vertical aim adjusting screws are turned in and

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out. Other vehicles also have built-in scales and pointers for horizontal (side-to-side) adjustment.
Caution:
Halogen bulbs and headlamps get very hot. Do not touch a halogen bulb or lamp while it is on or
shortly after it has been turned- off. Handle the separately-mounted bulb carefully. It contains
gas under pressure. The bulb may shatter if scratched and dropped. Do not touch the glass
envelope. The oil from your skin may damage it. Keep the bulb out of reach of children.
II. Safety and Signaling
A. Horn and Horn Relay

Most Cars have two horns at the front of the car. Horns are electricallyoperated noise- makers
used by the driver to provide a loud warning signal. Pressing a horn button in the steering wheel
or column grounds thee circuit connecting the battery to the horn relay. This closes contact
points in the relay and connects the horns—through the relay—to the battery. The electric
current then causes a diaphragm in each horn to vibrate and produce the sound.
B. Vehicular Security Systems

An anti-theft or security alarm system causes the horn to sound and the lights to flash if someone
tries to break into the vehicle. There are several different ways to trigger the alarm. Typically, the
driver sets the alarm by operating a switch when leaving the vehicle. Then opening or forcing the
hood, trunk, tailgate, or any door triggers the alarm.
Many vehicle security systems include a starter interrupt. This prevents the starting the engine
after any forced entry, even if the ignition switch is bypassed.
C. Seat Belts
Seat Belts restrain the vehicle occupants if there is an accident. After entering the car, the driver
and passengers each fasten a lap or lap-and-shoulder belt. The belt then helps hold that person
in the seat during a collision or rollover. Inertia-sensitive retractors lock the belt in place when an
impact occurs.
A passive restraint provides protection without requiring any action by the driver or passenger.
Two types of passive restraints are air bags and motorized seat belts. These are front-seat
shoulder belts that move into position automatically. After entering the car and closing the door,
the driver turns on the ignition key. The electric motor then pulls a cable or tape connected to
the belt. The belt travels forward and out of the way when the door opens. In some cars with an
air bag on only the driver’s side, the seatbelt for the frontseat passenger automatically tightens in
a crash. This provides the passenger with additional protection.
C. Air bags
Air bags are also called supplemental inflatable restraints (SIR). They are balloon-type devices
that inflate automatically to protect the driver (and frontpassenger in some vehicles) if a front-

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end crash occurs. The air bag prevents the occupant from being thrown forward and injured by
striking the steering wheel or wind-shield. The seat belt and air bag together provide maximum
protection against injury in a collision.
.When the ignition key is turned on, the readiness indicator light should come on for about six
seconds. Any other operation of the light indicates a malfunction. The system is powered directly
from the battery. This allows the air bag to inflate with the ignition key in any position, including
OFF and LOCK.
If a front-end crash occurs, two of the four sensors must activate to trigger the air bag. This helps
prevent a short circuit in a sensor or wiring from causing an unwanted inflation. When the
sensors detect a collision, an electric spark below the inflator in the steering hub ignites a small
canister of gas . The gas in turn ignites the propellant (sodium azide) in the inflator.
The burning propellant creates nitrogen gas. This fills the air bag stored above in the inflator in
the steering wheel hub. As the bag inflates, it pushes through both the air-cushion container and
the steering wheel trim cover. Deployment time, from impact to full inflation, is about 50
milliseconds (0.050 second) or less. Some systems include a capacitor that will trigger the system
if the battery or battery cables are damaged by the impact.
D. Air-Bag Replacement
An air bag inflates only once. Then remove the deployed air bag and clean the inside of thee
vehicle. This is necessary because of the powder emitted as the air bag deploys. Install a new air
bag module. Follow the air-bag service procedures in the vehicle service manual.
Caution:
Be careful when working on vehicles with air bags. You could accidentally trigger thee system. A
deploying air bag could injure you if you are not belted in the normal seated position.
E. Windshield Wipers and Washers

Windshield wipers clean the windshield so the driver can see clearly while driving in rain or snow.
The wiper blades are moved back and forth by linkage connected to a motor on the firewall in
the engine compartment. A switch on the steering column or instrument pane connects the
motor to the ignition switch. The motor will run when the ignition key is in the ON or ACC
position. The windshield-wiper switch has at least two or three speeds. Many cars have
intermittent windshield wipers. These include an adjustable time delay between blade
movements. The wiper blades will move across and back. Pause, and then repeat the action.
The windshield washer is a part of the windshield-wiper system. When the driver presses a
button, liquid windshield-washer fluid squirts on the windshield. This allows the blades to clean
more effectively. Some cars have heated wind-shield washer nozzles. This prevents ice from
clogging the small holes in cold weather.
The rear window in some cars has a similar wiper-and washer-system. It works automatically
when the windshield washer operates.

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III. Driver Information and Safety
A. Instrument Pane
The instrument panel contains the indicators—gauges, lights, and displays— the driver needs to
operate the car. These are usually grouped for easy reading by the driver in an instrument
cluster. Some driver-operated controls mount on the instrument panel, or above or below it in a
console/ these include the headlamp switch, heating and air-conditioning controls and the
controls of the radio and tape and compact-disc player.
Automotive instrumentation may take the form of analog gauges or electronic displays. Analog
gauges show thee condition being monitored by movement of thee pointer on the gauge. Several
analog gauges are group into an analog instrument cluster. In an electronic cluster, the various
readings and conditions displays a numbers or a bar-graph display. Both types of the instrument
clusters inform the driver of any conditions including:
1. Vehicle speed
2. Distance traveled
3. Engine temperature
4. Engine oil pressure 5. Battery charge or discharge
6. Amount of fuel in fuel tank.
Some cars have a hybrid instrument cluster .It inc l udes both analog gauges and electronic
displays, along with other indicating devices and warning lights. This may illuminate a symbol or a
message such as DOOR AJAR or TAIL LAMP OUT.
B. Head-up Display
Images containing driving information are projected onto the windshield. The information
includes displays of vehicle speed, turn-signal indicators, highbeam indicator, and low-fuel
warning. These images appear suspended in space near the front bumper. The driver’s eyes do
not need to move from the road or refocus to view this information.
Only certain information from the instrument panel appears in the head-up display. A warning
CHECK GAUGES messages appearing on the windshield alerts the driver that a gauge on the
instrument panel needs attention. Controls allow adjustment of the head-up display brightness
and vertical location in the windshield.
C. SPEEDOMETER AND ODOMETER

A speedometer in the instrument cluster shows the driver how the fast the vehicle is moving.
Many speedometers are driven from the transmission output shaft by a set of gears. Thee driven
gear fastens to a flexible shaft or speedometer cable. It runs from the transmission output shaft
to the back of the speedometer head.
Inside the speedometer, the cable turns a shaft with a small magnetic field produces a varying
pull on the metal ring surrounding the magnet. A pointer attaches to the metal ring. As magnetic
field spins, it causes the ring to overcome a light spring and swing with the magnetic field. This

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moves the pointer which then indicates car speed. The faster the car speed, the faster the
magnet spins, and the farther the pointer moves.
The odometer records the total distance the vehicle has traveled. It is a row of numbers, usually
located in the speedometer shaft. Its motion is carried through the gears to the mileage or
kilometer number rings. These turn to show the distance traveled by the vehicle.
Some vehicles have an electronically-driven speedometer and odometer. A vehicle-speed sensor (
VSS) on the transmission output shaft sends vehicle speed signals through wiring to the
speedometer. This eliminates the speedometer cable. The speed signals operate a small electric
stepper motor which turns the odometer number rings. Cars with an electronic instrument
cluster have a digital speedometer and odometer display. When the key is off, the body control
module (BCM) stores the odometer reading. The odometer reading is not lost when the battery is
disconnected.
D. Speed-Control System
The cruise control or speed-control system helps the vehicle to automatically maintain a speed
selected by the driver. When set at any speed above about 225 mph [40 kmph], the driver’s foot
can be removed from the accelerator pedal. An actuator motor, vacuum servo then opens and
closes the throttle, as needed to maintain the speed. However, steep grades up or down may
cause vehicle speed to vary.
Tapping the clutch or brake pedal operates a switch that disengages the system. Touching the
RESUME button or switch causes the vehicle to return to the former speed setting. Depressing
thee accelerator pedal for passing does not affect the setting. Depressing the accelerator pedal
for passing does not affect the setting. When the pedal is released, the system returns the vehicle
to the preset speed. To disengage and turn off the speed-control system, move the OFF-ON
switch to OFF.
E. Networks and Multiplexing

Some cars have several microprocessors which control the various electronic systems. One way
to reduce duplication and wiring is to have these controllers communicate with each other.
When this happens thee group of interconnected components and systems becomes a network.
For example, a sensor is wired to one controller. If then shares the information with all other
controllers that require it. The vehicle has fewer sensors, and the amount of wiring and number
of connections is greatly reduced.
F. Other electrical and Electronic Devices

The automobile may contain other electrical and electronic devices in addition to those already
described. These include power seats, power windows, heated windshield, voice alert systems,
voice command systems, mobile telephones, and electronic navigation systems. Some of these
and other electrical and electronic devices are described below.

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1. Electric seat adjusters are motors under the seat that operate by push buttons or levers to
move the seat forward and back, or up or down. Some also change the inclination and shape, or
contour, of the seat.
2. The window regulator has a motor in the door that raises or lowers the window as a
switch is operated.
3. The voice alert system uses a computerized voice which says, “The door is ajar,” “The key
is in the ignition lock,” or ‘the headlamps are on.” These and other messages inform the driver of
conditions that need attention.
4. The voice command system causes the car to respond in some way to a spoken command.
This may be “Tune thee radio,” “Lower thee window,” or “Dial a phone number.” There are many
other voice-command possibilities. One includes using a voice command to unlock the car door
and operate the ignition instead of using a key.
5. The keyless entry system has a panel of buttons on the driver-side door. To unlock the
door, the buttons must be pressed in the proper order. This code takes the place of the key.
Some keyless entry systems can also be operated from up to 33 feet [10 m] by a small hand-held
transmitter. Pushing a button on the transmitter will lock all doors, unlock all doors, or open the
trunk. Another button— the PANIC button- acts as a theft deterrent or anti-theft device. Pushing
the panic button with the ignition of activates the horn and flashes the headlamps.
6. Electronic navigation systems display a map on the instrument panel which shows the
location of the vehicle on the road. The location point moves on the map as the vehicle travels on
the highway. It also shows the route to the destination. In some systems, a satellite orbiting in
space—22,000 miles [35,400] above the earth—pinpoints vehicle location.
7. Radar braking uses radar to sense how fast a vehicle is closing on the vehicle ahead. The
brakes apply automatically to slow the vehicle if necessary to maintain a safe distance. Someday
radar braking may be combined with throttle control into intelligent cruise control. This could
keep traffic moving at a preset speed while radar braking maintains safe intervals between
vehicles.

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Self-Check 2.1-1
A. Multiple Choices
Instruction: Choose the letter that correspond the correct answers.
1 . ________are electrically-operated noise- makers used by th e driver to provide a

loud warning signal.
a. Turn-signal lights c. Windshield wipers
b. Seat Belts d. Horns
2 . ____s restrain the vehicle occupants if there is an acc ident.

b. Seat Belts d. Horns
3. _______are balloon-type devices that inflate automatically to protect the driver (and front-passenger
in some vehicles) if a front-end crash occurs. a. Turn-signal lights c. Windshield wipers
b. Seat Belts d. Air Bags

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4 . ______ clean the windshield so the driver can see clear ly while driving in rain or
snow.
a. Turn-signal lights c. Horns
b. Seat Belts d. Windshield wipers
5 . _____ which indicate an intended change in direction by flashing lights on the side
toward which the turn will be made.

b. Seat Belts d. Seat Belts
Answer Key 2.1-1
1. D
2. B
3. D
4. D
5. A

HAND TOOLS
Hand tools
Automotive service work requires a great variety of tools. The proper tools properly used enable to
do a job with safety, speed, and efficiency.
This information sheet covers hand tools. Your hand supplies the energy to use them. They include
striking, turning, gripping, and cutting tools. They also include tube bending and flaring tools.
A. Striking tools

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1. Hammers— a hammer is a hand tool used for striking. The ball-peen hammer is the one used
most in the shop. Grip thee hammer on the end of the handle. Swing it so the hammer face
strikes the object or surface squarely. Avoid hitting the object at an angle. Use rawhide, plastic,
brass, and rubber hammers to strike easily marred surfaces. A dead blow hammer has a hollow
head partially filled with small metal shot. This recess rebounding.
B. Turning Tools
1. Screwdrivers—Use the proper screwdriver to drive or turn screw. Screwdrivers are made in a
variety of sizes, shapes, and special purpose designs. The most common type has a single flat
blade for driving screws with slotted heads There are also Torx-head and Phillips-head screws.
Always select a screw driver of the proper types and size for the job. When using a single-blade
screwdriver, the blade should completely fill the screw slot. This helps prevent damage to the
screw head.
2.Wrenches—long-handled tool with fixed or adjustable jaws. You use a wrench to turn bolts, nuts,
and screws To work on both USC, and metric fasteners, you need both USC and metric wrenches.
A 3/8- to 1-inch USC set and a 6- to 119mm metric set will handle most jobs. You need these sizes
in sets of open-end, box, and combination wrenches.
a.Open-end wrench— usually has a jaw opening at a 15 degree angle to a handle.Turn the bolt or
nut as far as the space permits. Then flip the wrench over for further turning of the fastener.
An open-end wrench has a different size on each end. Make sure the wrench fits snugly against
the flats. These are the sides of a nut or bolt head. A loose fit may break or spring the jaws of the
wrench. Springing jaws spread apart and round off the corners of the hex. This makes use of the
proper wrench more difficult.
Careful:
Never use an open-end wrench to final-tighten a fastener or to free a frozen fastener. The jaws
may spread enough to allow thee wrench to slip. Use a box wrench or a socket wrench for these
jobs.
b.Box-wrench—opening surrounds or “boxes in” the nut or bolt head. An advantage is that the box
will seldom slip off. However, you must lift the box wrench completely off and then place it back
on for each swing. The wrenchhead is thin for use in tight places. The head usually sets at a 15-
degree angle to the body. This provides hand clearance for swinging the wrench.
The most common box wrench has 12 notches or “points” in the head. This allows turning the
fastener if the wrench can swing 30 degrees. A six-point box wrench holds better on a nut or bolt
but needs a greater swing. The box wrench has different size openings on each end.
c.Combination wrench— has a box on one end and an open end on the other. The two ends are
usually the same size. The box end is more convenient for breaking loose or final tightening a nut
or bolt. But you must lift the box completely free after each swing. The open end is more likely to
slip off. However, once the fastener is loose, the open end can turn it faster.

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d.Flare-nut wrench— is a special type of combination or box end wrench. It is used to attach or
loosen a flare nut or tubing nut. The ends of the flare-nut wrench are thicker than on the
wrenches. This helps prevent slipping and rounding off the points on soft-metal tube fittings. The
six-point box end has one of the flats cut out .The opening is large enough to slip over the tube.
Careful:
Do not turn the flare nut without holding coupling nut. This will usually twist and break the metal
tube.
e.Adjustable wrench— an adjustable wrench (has a movable jaw that you adjust the fit nuts and
bolt heads of various sizes. Tighten thee jaws against the flats of the nut or bolt before applying a
turning force. Adjustable wrenches are normally used only when applying relatively light torque.
They are not always a strong as fixed jaw wrenches and may be damaged if excessive torque is
applied.
f. Socket wrenches—the most widely used tools. They are like box wrenches except that the head or
socket is detachable from the handle. You assemble the socket wrench you need from the socket
set in your toolbox.
1. SOCKET. The 12-point socket allows you to turn a bolt or nut in tight spots. However, if a
bolt head or nut has rounded corners or excessive resistance to turning, thee 120point
socket may slip. Use a six point socket for these. The eight point socket is for turning
square heads. These include drain plugs, fill plugs, and pipe plugs.
Deep sockets reach nuts on bolts or studs that are too long for the standard socket to
reach. You remove and install spark plugs with a spark-plug socket. This is a six-point deep
socket with a rubber insert. Thee insert holds the plug to prevent it from falling out of the
socket.
2. HANDLES. Figure 7-8 shows several handles. The ratchet handle has a mechanism that
permits free motion in one direction but lockup in the other. You select the direction for
lockup by moving the reversing lever Extensions of various lengths provide access to hard-
to- reach bolts or nuts. The universal joint allows you to turn a nut or bolt while holding
the driver at an angle. Adapters allow you to use a driver with a socket having a different
drive size. Also, various kinds and sizes of screw drivers, Torx drives, Allen wrenches, and
flare- nut wrenches will fit the drivers and adapters.
NOTE:
To work on variety of domestic and imported cars, you need both USC and metric socket
sets.
g. Torque wrench— Is basically a special handle for a socket. An indicator on the torque wrench
measures the torque or twisting force. This is the amount of force applied to a nut or bolt while

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tightening it. Vehicle service manuals give the torque specification might be to tighten a bolt to
“20 lb-ft.” this means to apply a 20 pound pull at a distance of 1 foot from the bolt.
Dirty or damaged threads put a drag on the threads as the bolt or nut is tightened. This gives a
false reading on the torque wrench. It can also result in not enough tightening.
Many torque wrenches read in pound-feet 9lb-ft). some read in pound-inches (lb-in). Use these
where you need to accurately apply a small torque. Twelve pound-inches equals one-pound-foot.
The scale on metric torque wrenches is in kilogram-meters (kg-m), kilogramcentimeters (kg-cm), or
newton-meters (n-m). Newton- meters is the preferred unit. To convert from USC to newton-
meters, multiply pound-feet by 1.35.
h. Torque-Angle Gauge—Tighten torque-to-yield bolts to an initial torque with a torque wrench.

Then final-tighten the bolts by turning them through a specified angle with a socket wrench.
You can easily see a 90-degree turning angle by watching how a ratchet-handle or breaker-bar
moves. For other angles, use a torque-angle gauge. It accurately measures the turning angle in
degrees. The gauge attaches to the socket driver. The socket attaches to the gauge. As the handle
turns, the degree indicator remains the greatest angle reached.
C. Gripping tools
1.Pliers—Pliers are hand tools with a pair of adjustable pivoted jaws for cutting or gripping .There
are many styles and sizes of pliers. Combination slip-joint pliers may have cutting edges at the
back of the jaws for wire cutting. Tongueand-groove or groove-and-land pliers such as
Channellock pliers have the tongues or lands to different grooves changes the distance the jaws
can open. The jaws remain parallel at any setting.
Locking pliers such as Vise-Grip pliers (Figure 7-13) have locking jaws. This makes them useful as
pliers, wrenches, clamps, and small vises. Look the jaws by turning a screw in the end of the
handle. This adjusts the size of the opening. Closing the handles then locks the jaws into place. To
release the jaws, pull the release lever.
Careful:
Never use gripping pliers on hardened steel surfaces. This dulls the pliers’ teeth. Never use pliers on
nuts or bolt heads. The pliers may slip and round off the edges of the hex. Then a wrench or socket
will not fit on the fastener properly.
2.Pullers—remove parts assembled with an interference fit. This includes removing gears and hubs
from shafts, and bushings from bores or cylinder liner from engine blocks.
A puller set has many pieces that can fit together to form the puller needed for the job. There are
three basic types of pullers.
D. Cutting Tools

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Cutting tools remove metal. They include chisels, hacksaws, files, punches. Drills, taps, and dies are
also cutting tools. Power cutting tools include grinders, hones, lathes, and boring machine.
1.Chisels— The chisel is a cutting tool with a single cutting edge. There are various sizes and shapes of
chisels. Striking the chisel with a hammer makes the chisel cut metal.Hold the chisel with one hand
and the hammer in the other. Hit the end of the chisel squarely.. Holding the chisel in a chisel
holder or smooth-jaw locking pliers will protect your hand.
Caution:
Always wear eye protection when using a chisel. Never use a chisel with a mushroomed head.
When the hammer strikes the head, a piece could fly off. The flying metal could cut you or injure
an unprotected eye.
2.Hacksaw—is basically an adjustable metal frame that holds a steel saw blade .The blade is
replaceable and has from14 to 32 teeth per inch. Cutting occurs on the forward stroke as you push
the blade across the metal. The teeth act like tiny chisels and cut off fine shavings or chips.
Use a long steady forward stroke. Apply enough downward force so the teeth cut rather than
slide. Lift the down force on the return stroke. This helps prevent dulling the teeth. A light drag
may help clear chips from the teeth. Select a blade with the proper number teeth per inch for the
job. The teeth must be close enough so at least two teeth are cutting. Teeth that are too close
together clog and stop cutting. The hacksaw blade for general cutting has 18 teeth per inch.
3. Files— are used for cutting and shaping metal. They have many cutting edges or teeth.
When the cuts are far apart, there are only a few per inch. This is rough- or coarse-cut file. When
the cuts are close together, the file is a smooth or deadsmooth file. A single-cut file has a series of
sharp blades. A double-cut file has a second series cut at an angle to the first. This creates a series
of sharp teeth. Various sizes and cuts of round, half-round, flat, and triangular files are used during
automotive service work.
Always use a handle with a file. Tapping the end of the handle on the bench tightens the file in the
handle. Keep the file teeth clean with a file card. It has short stiff-wire bristles that remove chips
and dirt from the teeth.
4.Punches—are used to knock out rivets and pins
They also align parts for the assembly. To remove a rivet, grind off the rivet head. Or cut it off with
a chisel.
Mark spots where holes are to be drilled with a center punch. The punch mark keeps the drill bit
centered as it starts cutting You can use the center punch to mark parts before they are
disassembled. Align the punch marks to reassemble the parts in the same position.
5.Twist drills (Drill bits)— are tools for making holes. The material being drilled determines the
preferred shape of the cutting edges that form the point. The grooves along the body carry the
chips out of the hole. A hand-held air or electric drill motor, or a drill press, drives the drill bit.
6. Taps and Dies— tap-and-die sets are for cutting USC and metric threads. Taps cut inside the
threads.

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To tap a hole, determine the thread size needed. Refer to a tap drill chart and select the size of
drill bit required. The hole made by the specified tap drill will be the proper diameter for tapping.
Dies cut outside threads on rods diestock holds the die. Chamfer or bevel the
rod end so the die starts easily. The basic procedure is the same for both taps
and dies. Apply cutting the lubricant to the surface. Th en begin thread cutting.
After every two turns, back off the tap or die and apply more lubricant.
Self Check 2.1-2

Multiple Choices
Instruction: Choose the letter that correspond the correct answer.
1. ___are long-handled tool with fixed or adjustable jaws.

a. screw driver c. Hammer
b. Wrenches d. Pliers
2. _____ is a hand tool used for striking.

a. Hammer c. screw driver
3. Use the proper ____ to drive or turn screw.

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a. screw driver c. Hammer
4. ____are hand tools with a pair of adjustable pivoted ja ws for cutting or gripping
a. Pliers c. Hammer
b. Wrenches d. screw driver
5. _______ are used to knock out rivets and pins.

a. Punches c. Hammer
b. Wrenches d. screw driver
Answer Key 2.1-2

1 .B
2 .A
3 .A
4 .A
5 .A

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Information Sheet 2.1-3

Light vehicle with Some Safety Harness/ Devices/ To ols of a Vehicle
Objectives: After reading the information sheet, the trainee should be

able to:
1. Enumerate Examples of Light Vehicle
2. Give some safety harness/devices/tools of a vehicle
A. Light vehicle
1. Private car
2. Owner type Jeepney
3. Taxicab
4. Public Utility Jeepney
B. Some Safety Harness/ devices/ tools of a vehicl e
1. Seat belt— a strong strap or harness designed to keep the wearer securely
in a seat in a vehicle or aircraft
2. Early Warning device— advance notice that something, especially something dangerous or
threatening, is going to happen.
• E.W.D orange must be set in front the vehicle at least 5 meter away
• E.W.D red must be set at the back of the vehicle at least 5 meter away
3. Hand tools

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a. Wrench— a hand or power tool with fixed or movable jaws, used to seize, turn, or twist objects
such as nuts and bolts
b. Pliers—a hand tool with two hinged arms ending in jaws that are closed by hand pressure to
grip something
c. Screwdrivers—a tool for driving screws that consists of a handle or power tool with a metal rod
shaped at the tip to fit into the head of a screw
d. Early warning Device
e. Jack—a portable device that uses a mechanical or hydraulic lifting system to raise heavy
objects, especially cars, a short distance
f. Spare tires—rubber edging for wheel kept in case of emergency.
4. Flashlights— emergency lighting device
5. Consumable Materials and spare parts such as”
a. Rags—a small piece or scrap of usually old or unwanted cloth used for cleaning, polishing, or
applying liquid substances
b. Fan Belt—a continuous belt that turns a fan, especially one turning the cooling fan in the
engine of a motor vehicle
c. Wheel cap—a wheel in a vehicle that is connected by way of the steering column to the
steering gear and is turned to change direction
d. Fuse—an electrical safety device containing a piece of a metal that melts if the current runni ng
through it exceeds a particular level, thereby breaking the circuit
e. Electrical Tape
f. Brake Fluid—a liquid or gas put in brake
g. Motor oil—oil put in the engine

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Answer Key 2.1-3

Model Answer
A. Light vehicle
Self Check 2.1-3

Enumeration
Instruction: Enumerate the following .
A. Light vehicle
B. Some Safety Harness/ devices/ tools of a vehicle
1. Private car
2. Owner type Jeepney
3. Taxicab
4. Public Utility Jeepney

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B. Some Safety Harness/ devices/ tools of a vehicle
1.Seat belt— a strong strap or harness designed to keep the wearer securely in a seat in a vehicle or
aircraft
2.Early Warning device— advance notice that something, especially something dangerous or
threatening, is going to happen.
• E.W.D orange must be set in front the vehicle at least 5 meter away
• E.W.D red must be set at the back of the vehicle at least 5 meter away
3.Hand tools
a.Wrench— a hand or power tool with fixed or movable jaws, used to seize, turn, or twist objects such
as nuts and bolts
b.Pliers—a hand tool with two hinged arms ending in jaws that are closed by hand pressure to grip
something
c. Screwdrivers—a tool for driving screws that consists of a handle or power tool with a metal rod
shaped at the tip to fit into the head of a screw
d.Early warning Device
e. Jack—a portable device that uses a mechanical or hydraulic lifting system to raise heavy objects,
especially cars, a short distance
f. Spare tires—rubber edging for wheel kept in case of emergency.
4.Flashlights— emergency lighting device
5.Consumable Materials and spare parts such as”
a.Rags—a small piece or scrap of usually old or unwanted cloth used for cleaning, polishing, or applying
liquid substances
b. Fan Belt—a continuous belt that turns a fan, especially one turning the cooling fan in the engine of a
motor vehicle
c.Wheel cap—a wheel in a vehicle that is connected by way of the steering column to the steering gear
and is turned to change direction
d. Fuse—an electrical safety device containing a piece of a metal that melts if the current running
through it exceeds a particular level, thereby breaking the circuit
e.Electrical Tape
f. Brake Fluid—a liquid or gas put in brake
g. Motor oil—oil put in the engine

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Routinely Checks on Vehicle Component (BLOWAF}
Objective: After reading the information, the trainee should be able to perform
routinely checks on vehicle component (BLOWAF}.
Routinely Checks on Vehicle Component (BLOWAF}
B -Battery - The car’s source of electrical energy. It s upplies direct current to the
electrical Components An electro chemical device for stor ing energy in chemical
form so that it can be released as electricity for cr anking the engine and powering
the electrical load
The following must be checked
a. Clamps and cables
b. Battery solution
c. Cracks
d. Under charge
e. Terminal corrosion
f. Sulfation

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L - Light-The lighting system of a vehicle inside and ou tside of the car is either
automatic or manually operated or switch by the driver.
a. Headlight – the main lighting system of a vehicle
b. Signal light-use to indicate right turn or left turn
c. Stop light- use to indicate slow down or stopping
d. Back up light- use to indicate vehicle backing up
e. High beam indicator- use to indicate high beam of head light
f. Horn
g. Fuses and relays
h. Wires and cables
i. switches
O –Oil- Is to prevent friction between moving parts of the engine by supplying an

adequate amount of oil.
Tasks
• To cool the engine components

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• To provide seal between sliding contact components  To clean internal parts of
the engine
• Motor oil,gear oil, and A.T.F
W- Water -Is place in the radiator where cooling takes place.

A. Cooling System Flush
Overheating in engines is often caused by a poorly performing cooling system. This can lead to a lack of
performance or worse, the potential failure of your engine and transmission resulting in expensive
repair bills.
Our Cooling System Flush is designed to safely break do wn and remove rust and scale deposits from the
cooling system. This specialty service then replaces up to 95% of the old coolant and refills the system
with quality, long life fluid.
Specialty conditioning treatment is added to help maintain the cooling system in optimum condition.
KEY ITEMS:
o Check radiator for damage or leaks o Check hoses

and thermostat operation o Drain and flush cooling system o
Refill radiator with coolant and conditioner o Pressure
test cooling system and test for leak
A- Air
Air, mixture of gases that composes the atmosphere surrounding Earth. Air is the life sustaining
of vehicle tire and must always be checked before running the vehicle.
The following must be cheked
a. Tire pressure
Tire Service
Why is it important?
Tires may wear differently depending on their position on the vehicle, your driving style and the
condition of your suspension. Regularly rotating your tires can evenly distribute their wear—helping you
get the most miles out of your tires while maximizing traction on all four wheels.

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What is the service?
Changing the position of the tires on your vehicle is a ccording to your vehicle and
tire manufacturers’ recommended rotation pattern.
Benefit to you:
Tire Rotation Service – Helps maximize the life span o f your tires.
F- Fuel
Vehicle fuel
Gas engine - for engine with sparkplug
Diesel engine - for vehicle without sparkplug
Self-Check 2.1-4
A. True or False
Instruction: Write T if the statement is correct and f if the statement i s False.
1. Overheating in engines is often caused by a poorly performing cooling
system.
2. It is highly recommended to check your oil twice a month.
3. The lighting system of a vehicle inside and outside of the car is either automatic or
manually operated or switch by the driver.
4. Changing the position of the tires on your vehicle is according to your

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vehicle and tire manufacturers’ recommended rotation patter n.
5. Air is the life sustaining of vehicle tire and must a lways be checked
before running the vehicle.
B. Enumeration
1. Vehicle components routinely to be checked
2. Components must be checked on the Battery
Components must be checked on Light
Answer Key 2.1-1

A. True or False
1. T
2. T
3. T
4. T
5. T
B. Enumeration
1 . Vehicle components routinely to be checked B—Battery

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L—Light
O—Oil
W—Water
A—Air
F—Fuel
2 . Components must be checked on the Battery
a. Clamps and cables
b. Battery solution
c. Cracks
d. Under charge
e. Terminal corrosion
f. Sulfattion
3 . Components must be checked on Light

a. Headlight Signal light
b. Stop light
c. Back up light
d. High beam indicator
e. Horn
f. Fuses and relays
g. Wires and cables
h. Switches
INFORMATION SHEET# 2.1-5

LTO/LTFRB Safety Requirements
Learning objectives; After reading this information sheet the trainees are
expected to identify the different LTO/ LTFRB requirements
LTO/LTFRB safety requirements

DRIVING PERMIT AND OTHER RELEVANT DOCUMENT INTRODUCTION:
Driving a motor vehicle in the Philippines as in other countries is NOT a right but a privilege.
This privilege is granted by the Philippines Government through the Land Transportation Office based on
the Republic Act no. 4136 and Batas Pambansa No. 398.
A driver is license by the Land Transportation Office as proof of his proficiency in driving and his
knowledge of road rules and regulations a while operating a motor vehicle. Upon proving this

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proficiency and knowledge he will be issued a document in the form of either of these following
licenses:
I LICENSE
STUDENT Permit- must be accompanied by a professional driver holder Age
qualification – 16 yrs old and above
Validity – 12 months
Non – professional
Age qualification – 17 yrs old and a b ove
Renewal or validity – every three years
PROFESSIONAL
Age qualification- 18 yrs old and above but not exceeding 60 years old
Code
1- Moto r cycle
2- Light vehicle (4,500 kegs. )
3-More than 4,500 kegs. Vehicle
4- Automatic Transmission vehicle
INTERNATIONAL LICENCE
License given to driver who operate a moving vehicle outside the country
DRIVER’S EXAMINATIONS
Driver’s examination will be given by the LTO in compliance with Republic Act 4136 and Batas
Pambansa No. 398.
Written examination will contain questions concerning driving procedure, road rules and
regulations, emergency procedures etc. Number of questions will be as follows:
1. Non-professional license – 30 out 40 questions
2. Professional license - 45 out of 60 questions II
REGISTRATION:

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An official receipt/ document issued to the owner of a certain vehicle. It is accompanied by
sticker, showing the current year of registration and it is being place on a plate of vehicle.
Example:
UBY384
4- MONTHS
8- WEEKS
CODE: 123 – 1st week
456- 2 nd week
78 – 3 rd week
9 & 0- 4 th week
SEC.6 application and payments for registration- shall be made personally or by registered mail, and the
date of cancellation of the postage stamp of envelope containing money order or check shall be taken as
the date of the application and/or payment for
registration. Provided that the application is properly prepared and the payment for registration is
sufficient as required by law.
SEC.7 Registration qualification- the qualification of vehicle shall be:
• PRIVATE- Motor vehicles registered under this classification shall not be use for hire under any
circumstances. White background and green mark.
• FOR HIRE- Motor vehicles registered for public convenience, or special permits issued by the
Board of Transportation and shall be subject the provision Of Public Service act and the rules
and regulations issued there under, as well as the provision of this act. Yellow background and
black mark
• GOVERNMENT- Motor vehicles owned by government of the Philippines or any of its political
subdivisions shall be registered. White background and red mark
• DIPLOMAT- Motor vehicles owned by foreign governments or by their duly accredited
diplomatic officers in the Philippines and used in the discharge of their official duties.
RENEWAL OF MOTOR VEHICLE REGISTRATION:
• Original Copy Of Registration Office
• Original copy of current official receipt of payment

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 Insurance certificate cover

 Actual inspection of Motor Vehicle and duly accomplishe d MVIR
(Stencils of motor and chassis number must be done of sp ace provided
for)
 Smoke test result
III PERTINENT DOCUMENTS

a. certification of registration (cr)
b. deed of sale
c. certificate of ownership
d. mv official receipt (or
IV EARLY WARNINGS DEVICE – use as warning sign in the road of vehicle has
problem. The shape is like a triangle and rectangle c onsist of two pieces. One red
and other is yellow
V. DRIVER’S OUTFIT/ATTIRE
PUJ / PUB – Blue polo, long pants and shoes
TAXI – White polo, long pants and shoes
PRIVATE – T-shirt/polo, long pants and shoes
Self-Check 2.1-5
Filling the blanks
Instruction: Select the correct answer
1. How long is the validity of a student permit?
a.12 months b.6months c.5 months d.3months

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2 . What is the requirement for an applicant who wants to b e issued a
student permit?
a. 16 years old and above
b. Mentally and physically fit
c. He / she must pass the road test
d. He / she can read and write
3. Which of the following is the registration month for c ars with plate number ending
6?
a. March
b. June
c. August
d. October
4 . What do you call an official receipt issued to the ow ner accompanied by sticker of
a certain vehicle?
a. Deed of sale
b. Registration
c. Certificate of ownership
d. Plate number receipt
5 . An ideal driver is
a. Always clean a seatbelt

b. Keeps within the advisory limit
c. Constantly scan the road for potential hazard
d. All of these
.6 . Which of the following is the registration month for cars with plate number
ending 6?
a. March b. June c. August d. October
7. Which of the following require salary wage while driving?
a. professional b. non-professional c. student d. international

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8 . Which agency approves granting of commemorative plate?

a. Office of the president b. LTO c. MMDA d. LTFRB
Answer Key 2.1-5

1. A

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2. A
3. B
4. B
5. D
6. B
7. A.
8. A
Job Sheet 2.1-1
Title Light Vehicle Pre-Starting and Warm-Up
Objective After performing the Job Sheet, the trainee should be abl e to
Perform Light Vehicle Pre-starting and warm-Up.
Condition The trainee should be able to observe OHS.
Tools/Materials Hand Tools, Car, Safety harness / devices / tools
Procedure 1 .Perform Vehicle Inspection (BLOWAF )

a. the transmission to neutral
b. drivers sit accordingly/properly
b. steering column accordingly
c. wiper
d. side mirrors

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2 . Check Safety harness/ devices/tools

3 . Pre-Starting of Vehicle
a. insert ignition key to ON
b. switch ignition key to ST
c. slightly press accelerator
4 . warm up the engine for at least 2 to 3 minutes
5 . observe the following while warming up the vehicle
a. ammeter
b. oil pressure gauge
c. water temperature gauge
Performance
Assessment Performance Criteria Checklist
Method
Performance Criteria Checklist 2.1-1
Criteria Ye No
s
Did the trainee…
Perform Vehicle Inspection as per manufacturer’s speci fication.
Check Safety harness/devices and tools according to the land

transportation office (LTO)/ land transportation franchisin g and
regulatory board (LTFRB) requirements.
Perform Warm up of light vehicle as per manufacturer’s manual.
Perform OHS?
Perform 5’s

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LEARNING OUTCOME Drive Light Vehicle

#2
CONTENTS
 Traffic rules and regulations
 Driving hazards
 Stress Management when Driving a Vehicle
 Fatigue Management Techniques
 Defensive Driving
 Use of Steering wheel, clutch, Gas and brake
Pedal
 Driving Light Vehicle
 Moving the Vehicle
 Using hand Brake, Front and rear Mirror
 Parking and Shutting down of vehicle
ASSESSMENT CRITERIA
 Light vehicle is driven in accordance with traffic
rules and regulations and manufacturer’s
instruction.
 Driving hazards are identified and/or
anticipated and avoided or controlled through
defensive driving as per standard operating
procedures.

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LEARNING EXPERIENCES
Learning Outcome No. 2 Drive Light Vehicle
Learning Activities Special Instructions

Read Information Sheet 2.2-1 on Traffic Use Information Sheet 2.2-1 on Traffic Rules
Rules and Regulations and Regulations
Answer Self-Check 2.2-1 Check your answers using answer key 2.2-1
Read Information Sheet 2.2-2 on Driving Use Information Sheet 2.2-2 on Driving
Hazards Hazards
Read Information Sheet 2.2-3 on Stress Use Information Sheet 2.2-3 on Stress Management when Driving a
Vehicle Management when Driving a Vehicle
Read Information Sheet 2.2-4 on Fatigue Use Information Sheet 2.2-4 on Fatigue
Management Techniques Management Techniques
Read Information Sheet 2.2-5 on Use Information Sheet 2.2-5 on Defensive
Defensive Driving Driving
Read Information Sheet 2.2-6 on Use of Use Information Sheet 2.2-6 on Use of Steering wheel, clutch, Gas and
brake Steering wheel, clutch, Gas and brake Pedal Pedal
Answer Self-Check 2.2-6 Check your answers using Answer key 2.2-6
Perform Job Sheet 2.2-1 on Driving Light Evaluate your performance using
Vehicle Performance Criteria Checklist
Evaluate your performance using
Performance Criteria Checklist
Evaluate your performance using
Performance Criteria Checklist

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Read Information Sheet 2.2-7 on Using Use Information Sheet 2.2-7 on Using hand
hand Brake, Front and rear Mirror Brake, Front and rear Mirror
Answer self-Check 2.2-7 Check your answers using answer key 2.2
Perform Job Sheet 2.2-3 on Using hand Evaluate your performance using
Brake, Front and rear Mirror Performance Criteria Checklist
Perform Job Sheet 2.2-4 on Parking and Evaluate your performance using
Shutting down of vehicle Performance Criteria Checklist
Information Sheet 2.2-1 TRAFFIC RULES AND REGULATION

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Learning objectives; After reading this information sheet the trainees are expected to identify/follow
traffic rules and regulation
TRAFFIC RULES AND REGULATION
TRAFFIC AUTHORITIES AND TRAFFIC VIOLATIONS
A. TRAFFIC AUTHORITIES
• MMDA
• TMG
• LTO
• DEPUTIZED OFFICER
• TRAFFIC POLICEMAN
B. TRAFFIC VIOLATIONS
• Operating a motor vehicle recklessly or without reasonable caution.
• Cutting in and out of the traffic lanes
• Cutting corner of blind curve
• Making U-turn on the approach or on top of a bridge or elsewhere but not street intersection
• Overtaking or passing on curves, at intersections and approaches of bridges, hills and along
places where overtaking is prohibited.
• Coming out of side streets or driveways without precautions.
• Racing on road streets.
• Failure to stop on entering a “Thru Stop Street”.
• Failure to consider proper clearance when overtaking
• Failure to observe the rule of “right of way” at highway intersection.
• a motor vehicle Driving on the wrong side of the street.
• Backing against the flow of traffic
• Turning from wrong lane
• Improper start from parked positioning
• Speeding or fast driving
• Entering a DO NOT ENTER street
• Disregarding No Left Turn sign
• Passing thru red light
• Allowing passenger in excess of the seating capacity of the front seat
• Obstructing or impending free passage of other vehicles  Loading or unloading passengers
within prohibited zone.
• Failure to carry registration certificate and official receipt of payment for current year.
• Driving emitting excessive smoke.

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TRAFFIC SIGNS AND ROAD MARKERS
ROAD SIGNS provide a very important role in traffic road rules and regulations, their enforcement and
control. Drivers must have the ability to understand, interpret and obey road signs correctly and
properly.
CATEGORIES OF ROAD/ TRAFFIC SIGNS
1. CAUTION SIGNS – use to convey messages that certain road conditions exist on a certain
stretch of the road or on street requiring the driver to be more attentive and be prepared for
such conditions. It is also use to convey the fact that if this precaution is not taken life and
property may be endangered.
These signs are usually triangular in shape and have a red colored border.
2. INSTRUCTIONS SIGNS – these signs require the driver not only to be more attentive as in
caution sign but require the driver to ACTUALLY PERFORM OR NOT PERFORM.
Example: STOP, DO NOT ENTER, NO U TURN etc... Non – compliance means that life and property
will definitely endangered.
3. DIRECTION SIGNS – these signs are modified signs which are actually gives SPECIAL OR
DIRECTIONAL INSTRUCTIONS for the driver to take.
4. INFORMATION SIGNS – these signs are designed to provide the driver with information that
he may or may NOT use but will assist him in one way or another.
DRIVING PERMIT AND OTHER RELEVANT DOCUMENT INTRODUCTION:

Driving a motor vehicle in the Philippines as in other countries is NOT a right but a privilege. This
privilege is granted by the Philippines Government through the Land Transportation Office based on the
Republic Act no. 4136 and Batas Pambansa No. 398.
A driver is license by the Land Transportation Office as proof of his proficiency in driving and his
knowledge of road rules and regulations a while operating a motor vehicle. Upon proving this
proficiency and knowledge he will be issued a document in the form of either of these following
licenses:
I LICENSE
STUDENT Permit-
Age qualification – 16 yrs old and above
Validity – 12 months
Non – professional

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Age qualification – 17 yrs old and above
PROFESSIONAL
Age qualification- 18 yrs old and above
Code
1- Motorcycle
2- Light vehicle (4,500 kegs. )
3-More than 4,500 kegs. Vehicle
4- Automatic Transmission vehicle
RENEWAL OF MOTOR VEHICLE REGISTRATION:

• Original Copy Of Registration Office
• Original copy of current official receipt of payment
• Insurance certificate cover
• Actual inspection of Motor Vehicle and duly accomplished MVIR
(Stencils of motor and chassis number must be done of space provided for)
• Smoke test result
III PERTINENT DOCUMENTS

e. certification of registration (cr)
f. deed of sale
g. certificate of ownership
h. mv official receipt (or)
IV EARLY WARNINGS DEVICE – use as warning sign in the road of vehicle has problem. The shape is
like a triangle and rectangle consist of two pieces. One red and other is yellow.

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DRIVER’S OUTFIT/ATTIRE
PUJ / PUB – Blue polo, long pants and shoes
TAXI – White polo, long pants and shoes
PRIVATE – T-shirt/polo, long
Rules of the Road
a. Light traffic urban/semi urban driving
b. Negotiating traffic lights.
c. Gear changing
d. Stop and go (using handbrake)
e. 90 % angle park
2. Obey Speed Limits. It is better to drive at 40 and live a t 80 than drive at 80

and live at 40.
Different road had different speed limits and different lanes require different
speed.
Car/MC TRK/Bus
a. Open country roads with no blind corners
not closely bordered by habitations. 80 kph 50 kph
b. On “ Through Streets” or Boulevards

clear of traffic with no blind corners. 40 30
c. City and Municipal Streets with light traffic

and not designated through streets. 30 30
d. Through crowded streets approaching

intersections, blind corners, school zone,
passing stop vehicle. 20 20
3. Know and obey traffic signs and pavement markings, white and yellow lines on the road in whole
or broken form as well as traffic lights and signs.
4. Respect the rights of other of other motorists. Be ready to yield the right way to him.

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5. Yield the right way to pedestrian at crosswalk. Do not pass a car that has stopped to permit
pedestrians to walk.
6. Observe “Stop” signs. Carefully observe stop and go signals.
7. Slow down and exercise special care on cross roads, crossing, curves, hills, zigzag and bridges.
8. Overtake other cars of the left lane of a 2 lanes road, on the center lane of a 3 lane road. Be sure
the road up ahead is clear when overtaking.
9. Do not increase speed when other car wants to pass you.
10. Always drive with traffic stream. Test you self, if too many cars overtake you, you are driving too
slow, if you pass many cars, you are driving too fast.
11. Follow other cars at a safe distance. Allow at least one car length interval for every 15 km. speed.
If your speed is 30 km per hour, your distance from the vehicle in front of should be 2 cars or 12
meters etc. In short we should always keep our distance from the vehicle we are following. As we
increase our speed our distance to the vehicle to the vehicle we are following should be wider.
12. Stay on your own lane, at intersections, railroad crossing, hills and curves where you view is
obstructed.
13. Make right or left turn only at correct turning lanes, right turn from lane nearest to the curb; left
turn from the lane next to the center line to the left. Proceed to the turning lane from a
reasonable distance. Every time we make a turn either left or right, we should make a full stop at
the corner and slowly and with caution make the turn.
14. Signal you next move to the other driver. Also know how and when to give the proper signal. The
control for signal light is the lever just behind the steering wheel at the left side of the steering
column. Push the lever up and your right signal light (both the front and the rear yellow light at
the corner of your vehicle will be on) to show your intention that you are going to make a right
turn. Push the lever down and your left signal light will be on before making a left turn. If you
can’t remember which, just follow the direction of the steering wheel.
15. Always slow down at school zones, parks and play grounds. Children are the most dangerous
hazards on the roads.

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16. When stopping or parking, always pull far right as the condition of the road will permit-on the
shoulders if any.
17. Start from a parked position only if the way is clear and only after you have signaled you intention
and such signal is acknowledge by other motorist.
18. Dim your lights to oncoming vehicle. This is one rule of the road every motorist must observe
19. Vehicles on the road must have at least two brake systems, good windshield and wipers, lights
and good steering mechanism.
20. If you drink don’t drive, if you drive don’t drink.
21. If there is an accident, stop to help the injured, go to or report to the nearest police station, see if
any injured needs your help.
RIGHT OF WAY RULES

Right-of-way rule are an aid to safe and smooth traffic flow. They emphasize courtesy, common sense,
and cooperation. They apply to all road user including pedi-cab and bicycle users. NEVER INSIST ON
TAKING THE RIGHT-OF-WAY. If other drivers are not following the rules, let them have the right-of-way
even ifit belongs to you. You will help prevent accidents and make driving more pleasant.
Do not always insist on other going ahead of you, either. If other driver expects you to make your legal
turn, you may delay traffic by stopping or slowing unnecessarily for another person to go ahead of you.

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1. If another car gets into an intersection before you do, it has the right
of way. Let it go ahead.
2. If you enter an intersection at the same time as that of an other car
crossing your way, the car to the right has the right of way.
SELF CHECK 2.2-1

A. Multiple Choices
Instruction: Read the items carefully and answer each question corre ctly. Write
only the letters on the space provided.
1. What is the requirement for an applicant who wants to be issued a student
permit?
a.16 years old and above
b. Mentally and physically fit
c. He / she must pass the road test
d. He / she can read and write
2. How long is the validity of student permit?

a. 3 months
b. 5 months
c. 6 months
d. 12 months
3. Which of the following is the registration month for cars with plate number ending 6?
a. March

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b. June
c. August
d. October
4. Which of the following vehicle is best described as white background and
green marked?
a. Government
b. Private
c. For hire
d. Diplomat
5. What is the motor vehicle plate scheme color for gover nment vehicle?
a. white background & red marked
b. white background and green marked
c. yellow background and black marked
d. none of these
6. What government agency approved granting of commemorate p late?

a. LTO office
b. Office of the president
c. MMDA
d. PNP_TMG
7. What do you call an official receipt issued to the own er accompanied by

sticker of a certain vehicle?
a. Deed of sale
b. Registration
c. Certificate of ownership
d. Plate number receipt
8. An ideal driver is
a. Always clean a seatbelt
b. Keeps within the advisory limit
c. Constantly scan the road for potential hazard
d. All of these
B. Enumeration

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Instruction: Enumerate the following:
Answer Key 2.2-1

A. Multiple Choices
1. a
2. d
3. b
4. b
5. a
6. a
7. b
8. d
B. Enumeration
 MMDA
• TMG
• LTO
• DEPUTIZED OFFICER
• TRAFFIC POLICEMAN
• Operating a motor vehicle recklessly or without reasonable caution.

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• Cutting in and out of the traffic lanes
• Cutting corner of blind curve
• Making U-turn on the approach or on top of a bridge or elsewhere but not street intersection
• Overtaking or passing on curves, at intersections and approaches of bridges, hills and along
places where overtaking is prohibited.
• Coming out of side streets or driveways without precautions.
• Racing on road streets.
• Failure to stop on entering a “Thru Stop Street”.
• Failure to consider proper clearance when overtaking
• Failure to observe the rule of “right of way” at highway intersection.
• a motor vehicle Driving on the wrong side of the street.
• Backing against the flow of traffic
• Turning from wrong lane
• Improper start from parked positioning
• Speeding or fast driving
• Entering a DO NOT ENTER street
• Disregarding No Left Turn sign
• Passing thru red light
• Allowing passenger in excess of the seating capacity of the front seat  Obstructing or
impending free passage of other vehicles  Loading or unloading passengers within prohibited
zone.
• Failure to carry registration certificate and official receipt of payment for current year.
• Driving emitting excessive smoke.

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2. Vehicle condition
a. defective brake system
b. defective steering system

Driving Hazard
Learning objectives; After reading this information s h eet the trainees are
expected to identify the different driving hazards.
Driving Hazard
1 . Vehicular accident
a. loss of brake
b. side sweep
c. dragging
d. shifting failure
e. loss of direction
f. lost control
g. out balance

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c. defective power train unit
d. worn and unbalance wheels and tire
e. insufficient car accessories
f. improper tire pressure
3. Driver illness
a. drivers incapacity to drive due to sickness
b. mannerisms
c. hang over
d. worried
e. lack of rest
f. boredom
4. Drivers negligence
a. drivers failure
b. violations
c. miscalculation
d. misbehavior/habit/arrogance

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5 .Road condition
a. sharp and dangerous bends
b. cracks and sinking roads
c. Falling rocks boulders. trees and debris
d. cracks and swinging bridges
e. stones and muddy roads
f. wet and slippery roads
g. dangerous bend curves
6. Weather condition
a. floods
b. immediate heavy rains
c. foggy places

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7 . Crimes and insurgencies

a. carnapper
b. road runners
8 .pedestrian failure
a. lack of consideration
b. drunks
c. misbehavior
d. jay walking
e. ignorance
DRIVING HAZARDS

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Many accident driving hazards can be prevented with a bit of forethought and planning. A well-
maintained vehicle, attentiveness while driving and on-road courtesy go a long way to helping prevent a
life-changing driving accident.
A list of the most common accident driving hazards follows. A quick review of this list can very well help
build awareness and hopefully help the reader become alert and watchful for situations that can
potentially cause a car accident crash:
• failing to check the blind spot before making a lane change;

• following too closely;
• being distracted with cell phone use, talking while driving, checking maps, etc.;
• failing to adjust to changing road conditions;
• poor vehicle maintenance which results in sudden, dangerous on-road vehicle breakdown;
• having a narrow, rather than a “big-picture” type driving focus;
• driving while impaired. This can include not only driving under the influence of drugs or alcohol,
but seemingly harmless conditions such as sleepiness, hunger (prone to road rage) or while under
high levels of stress;
Better than 80% of all car accidents are caused by driver error, which is the leading cause of accidents.
Driver error compounded by bad road conditions also accounts for a high proportion of on-road
accidents.
Other causes of driving accident are poorly-maintained roads or malfunctioning traffic signals, jaywalking
pedestrians, poor car design, construction, signage and lighting issues..

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Self-Check 2.2-2
Enumeration:
Instruction: Give the reasons of having the following driving Haza rd enumerated
below.
2 . Vehicle condition
3 . Driver illness
5 . Road condition
Answer Key 2.2-2

a. loss of brake
b. side sweep
c. dragging
d. shifting failure
e. loss of direction
f. lost control
g. out balance

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2 . Vehicle condition
a. defective brake system
b. defective steering system
c. defective power train unit
d. worn and unbalance wheels and tire
e. insufficient car accessories
f. improper tire pressure
3 . Driver illness
g. drivers incapacity to drive due to sickness
h. mannerisms
i. hang over
j. worried
k. lack of rest
l. boredom
e. drivers failure
f.violations
g. miscalculation
h. misbehavior/habit/arrogance
5 . Road condition
a. sharp and dangerous bends
b. cracks and sinking roads
c. Falling rocks boulders. trees and debris
d. cracks and swinging bridges
e. stones and muddy roads
f. wet and slippery roads
g. dangerous bend curves

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a. floods
b. immediate heavy rains
c. foggy place

Stress Management When Driving a Vehicle
Objective: After reading the information sheet, the trainee should be able to give
stress management when driving.
Stress Management When Driving a Vehicle
Road Rage: How to Manage Road Rage to Stay Healthier and Safe With more and more people in
the world and in the workforce, roads are becoming increasingly crowded. Inside our metal boxes,
we’re not always as polite as we would be to one another face-to-face, and when we’re all
frustrated with traffic, sometimes people make mistakes or pull impolite driving maneuvers,

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which can lead to anger from other frustrated drivers. This often results in road rage, which can
pose a significant threat to health and safety for everyone on the road.
People experiencing road rage may be face increased health risks that come from high levels of stress,
tension and anger. These episodes of acute stress may become chronic stress, which leads to many
negative health outcomes.
In addition to the toll stress takes on the "rager's" body, the increased risk of a car accident due to road
rage puts all drivers at risk.
By being a courteous and defensive driver, you can cut down the level of frustration you might cause
other drivers, doing your part in keeping road rage at bay. But if you yourself experience road rage, here
are some techniques you can use to stay calm in the car:
• Breathe: Breathing exercises can help you cleanse your body of stagnant air and stale energy,
getting your blood more oxygenated and, of course, releasing tension. Focusing on your breathing
brings your attention inward and makes frustrations seem more removed, without taking your
focus too far away from the road.
• Listen: Listen to music or audio books. Music can subtly color your experiences, adding an exciting
soundtrack to your commute. Audio books can supply you with a mild distraction that can make
your drive enjoyable enough that you find annoying drivers and bumper-to-bumper traffic less
frustrating.
• Relax: Practice Progressive Muscle Relaxation (PMR) and Deep Muscle Relaxation (DMR). When
you’re frustrated, you store the tension in your body. These techniques will help you learn to
quickly release the tension you’re carrying, even as you sit in the car, which will help you feel
more physically and emotionally relaxed.
• Play: Use cognitive-behavioral interventions like Counting Idiots. Basically, if you accept that a
certain amount of people are going to make fools of themselves on the road, and decide to make
a game out of counting them, you can cut down on the stress you feel in response to their rude
maneuvers.
• Plan: Manage your time wisely. Often, when we’re frustrated on the road, it’s because we’re in a
hurry and can’t get there quickly enough because of traffic. Organizing your schedule so you can
leave earlier, and planning for traffic, can leave you feeling more relaxed because it really won’t
matter as much if the trip takes a few extra minutes.

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Self-Check 2.2-3
True or false
Instruction: Write True if the statement is correct and False if the s tatement
is wrong.

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1. Breathing exercises can help you cleanse your body of stagnant air and stale
energy, getting your blood more oxygenated and, of cour se, releasing tension.
2. Music can subtly color your experiences, adding an e xciting soundtrack to
your commute. Audio books can supply you with a mild dis traction that can
make your drive enjoyable enough that you find annoying drivers and bumper
to-bumper traffic less frustrating.
3. When you’re frustrated, you store the tension in your b ody. These techniques
will help you learn to quickly release the tension you ’re carrying, even as you
sit in the car, which will help you feel more physical ly and emotionally relaxed.
4. People experiencing road rage may be face increased health risk s t hat come
from high levels of stress, tension and anger.
5. By being a courteous and defensive driver, you can c ut down the level of
frustration you might cause other drivers, doing your p art in keeping road
rage at bay.
Answer Key 2.2-3

1. True
2. True
3. True
4. True
5. True

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Fatigue Management Techniques
Objective: After reading the information sheet, the trainee, should b e able to
enumerate fatigue management techniques .
Driver Fatigue
Just about everyone has experienced feelings of gro gginess while driving,
performing monotonous tasks or operating machinery. Ho wever, actual driver
fatigue , also known as drowsy driving , is a physiological and psychological
condition that can greatly affect driving judgment and a bilities. Driver fatigue not
only impacts alertness and response time but also increa ses the chances of being
involved in car accidents.
Driver Fatigue Symptoms
 An overall sleepy, groggy or exhausted feeling

 Frequent yawning
• Irritability
• Concentration difficulties
• Eyes may feel strained, sore and tired  Poor steering – less effectively or with too much action
• May miss road signs and ignore lanes
• May experience short bursts of microsleep (a lapse from wake to sleep that lasts only a few
seconds)
Warning Signs of Driver Fatigue

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One of the ironies of drowsy driving is that the driver may be too tired to determine his or her own level
of fatigue. The problem, therefore, is often ignored. Here are some warning signs of driver fatigue:
• Daydreaming while on the road

• Driving over the center line
• Excessive yawning
• Feeling impatient
• Feeling stiff heavy eyes
• Reacting slowly
There are certain times of the day and night when our energy levels naturally dip. These circadian
rhythms are part of a normal sleep/wake cycle. In reaction to these dips, between 10:00 p.m. and 6:00
a.m. and 1:00 p.m. and 4:00 p.m., drivers are more at risk for experiencing driver fatigue.
Driver Fatigue Management Tips
Effective driver fatigue management is essential. Here are some tips you can use to make sure you get
where you need to go safely.
• Get sufficient rest (8 – 9 hours of sleep) prior to driving.

• Avoid alcohol, large meals and any medications that might make you drowsy.
• Establish a realistic driving plan, one that does not require driving long periods without a good
night's sleep and healthy breaks.
• Remember to stay hydrated, get lots of fresh air and incorporate environmental stimuli when
possible (music, conversation, etc.).
• Share the driving whenever possible and really try to rest when it isn't your turn to drive.
• When driving, take a break at least every two hours. During these breaks, nap, eat a snack or
drink an energy beverage.
If you or someone you love is feeling the physical and emotional effects of sleep deprivation. See a
physical or sleep specialist for professional diagnosis and treatment.
Disclaimer: Statements contained herein have not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration.
These statements and products are not intended to diagnose, treat and cure or prevent disease.

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Self-Check 2.2-4
Enumeration
Instruction: Enumerate the following.
1 . Driver Fatigue Symptoms
2 . Warning Signs of Driver Fatigue

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Defensive Driving and Driving Motoring Tips
Answer Key 2.2-4
1 . Driver Fatigue Symptoms
 An overall sleepy, groggy or exhausted feeling

 Frequent yawning
 Irritability
 Concentration difficulties
 Eyes may feel strained, sore and tired
 Poor steering – less effectively or with too much action
 May miss road signs and ignore lanes
 May experience short bursts of microsleep (a lapse fro m wake to sleep that
lasts only a few seconds)
2 . Warning Signs of Driver Fatigue
 Daydreaming while on the road

 Driving over the center line
 Excessive yawning
 Feeling impatient
 Feeling stiff heavy eyes
 Reacting slowly
Objective: After reading the information sheet, the trainee should be able to identify a defensive Driver
A. Defensive Driving

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Whether you are a person who travels to work everyday on your own or whether you are a person who
uses public transport on a daily basis, what you need to know are the basic rules of defensive driving.
Today there are a lot of driving schools that teach you these techniques apart from the actual driving
classes that they hold. These techniques not only help you become a good driver, but it also teaches you
how to be a responsible one as well.
These are some of the rules of defensive driving that can make driving a pleasure both for you and for the
rest the travellers on the road:
• If there is a speed limit on the road that you are travelling on, make sure that you observe the
limit. There is no fun in speeding along on a fast lane just because you think you are going to be late for
the meeting with your boss.
• Make sure you know all the traffic signs completely. You cannot claim ignorance of the rules,
when you make a mistake.
• Respect the laws of the land in which you travel. Of course, there are countries like Burma or
India, were rules are made, so that they can be broken as quickly as possible. Though the law tries to
enforce the rule in these places, corruption levels are so high that it is very easy to breeze through traffic
signals without stopping at a red light, because you know there will be a cop at the other end who would
let you go in return for a small bribe.
• Respect the other drivers on the road and remember that they also have a job to do. Nobody is
driving just for the heck of it. Most of us have a job to go to or a home to reach. Most of us are also in a
hurry to get to where we want to.
Nevertheless, it is better that we respect each other and the traffic rules as well so that driving is a more
pleasurable experience.
• Do not horn or keep honking just for the sake of honking. It is very irritating and unnerving to
have a driver honking behind you. Remember he is doing it because he is in a hurry. So, if you are in his
place, you might be tempted to do the same thing. Believe me; it does not help to keep honking. Traffic
will move at its own pace and no amount of honking is going to help.
B. Driving Motoring Tips

1. Gas saving tips
a. tune up engine regularly
b. avoid sudden speed change
c. do not refill gas to the brim
d. avoid jack rabbit
e. shut off engine while waiting
f. balance tire pressure
2. Dangerous driving practices

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a. speeding -leave high speeding to the professional car racer
b. driving under the influence of liquor or any toxicated substances
c. discourtesy
d. reckless driving
e. road competitor
f. driving with defective vehicle 3 . PRACTICE COURTESY
Steps:
1. Relax. Take a deep breath if you stressed. Leave early enough that you can enjoy you r
trip rather than feeling anxious. It’s better to arrive a few minutes to your destination
than endanger yourself of others on the road.
2. Follow good driving practices. Watch for road signs and obey the speed limit. When we all
obey the laws, the road is much safer.
3. Maintain a safe distance from the vehicle in front of you. You can’t push them out of the
way, so just slow down a little. Pass if you have a safe and legal opportunity to do so.
4. Use your turn sign signals several hundred feet ahead of your turn when you’re
on the highway
5. Respect others. Stop for pedestrian or bicyclist. Look for motorcyclist. Allow others to go
ahead of you. Allow others to maintain their speed when you enter a roadway or change
lanes.
6. Use your horn only when necessary. It’s not put on cars as a tool to “yell” at others. Use
the horn to signal others of your presence to avoid accidents.
7. Smile or wave at another driver. It makes their day and your day a little brighter.
ATTITUDE
A Defensive driver must develop and demonstrate an attitude that;
• Shows concerns for other road users
• Recognizes that other road users will make mistakes
• Knows no journey is so urgent that a safe speed can be maintained
• Driving is a skill which requires the application of good techniques
• Believes that safe driving requires an alert mind at all times
BEHAVIOR
An ideal defensive driver;
• Always clean a seatbelts
• Keeps within the advisory limit
• Constantly scans the road for potential hazard  Signal intentions at all times
RIGHT DRIVER ATTITUDE

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A defensive driver always maintains a safe caution of distance in front and behind his vehicle by;
a) Observing the four-second rule
b) Adopting a positive, and
c) Skilled mental approach.
Search – the road seen ahead, around and rear of vehicles
Identity- the potential and immediate hazard on the road
Predict – the actions of other road user
Decide – what to do to avoid an unsafe situation
DRIVER’S CODE OF ETHICS

1. I will never driver a vehicle with poor brake system because it will endanger my life and
passenger. I will always test the strengths of my brake or breaking efficiency before I use the
vehicle.
2. I will never apply the brake suddenly except in an emergency but will always strive to use the
brake lightly, gently and gradually.
3. I will also check the car handbrake efficiency for I know that in the case the hydraulic brake
system fails, the handbrake will stop the car.
4. I will avoid stepping the brake pedal with a jerk or stopping the vehicle at a sudden stop, except
on emergency. I have to bear in mind that some vehicles might be following my car and a sudden
stop might bump my car. It may also cause some inconvenient to my passenger.
5. I will step at the brake pedal first when stopping my car and only step on the clutch pedal when
the car is about to stopped. Too much application of the clutch pedal or clutch riding will cause
rapid clutch lining wear.
6. I will always strive to observe road courtesy and follow the traffic code and other laws.
7. I will observe when driving the RIGHT of WAY rules in order to avoid conflict at intersection.
8. I will always give the proper hand signal to indicate when I stop light does not operate until will
apply the brake.
9. I will observe traffic policeman instruction and signals in order to avoid traffic jam and accident. I
will always show good sportsmanship and never display any resentment to reasonable police
signal.
10. I will always drive at the speed that is reasonable for the existing traffic in any certain locality; I
will also adjust my speed to the density of traffic, the type of road, effect of rain in the
pavement, the visibility and frequency of pedestrians, intersection curve or hills.
11. I will stop for the red light in a position that the car does not block the pedestrian crosswalk and
will always permit the pedestrian to finish crossing when gets caught in the intersection by a
change of the traffic signal light.
12. I will always dim my light for the convenient of the incoming driver. Failure to dim my light may
temporarily blind the incoming driver of some painful annoyance to him.
13. I will never nose another car to space about to be occupied by him for the same beating the
other driver in the parking space.

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14. I will use only my horn as a warning in emergencies gently as a polite signal.
15. I will never be a “HIT and RUN” DRIVER, but always give assistance to my victim and with the
proper medical care.
16. I will never zigzag in a road or weave in and out traffic lane and disregarding other drivers just for
the sake of jockeying for a favorable position.
SELF CHECK 2.2-5
COMPLETE THE FOLLOWING TERMS

1. tune up _ _ _ _ _ _ regularly
2. I will never zigzag in a road or weave in a nd out _ _ _ _ _ _ _Lane
3. I will always _ _ _ my light for the convenient o f the incoming driver
4. I will step at the _ _ _ _ _ pedal first when stopping
5. Driving under the _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ of liquor or any to xicated substances
6. I will never drive a _ _ _ _ _ _ _ with poor brake system
7. _ _ _ _ _ _ the road seen ahead, around and re ar of vehicles
8. Shows concerns for _ _ _ _ _ road users
9._ _ _ _ _ _ _ the actions of other road users

10 . Watch for road signs and _ _ _ _ the speed limit

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Answer Key 2.2-5
1. engine
2. traffic
3. dim
4. brake
5. influence
6. vehicle
7. search
8. other
9. predict
10 .obey

Use of Steering Wheel, Clutch, Gas and Brake Pedal
Learning Objectives:
After reading this information sheet, the trainees should be able to use steering wheel, clutch, gas and brake pedal.

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THE VEHICLE DRIVING CONTROL UNIT
1. CLUTCH—a component part of the powertrain unit use to engage and
disengage the power from engine to the drivelines
2. STEERING WHEEL—used follow road path and guide vehi cle direction
3. GAS PEDAL—a vehicle pedal control use to accelerate an d decelerate
speed and power of the engine to the drive lines
4. BRAKE PEDAL—use to control speed until it stop
5. SHIFTING LEVER—a part which use to shift the nescessa ry gear to be used
Gas pedal
CLUTCH BRAKE.! accelerat
or
Left cente r right
Self-check 2.2-6
Identification
Instruction: Identify what are being asked.
-------—1. The vehicle part use to control speed until it stop

----------2. Use to follow road path and guide vehicle direction
----------3. A part which use to shift the necessary gear to be used

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----------4 . A vehicle pedal control use to accelerate and decelerate speed
----------5 . A component part of the power train unit u se to engage and
disengage the power from engine to the drivelines
Answer key 2.2-6
1. Brake
2. Steering system
3. Shifting lever

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4. Accelerator
5 . Clutch
Job Sheet 2.2-1

Title: Driving Light Vehicle
Performance Objective: Given a vehicle drive the car with your instructor and
drivers guide and manual
Supplies and Materials : drivers manual and the instructor
Equipment: car/jeep light vehicle
Steps and Procedures:

1. Read the drivers manual
2. Read and follow application instruction
3. Drive the car following the procedure

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4. Practice safety measures in driving the car

5. Check your work against Performance Criteria Checkli st
6. Present your work to your trainer.
Assessment Method : Performance Criteria
Criteria YES NO
1.Did the trainee read the drivers manual

2.Did the trainee read and follow application instruc tion
3. Did the trainee drive the car following the procedu re

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4. Did the trainee practice safety measures in driving the

car
JOB SHEET 2.2-2

Title :MOVING THE VEHICLE
Performance Objective: After reading the information sheet, you should be able
to move the vehicle
Supplies and Materials : , diesel, brake fluid ,motor oil
Equipment :the vehicle
Procedure:
A.MOVING FORWARD
1 . Press the clutch.
2 . Shift to first gear
3 . Press accelerator at least 1 inch depth
4 . Slowly release clutch
B. STOPING THE VEHICLE
1.press clutch
2.press brake
3.set transmission to neutral to neutral
C. Moving the vehicle backward
1 .press the clutch

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2 Shift to reverse gear

3. Press accelerator a little
4. Smoothly release clutch
D. Gear shifting
1 .press clutch
2.shift to second gear
3.Release clutch

Assessment Method : Performance Criteria Checklist
Using Hand Brake Front and Rear Mirror
Learning Objective:
After reading this information sheet trainees are expected to
1. Use hand brake, front and rear mirror
Hand brake- also called parking brake this device use as wheel l ock when the
vehicle is unattended.
-a lever located at theCriteria
driver side u se to fix vehicle position YESwhen park
NO
Did the trainee..
-A safety device when the vehicle i s not in used
1. Press the clutch properly?
Front
2. mirrors- weregear
Set and select attached at both vehicle side of driver front sid
properly? e to have a
drivers vision on left and right ways to be used whe n overtaking, moving backward,
moving from park position and even vision on road markers
3. Press the accelerator Properly
Rear mirror- attached at the back of the vehicle to know the distance and safe
4. Release
clearance clutch properly?
from vehicle to touchable at vehicle rear
5. Press brake properly

6. Holds steering wheel properly
7. Shift gear properly/accordingly?

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Criteria YES NO
Did the trainee..
Park the vehicle to the desired parking area?
JOB SHEET 2.2-3
PullTitle
the :handbrake
Using Handup securely?
Brake Front and Rear Mirror
Performance Objective: After reading the information sheet, you should be able
to Use Hand Brake, Front and Rear Mirror
Answer key 2.2-7
Set the front and rear mirror according to driver’s
Supplies and Materials : , diesel, brake fluid ,motor oil
visibility?
1. Also called parking brake this device use as wheel lock when the vehicle is
Procedure:
unattended.
Clean the rear and front mirror properly? Self check 2.2-7
2. When the vehicle is not in used
1. park the vehicle to the desired parking area
3. Flat, concave and convex mirrors
Instruction: Answer the following questions.
2 .pull up the hand brake lever
4. A lever located at the driver side
3 .set the front and rear mirror according to driver s visibility
1 . What is a hand brake?
2 . When to use
Performance parking brake?
Assessment:
3 . What are the different types of side mirrors?
4 . Where does
Performance parking
Criteria brake attached?
Checklist
Job sheet 2.2-4

Title : Parking and Shutting down Light Vehicle
Performance Objective: After this information sheet the trainees are expected to
identify and follow the steps in parking and shutting d own light vehicle
Supplies and Materials :, diesel, brake fluid ,motor oil

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Procedure Tasks
1. Entering a 1(a) Select a suitable parking bay, check the mirror, signal, 90 degree and slow
the vehicle to a safe and controllable speed; angle park 2(a) Choose the appropriate gear for
control.
(front to kerb)
3(a) Check vehicle clearance as applicable on the inside of the turn (either mirror
or shoulder check); and
4(a) Correctly position the vehicle, front to kerb, wholly within the bay
while maintaining full control without touching the kerb and is:
(i) Not more than 300 mm out of parallel with the lines;
(ii) Not more than 300 mm from the kerb or end of parking bay; and
(iii) Where practicable, central within the parking bay with the front wheels
pointing straight ahead towards the kerb.
2. Leaving a
90 degree 1(b) Select reverse gear; angle park
2(b) Constantly check behind, both sides and to the front
before moving and during reversing;
3(b) Reverse slowly under full control of the vehicle and check for
clearance of the front of the vehicle ( where appropriate);
4(b) Reverse the vehicle only for such a distance as is necessary
(Position 2 in diagram) and turn the steering wheel sufficiently to allow the
vehicle to safely clear the parking bay alongside;
5(b) Move off in accordance with Task 3, steps (2) to (7)
(signaling as appropriate) with safety and without rolling; and 6(b)
Except for straightening the steering wheel, drive forward under full control
in the intended direction of travel requiring
less than one turn of the steering wheel in that direction.

Performance Performance Criteria Checklist
Assessment

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Perform entering a 90 degree angle park appropriately?

Perform leaving a 90 degree angle park?
Perform OHS?
REFERENCES:
Driving NCII (Light Vehicle) Training Regulation

https://www.tesda.gov.ph/Downloadables/TR - DRIVING N C II.pd f
Drive Light Vehicle CBLM

https://www.scribd.com/document/407289886/CBLM-drive-li g ht-vehicl e
Filipino Drivers Manual Volume 1

https://www.coursehero.com/file/73293626/Volume-1pdf /
nd
Filipino Drivers Manual 2 Edition
http://www.cdodev.com/2021/11/03/lto-filipino-drivers-m a nual-2nd-edition-202 1
Vehicle Light System Parts and Function

https://study.com/academy/lesson/vehicle-light-system-part s - and-function.htm l
Traffic Signs/Regulatory Signs/Road sign https://www.trafficsigns.com

Hand Tools

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https://www.yourmechanic.com/article/10-best-automotive-hand-tools
Routine Check on Vehicle Components

https://www.insurancehotline.com/resources/10-important-th ings-you-should-check
on-your-car-regularly /
Driving Hazards
https://bighomechores.com/driving-safety-hazard s
Defensive Driving
www.roaddriver.co.uk/safety-tips/what-is-defensive-dr iving /
Use of Steering Wheel, Clutch, Break and Mirrors

https://carfromjapan.com/.../understanding-the-clutch-co n trol /

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CBLM Driving NCII 2022 Drive Light Vehicle

bs criminology (Innovative College of Science and Technology )

COMPETENCY-BASED LEARNING MATERIALS

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COMPETENCY-BASED LEARNING MATERIALS

Document No. DRV NCII - 01

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COMPETENCY-BASED LEARNING MATERIALS

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COMPETENCY-BASED LEARNING MATERIALS

NO UNIT OF COMPETENCIES MODULE TITLE CODE

MODULE TITLE : Driving Light Vehicle

L.O 1 Perform light vehicle pre-starting and warm-up

L.O.2 Drive light vehicle

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COMPETENCY-BASED LEARNING MATERIALS

• Vehicle Inspection is performed as per manufacturer’s specification.

LEARNING OUTCOME Perform vehicle Pre starting and Warm up #1

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COMPETENCY-BASED LEARNING MATERIALS

Read Information sheet 2.1-5 on Use Information sheet 2.1-5 on LTO/LTFRB

Perform Job Sheet 2.1-1 on Light Evaluate your Performance using

Information sheet 2.1-1

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COMPETENCY-BASED LEARNING MATERIALS

The outside or exterior lights on an automotive include:

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COMPETENCY-BASED LEARNING MATERIALS

Some cars use smaller rectangular headlamps or aerodynamically-styled composite headlamps

E. Automatic Headlamp Controls

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COMPETENCY-BASED LEARNING MATERIALS

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COMPETENCY-BASED LEARNING MATERIALS

I. Distributed Lighting System

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COMPETENCY-BASED LEARNING MATERIALS

II. Safety and Signaling

A. Horn and Horn Relay

B. Vehicular Security Systems

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E. Windshield Wipers and Washers

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COMPETENCY-BASED LEARNING MATERIALS

C. SPEEDOMETER AND ODOMETER

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E. Networks and Multiplexing

F. Other electrical and Electronic Devices

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COMPETENCY-BASED LEARNING MATERIALS

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1 . ________are electrically-operated noise- makers used by th e driver to provide a

2 . ____s restrain the vehicle occupants if there is an acc ident.

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COMPETENCY-BASED LEARNING MATERIALS