he Unique Identification Authority of India (UIDAI) (Hindi: ), is an agency of the Government of India responsible for implementing the envisioned

ned AADHAAR a unique identification project in India. It was established in February 2009, and will own and operate the Unique Identification Number database.[1] The authority will aim at providing a unique number to all Indians, but not smart cards.[2] The authority would provide a database of residents containing very simple data in biometrics.[3] The agency is headed by a chairman, who holds a cabinet rank. The UIDAI is part of the Planning Commission of India.[1][4] Nandan Nilekani, a former co-chairman of Infosys Technologies, was appointed as the first Chairman of the authority in June 2009.[5] Ram Sewak Sharma, an IAS Officer of Jharkhand Government is the Director General and Mission Director of the Authority.[6]

Contents
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1 Salient features of AADHAAR 2 Launch 3 Coverage, goals and logistics 4 Name and logo 5 Projected costs and business opportunities 6 Benefits 7 Enrollment 8 Suggestion for long term success 9 Risks 10 See also 11 References 12 External links

[edit] Salient features of AADHAAR

Aadhaar is a 12-digit unique number which the Unique Identification Authority of India (UIDAI) will issue for all residents in India. The number will be stored in a centralized database and linked to the basic demographics and biometric information photograph, ten fingerprints and iris of each individual.It is easily verifiable in an online, costeffective way. So also, it is unique and robust enough to eliminate the large number of duplicate and fake identities in government and private databases The random number generated will be devoid of any classification based on caste, creed, religion and geography.[7]

[edit] Launch

UIDAI launched AADHAAR program in the tribal village, Tembhli, in Shahada,[8][9] Nandurbar, Maharashtra on 29 September 2010. The program was inaugurated by Prime Minister, Manmohan Singh along with UPA chairperson Sonia Gandhi.[10] The first resident to receive an AADHAAR was Rajana Sonawane of Tembhli village.[11]

[edit] Coverage, goals and logistics

It is believed that Unique National IDs will help address the rigged state elections and widespread embezzlement that affects subsidies and poverty alleviation programs such as NREGA.[12] Addressing illegal immigration into India and terrorist threats is another goal of the program.[13] Most reports suggest that the plan is for each Indian citizen to have a unique identification number with associated identifying biometric data and photographs by 2011.[14] However, other reports claim that obtaining a unique number would be voluntary, but those that opt to stay out of the system "will find it very inconvenient: they will not have access to facilities that require you to cite your ID number."[2] Government distributed benefits are fragmented by purpose and region in India, which results in widespread bribery, denial of public services and loss of income, especially afflicting poor citizens.[15] As the unique identity database comes into existence, the various identity databases (voter ID, passports, ration cards, licenses, fishing permits, border area id cards) that already exist in India are planned to be linked to it.[2] The Authority is liaising with various national, state and local government entities to begin this process. The Union Labor Ministry has offered its verified Employment Provident Fund (EPFO) database of 42 million citizens as the first database to be integrated into the unique ID system.[16] The UID will link a person's Passport Number, Driving License, PAN card, Bank Accounts, Address, Voter ID, etc. and all this information will be checked through a database. So, for example, if someone has different addresses on PAN and driving license, that person is liable to get caught. Those who will opt out of this program will have much inconvenience in doing business, operating bank accounts and other offices which will require a UID. UIDAI has headquarters in Delhi and a technology centre in Bangalore. It also has 8 regional offices in Chandigarh, Delhi, Lucknow, Ranchi, Guwahati, Mumbai, Hyderabad and Bangalore.[17]

[edit] Name and logo

UID project is known as AADHAAR meaning 'support' or 'foundation', and its logo is a yellow sun with a fingerprint embedded in its centre. The logo was designed by Atul Sudhakar Rao Pande.[18]

[edit] Projected costs and business opportunities

One estimate of the cost to completely roll-out National IDs to all Indian residents above the age of 18 has been placed at 150,000 crore (US$33.45 billion).[19] A different estimate puts it at US$ 6 billion.[20] A sum of 100 crore (US$22.3 million) was approved in the 2009-2010 union budget to fund the agency for its first year of existence.[1] UID has received a huge boost with Dr Pranab Mukherjee, Minister of Finance, allocating 1,900 crore (US$423.7 million) to the Unique Identification Authority of India (UIDAI) for 2010-11. Initial estimates project that the initiative will create 100,000 new jobs in the country, and business opportunities worth 6,500 crore (US$1.45 billion) in the first phase [14] of implementation, over three years.

[edit] Benefits
1. Aadhaar will become the single source of identity verification. Residents would be spared the hassle of repeatedly providing supporting identity documents each time they wish to access services such as obtaining a bank account, passport, driving license and so on. 2. By providing a clear proof of identity, Aadhaar will also facilitate entry for poor and underprivileged residents into the formal banking system and the opportunity to avail services provided by the government and the private sector. 3. Giving migrants mobility of identity. 4. Financial inclusion with deeper penetration of banks, insurance and easy distribution of benefits of government schemes.

[edit] Enrollment
Details are available at http://uidai.gov.in/index.php? option=com_content&view=article&id=148&Itemid=41 In Kerala Palakkad Akshya egovernance Kendras are now carrying out data collection., and registration of biometrics will follow later. Karvy is the business partner for UIDAI. In some other states Karvy is taking online reservation of enrollment slots by collecting data in advance and providing an appointment. Details for online registration are available at http://uid.karvy.com/bookmyslot/.

[edit] Suggestion for long term success

Similar to karvymf attempt to collect information and similar to online passport applications all relevant information should be collected online by a netural agency and a unique no. generated and, the citizen should be required to go to any of the empanneled agency for a) biometrics capture and b) verification of the data submitted online by

evidencing the original testimonials, so that the time taken for data input could be saved. It is observed that it takes atleast 15 minutes for enrolling a person.

[edit] Risks
According to the UIDAI Model, Aadhaar is dependent on biometrics being reliable enough to guarantee that there is a one-to-one correspondence between real people and electronic identities on the CIDR (central ID repository). In December 2010, UIDAI published the report on their proof of concept trial designed to test, among other things, whether biometrics are reliable enough to guarantee that every entry on the CIDR is unique. UIDAI's figures published show error rate at .01% using finger print and iris only, this low rate combined with photograph match can achieve the desired unique identification. There have been concerns expressed in some quarters that the biometrics data is not reliable enough, and that Aadhaar might drown in a sea of false positives. Earlier, in March 2010, three academics published a paper, Fundamental issues in biometric performance testing: A modern statistical and philosophical framework for uncertainty assessment arguing that the level of uncertainty in biometrics is so great that tests tell you nothing, they cannot be used to predict how well biometrics technology will perform in the real world. One of them, Antonio Possolo, is head of the statistical engineering division at the US National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), an organisation that has advised UIDAI in the past. On this occasion, UIDAI has not followed NIST's advice. With its academic support now withdrawn, the outlook for the global mass consumer biometrics industry has darkened, Throwing the towel in. At the same time, governments elsewhere are abandoning ship. NSTIC, the US National Strategy for Trusted Identities in Cyberspace makes no mention of using biometrics. Neither does IdA, the UK plan for digital delivery identity assurance. And Holland has suspended its plan to develop a centralised population register including everyone's biometrics. India may find itself the last adherent of this receding faith. Here's a detailed article about how the implementation is proceeding. UIDAI is using data collected by the Census authorities to prepare the National Population Register(NPR) for creating the UIDs. The NPR is not an exclusive database of Indian Citizens. It contains data on all residents of the country including foreigners. Therefore, issuing UIDs based on the data in the NPR would help illegal migrants get these IDs and would allow them access the government services and programs. Nationality of the individual is one of the variables being recorded during the enumeration of NPR. But the instruction to the Census personnel says:"Nationality of each person has to be asked from the respondent and recorded as declared by him". The officials have been asked to advise people to give correct nationality and that he/she can be penalized for giving false information. Such advise may not work with illegal

migrants. The responsibility of proving the identity still lies on the shoulders of residents and not on UID

National Identify Card

There are many seemingly valid reasons for the development of a National Identity Card for all citizens to ensure proper identification, to thwart illegal immigration and hopefully capture terrorists, and for fraud protection. However, there are many negative aspects to this prospect, too. Of course its all done under the guise of national security but as with the Patriot Act, we need to be vigilant regarding this issue.

Watch Out For Big Brother

One of the top priorities Congress has before it is reforming Americas national security infrastructure and intelligence-gathering services. The 9/11 Commission Report recommended creation of a full-fledged national identification card system, and more importantly, a larger network of screening points inside the United States. The irony of this report is it was created by career politicians recommending an increase in the power of government, although the already oversized government has already demonstrated its inability to protect the American people. Subsequent to that report, the 9/11 Commission Report Implementation Act of 2004, a bill to implement the recommendations of the National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States, was passed for that and for other purposes. A few excerpts from this bill are shown below: 9/11 Commission Report Implementation Act of 2004 - National Intelligence Authority Act of 2004 - Establishes as an independent executive entity the National Intelligence Authority (Authority), headed by a National Intelligence Director (Director), to, among other things: (1) unify and strengthen efforts of the intelligence community (IC); (2) operate the National Counterterrorism Center and national intelligence centers; and (3) establish clear responsibility and accountability for counterterrorism and other intelligence matters relating to U.S. national security.. Directs the Secretary to develop plans: (1) for a comprehensive integrated screening system; (2) to accelerate the full implementation of an automated biometric entry and exit data system for preventing the entry of terrorists; (3) to expedite the processing of registered travelers who enter and exit the United States through a single registered traveler program; and (4) to require biometric passports and other secure identification for all travel into the United States by

U.S. citizens and individuals for whom immigration documentation requirements have previously been waived.

and nationality

Analysis of This Bill

Lets examine two of the clauses in this one paragraph: develop plans: (1) for a comprehensive integrated screening system require biometric passports and other secure identification for all travel into the United States by U.S. citizens and individuals for whom immigration and nationality documentation requirements have previously been waived For clarification, biometric means the statistical analysis of biological observations and phenomena, which leaves the door wide open for interpretation of what that really means in the context of the new law. These two statements apparently have been construed as the authority to create a national identity passport or card.

History of National ID Cards

Americans in the past have rejected the idea of a National ID Card. In 1971, the Social Security Administration rejected the idea of upgrading the Social Security Card to a National ID Card. In 1973, the Health, Education and Welfare (HEW) department concluded that a National ID Card was not desirable. In 1981, the Reagan Administration stated that it was explicitly opposed to the creation of a National ID Card. Even the Clinton Administration rejected the idea. We must remember that this all occurred prior to 9/11. The Canadians rejected a proposal for a National ID Card that would require fingerprints and an iris (eye) scan. The Canadians estimated that this system would cost $5 billion for their 32 million citizens, but in reality it offers no security for the country from terrorists as some experts suspect that even with eye scan cards can be duplicated. National ID Cards are used in many countries around the world including most European countries, Hong Kong, Malaysia, Singapore and Thailand Many developed countries, however, do not have such a card including the United States, New Zealand, Australia, Ireland, the Nordic countries and Sweden The Irish abandoned plans to create a national numbering system and ID card citing very serious privacy issues. Senator Dianne Feinstein, a California Democrat, has even urged that the ID cards contain individuals photographs, fingerprints, and even retina scans.

Pros and Cons of a National ID Card

Advantages of a National ID Card

If every American was forced to carry an ID card, when demanded by a police officer an individual must produce a card. If that individual cannot show the card this leaves the vague possibility that the individual is a terrorist or more likely an illegal alien. To alleviate the very time-consuming waiting period to board aircraft, Federal employees will be able to quickly verify your identity, thus virtually eliminating this cumbersome process. India implemented a National ID Card but it is only used for voter registration and no other function. When making a purchase either via a check or credit card, the ID card can be demanded by the seller hopefully reducing fraud. Many government agencies and some larger corporations already use a smart card technology for accessibility to facilities, by simply waving the card nearby a scanner.

Disadvantages of a National ID Card

The card is perceived to remove more of the citizenrys civil rights. There is an underlying fear that the card will be used against the individual, increasing the power of the authorities. The card creates an uncomfortable sense it is in some way a hostile symbol. As an extreme thought, there is concern that a national ID card is the evil device foretold in the book of Revelations (the Mark of the Beast). There is a fear that people will be reduced to simply numbers. How many laws must be passed to force the citizenry to acknowledge, use and respect the card? We dont need a another card for most Americans already have a photo ID drivers license. A card or numbering system may lead to a situation where government policy becomes technology driven and will occur increasingly through the will of bureaucrats, rather than through law or public process. There are practical and administrative problems that will arise from lost, stolen or damaged cards (estimated at up to several hundred thousand cards per year) Various estimates place the cost of implementing the cards from between $4 billion and $30 billion, and another $3-6 billion to operate the system per year. Concerns over the potential abuse of ID cards by authorities are supported by the experience of countries that have issued such cards. Complaints of harassment, discrimination and denial of service are quite common in some countries. Most Americans are well acquainted with the Soviet Unions internal passport system used for control and surveillance of the population. The system may strongly encourage lucrative fraud. Just imagine the possibilities for fraud as with the well-documented history of green card fraud for illegal aliens if the card is not connected to a national identification database.

Most states already have well-entrenched identification systems via drivers licenses. Most of us have become comfortable carrying a drivers license over the many years that carrying a license became law. But that mushroomed into not only must you have a valid drivers license in the state of New Jersey, you must also show the license, your vehicle registration and proof of insurance if stopped by a cop. Now get this one if you dont have all three, you can be assessed a hefty fine. Opponents fear that a modern national ID system would require Americans to obtain government permission to travel, work, rent or buy housing, obtain medical care, use financial services and make many purchases. The official figure for the Australia card was $820 million over seven years. The originally estimated cost of the proposed ID card failed to take into account such factors as training costs, administrative supervision, staff turnover, holiday and sick leave, compliance costs, and overseas issue of cards. Other costs that are seldom factored into the final figure (as was the case in Australia) are the cost of fraud, an underestimate of the cost of issuing and maintaining cards, and the cost to the private sector. Many experts doubt that the card will thwart terrorism in any way. Finally, all we need do is look at the history of the Social Security card. Its original purpose has been subverted where today your Social Security Number is used by all major credit card companies, as well as medical institutions, as the tracking device for your history.

Implantable Identity Badge

Recently, a company in Florida has marketed computer chips, VeriChips, which can be planted in the skin to access your medical history. The chip (about the size of a grain of rice) doesnt actually contain your medical history; instead it contains a unique 16-digit identification number that can be used to look up the patients medical history on a computer. The chip has recently been approved for patients use by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA).

Advantages of an Implantable Identity Badge

Use of the chip can save lives by making knowledge of a patients allergies, chronic conditions and daily drug consumption (such as insulin) immediately available to emergency personnel or an attending physician. It will lessen medical errors. Other uses may include security access to both governmental and private facilities. Similar Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) tags have been embedded in livestock and family pets for years. The chip may only be read by a scanner a few feet from the wearer negating the concept of a totalitarian government tracking the whereabouts of all of its citizens from space.

The chips are already is use in Spain, Mexico, Britain and Italy by both private and government entities.

Disadvantages of an Implantable Identity Badge

As the chip technology evolves, it raises concerns that have been addressed in various movies wherein the citizens of the state are easily tracked by similar computer chips. Theres nothing stopping the government from mandating that immigrants and people visiting the U.S. must agree to have the chip implanted under their skin, all of course under the guise of national security. These people arent protected by the Constitution. Why is that such as bad thing, you are probably asking? Its a convenient way to get the citizens comfortable with the idea so when legislation is eventually passed mandating that all citizens must have the chip, there will be less resistance from the people. Theres also nothing stopping the government from inserting these chips in the bodies of Federal inmates and military personnel. When the government mandated that all GIs must receive inoculations of the controversial anthrax vaccination, even though the vaccine had a history of major complications, there was a minor rebellion of sorts, with some soldiers and airmen refusing to take the vaccine and thereby facing court martial. In October 2004, a Federal judge ruled that the FDA violated its own rules by approving the vaccine when proof was presented that some vaccinated troops experienced extreme fatigue, joint pain and temporary memory loss after being vaccinated. That is, after 1.2 million troops had already received the vaccination. As the chip technology evolves, as with the possibility of National ID Cards, there will be major impetus to add financial and criminal history to the computer data, which can then be accessed via scanning the 16-digit number embedded in the skin.

Without any additional legislation, government can use the chips to replace the two dog tags that are normally hung around a soldiers neck on a chain, because military personnel must comply with orders regardless of their personal preference or fear. Because of violent deaths in combat zones, often the dog tags are lost making identification of the deceased a more difficult process. In many conflicts, soldiers were ordered to tie one of the dog tags around an ankle so if that individual was decapitated, the rest of the body could be identified. The government can make a case for the value of the implanted chip for identification based upon the aforementioned need. The DNA of all soldiers is registered upon that individual entering service, making identification perhaps more difficult but not insurmountable, negating that argument. As a secondary reason for implementation, if scanning technology improves, the military can argue that they will be able to track the location all of their troops at a given instance. In addition, over the years as more and more people enter and leave the service, more and more Americans will retain the chip which is not easily removed by surgery. Mark my words; although this is currently not policy in the military, Big Brother will take control if afforded the slightest opportunity.

National ID Card and Implantable Identity Badge Conclusions

Both the National ID Card and Implantable Identity Badge are a bad idea, no matter what minor improvements in security or the potential to reduce fraud can be gained. History has shown that when you afford the opportunity for governments to use power they will monitor the activities of its people in an egregious way. If we want to thwart terrorism, why have the politicians not attacked the primary problems, our porous borders and our ludicrous immigration policies? Thats where Congress attention should be focused.

Smart Cards and Their Limitations . Smart Card based solutions are popular in many Banking and E-Governance applications and India is getting ready to a huge investment on Smart Cards in its Citizen ID project. The use of Smart Cards is basically recommended for the higher security that it is proposed to provide for a solution. It is however necessary to recognize that like many other IT solutions Smart Cards have a cost and unless the application justifies the cost and there are no cheaper alternative, there is no need to adopt Smart Cards for a given solution. Typically Smart Cards are used to store information such as health record, the vehicle registration record or drivers license record, Bank record etc. These cards are read using a Smart Card Reader which will be required at all access points. Additionally at the originating end, Smart Card writers are also required. The total cost of Smart Card usage includes a) Smart Card Cost b) Smart Card Reader Cost. c) Smart Card Writer Cost d) Smart Card Implementation Cost There are varieties of Smart Cards from 1 Kb simple storage cards to 4 MB communicating and processing cards. The reader and writer costs also vary according

to the type of cards. In a simple application the Card may cost around RS 75/- the Reader around RS 5000/- to 8000, the writer upto RS 2 lakhs and the implementation nearly RS 50 lakhs. In the case of a Citizen ID card issued at each district head quarters, there will be a need for one writer at each of the district centers. The number of cards required will depend on the number of users (Say 30-50 Crores?) and the number of readers required will be several lakhs. Additionally the readers and writers need replacement and involve a recurring cost also. It appears that the cost of such a project is beyond the scope of the Indian Government in the near future and any attempt made to introduce the project will die a premature death after the pilot stage. The incurring of such costs is not also justified from security point of view since Smart Cards are prone to security risks both at the user level as well as the writing level. If Smart Card writers are to be held at every district in the Country the security risk will be present at each of these centers and such risks will be both technical and manpower based. It is also a myth to consider that Smart Cards are hacker proof. If anything, since the Card to be manipulated may be in the hands of a forger, it is easy to apply the best available technology for hacking and also take as much time as required for hacking the smart card. Hence if the rewards justify, Smart Cards can be hacked and will be hacked. Hence it will be easy for terrorists and those who would like to modify the demographic records of the country to hack and modify Smart Cards issued to Citizens as ID cards. Additionally Smart Cards are prone to Floating Information Risk where manipulated data is never available to authorities for verification and will be floating until a major scam surfaces. An Alternative-DVIIS This discussion on the limitations of Smart Cards would be largely academic and un productive if a proper alternative was not available. However an easy and economical tool is in our hands and it is called DVIIS. This can serve the requirements of Citizen ID at costs such as 1. Rs 10-12 for Cards 2. Use of telephones at access points for information retrieval 3. No special device for writing other than a Secured Web server system If required, readers that cost less than 50 % of smart card readers can be used for

additional convenience. There will be implementation cost which again should be less than in the Smart Card System. An intelligent risk management system makes the system more secure than the Smart Card system. The enormous cost savings that this system would entail for the introduction of Citizen ID system will make this the ideal choice against the presently envisaged Smart Card system. In summary therefore there is a need for E-Governance implementers to look at this alternative before finalizing any Smart Card based project. The solution is backed by an International Patent pending in the name of an Indian Citizen. More details can be had from Na.Vijayashankar, e-mail naavi@vsnl.com. Mobile : 98410-30123

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SIMLIFICATION OF ACCOUNTING PROCEDURE FOR THE USE OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY APRIL 2000 - III

INDIAN CITIZEN CARD SYSTEM NAME AND PHOTOGRAPH DATE OF BIRTH

Ravi Prakash Preface 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Indian Citizen Card System Simplification of Bank Account Number Audit - Verification - Inspection Interest Adjustment Account Instant Local Clearing System Simplification Of LIC Premiun Simplification of Salary Calculation Elimination of % System of Calculation Simplification of Accounting Procedure

ADDRESS FATHER'S NAME TELEPHONE NUMBER OFFICE IDENTITY CODE NUMBER DRIVING LICENSE NEW ACCOUNT NUMBER CREDIT CARD NUMBER VOTERS' LIST NUMBER PASSPORT NUMBER PERSONAL ACCOUNT NUMBER RATION CARD NUMBER ALL IN ONE CARD USEFUL FOR ALL BANKING TRANSACTIONS RECENTLY, A CHENNAI BASED SOFTWARE COMPANY HAS DEVELOPED DISK/CDS OF DIFFERENT SIZES TO STORE INFORMATION WHICH IS USEFUL FOR ALL IN ONE CARD SYSTEM WITH ACCESS CONTROL TO CONCERNED DEPARTMENT AND UNIFORMAITY OF INDIVIDUAL INFORMATION ON COMPUTERISED SYSTEM.

10 Indirect Contorl on Banking Industry and Reorganisation of R.B.I 11 Information Technology Bank of India 12 Inspection Department Closed 13 Distribution of Cooking Gas 14 Import / Export Web Sites 15 Simplification of Railway Luggage Booking 16 Deductions/Recoveries Form Salary 17 Simplification of Salary Circle of Income Tax 18 Simplification of Leave Fare Concession 19 Simplification of Income Tax Return 20 Simplification of Data Entry Procedure 21 Theory of Space Management inDatabase 22 Simplification of Income Tax Form

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