Câu gián tiếp(lùi thì)

- Reported speech -
Khi chuyển từ câu trực tiếp sang câu gián tiếp chúng ta cần chú ý:
- Thay đổi đại từ nhân xưng tính từ sở hữu, đại từ phản thân sao cho phù hợp. (đổi ngôi
cho phù hợp)
- Thay đổi thì của động từ nếu từ thuật lại dùng ở Quá Khứ: said,...
- Thay đổi trạng từ chỉ thời gian hoặc địa điểm.

● Biến đổi thì của động từ và động từ khuyết thiếu theo bảng sau:

Câu trực tiếp Câu gián tiếp Ví dụ

“I need a credit card”, said Trang

HTĐ QKĐ -> Trang said she needed a credit card.

“I am watching TV”, said Trang

HTTD QKTD -> Trang said she was watching TV.

HTHT QKHT “I have bought Huyen a present”, said Trang

-> Trang said she had bought Huyen a present.

QKĐ QKHT “I spent six euros”, said Trang

-> Trang said she had spent six euros.

Quá khứ hoàn “I was watching TV when she came”, said

thành tiếp diễn/ Trang
Quá khứ tiếp quá khứ tiếp
diễn diễn -> Trang said she had been watching TV when
she came.
was/were + V- had been + V-ing
ing Trang said she was watching TV when she
was/were + V-ing came.

Quá khứ hoàn Quá khứ hoàn “I had looked everywhere for my credit card
thành thành before I found it”, said Trang

had + Ved/p2 had + Ved/p2 -> Trang said she had looked everywhere for
 her credit card before she found it.

Am/is/are going Was/were going “I am going to buy a car”, said Trang

to to
-> Trang said she was going to buy a car.

Will Would “I will buy a car”, said Trang

-> Trang said she would buy a car.

Can Could “I can drive a car”, said Trang

-> Trang said she could drive a car.

Must/ have to had to “I must go to the supermarket”, said Trang

Have got had/ had got -> Trang said she had to go to the supermarket.

May Might “I may go shopping this afternoon”, said Trang

-> Trang said she might go shopping that

afternoon.

Needn’t didn’t have to

Shall/ should Should

● Biến đổi đại từ và các từ hạn định theo bảng sau (ngôi, chủ ngữ)

Câu trực tiếp Câu gián tiếp Ví dụ

Chủ ngữ I he/ she

you I/we/they
 we we/they

me him/ her

Tân ngữ you me/ us/ them

us us/ them

my his/ her

Tính từ sở hữu your my/ our/ their

our our/ their

mine his/ hers

Đại từ sở hữu yours mine/ ours/ theirs

ours ours/ theirs

“I love this picture”,

said Trang
the/ that Trang said she loved
this/ that + N(danh từ) that picture.

this/ that + V(động từ) “This is a lovely

Đại từ chỉ định It picture”, said Trang

this: 1 cái ở đây -> Trang said it was a

lovely picture.
that: 1 cái ở kia
“I love these
these: nhiều cái ở đây picture”,said Trang
these/ those + N(danh the/ those
those: nhiều cái ở kia từ) Trang said she loved
those pictures.

“These are lovely

these/ those + V(động pictures”, said Trang
từ) they
-> Trang said they were
lovely pictures.

Biến đổi trạng ngữ chỉ thời gian và nơi chốn theo bảng sau:
 Câu trực tiếp Câu gián tiếp

here (ở đây) there (ở đó)

now(bây giờ)/ then(sau đó)/

at the moment at that moment/ at that time

today/ that day/

tonight that night

the next day/

tomorrow( ngày mai)
the following day

next week/ month/ year the following week/ month/ year

the previous day/

yesterday(ngày hôm qua)
the day before

last week/ month/ year the week/ month/ year before

ago(trước đó) before/ previously

two days before

the day before yesterday: ngày hôm kia
(2 ngày trước đó)

1. She said, "I am reading."

→ She said that………..
2. They said, "We are busy."
→ They said that ……..
3. He said, "I know a better restaurant."
→ He said that..............
4. She said, "I woke up early."
→ She said that..............
II, Dạng câu gián tiếp thường gặp:
1. Câu trần thuật (statement) (câu kể)- Thường có “that”
Câu trần thuật thường được thuật lại bằng 1 số động từ như: said, told, say,...
Công thức:
+ Trực tiếp: say
=> Gián tiếp: say that + clause(mệnh đề)
Vd: Trang said “I’m looking for a new job”
=> Trang said (that) she was looking for a new job.
+ Trực tiếp: say to sb(somebody) : ai đó
=> Gián tiếp: tell sb(somebody) that + clause(mệnh đề).
Vd: “I want a job that pays well” Trang said to me
=> Trang told me (that) she wanted a job that paid well.
Luyện tập:
1, The porter said to me “I'll wake you up when the train arrives in Leeds”
Porter (n): Người vận chuyển hành lý, khuân vác hành lý.
Nhân viên chăm sóc khách hàng or tiếp tân.
=>
2, “After he leaves hospital, they will take him to the South,” the doctor said.
South(n) : hướng Nam >< North : hướng Bắc
=>
3, “I’ve just received a postcard from my sister,” my friend said to me.
Postcard(n) : tấm thiệp, bưu thiếp, danh thiếp
=>
4, “The students also took part in arranging the conference,” the chairman said.
Arrange(v) : thu xếp, chuẩn bị = prepare(bữa ăn )
Conference(n) : hội nghị, cuộc họp
Chairman (n) : chủ tịch
=>
2. Câu hỏi (question):
NOTE:
1. Nếu từ giới thiệu là “say” ta phải chuyển thành “ask, inquire, wonder, want to
know”. Câu hỏi phải chuyển thành câu khẳng định và không còn có dấu ?
2. Không dùng “That” trong câu hỏi và ko đảo (trợ) động từ.
3. Sau “ask” có thể là một tân ngữ gián tiếp nhưng không dùng tân ngữ gián tiếp sau
các từ “inquire, wonder, want to know”.
Công thức:
+ Yes/ No question (sử dụng IF hoặc Whether)
S + asked + (O) If / Whether(liệu là) + S + V
Vd: “Can you speak English ?” he said to me
 => He asked me If/ Whether I could speak EngLish.
=> He wondered if I….
- Không dùng “If” trong câu hỏi lựa chọn, mà dùng “Whether”
Vd: “Do you like coffee or Tea?” I asked the man
=> I asked the man whether he liked coffee or tea.
+ Wh-question (who, what, when, why, how(như thế nào), ..)
Ta sử dụng luôn các từ này khi chuyển sang câu gián tiếp.
S + asked + (O) + Wh-q + S + V
Vd: “Why do you learn English ?” I asked Trang
=> I asked Trang why she learnt/ learned English.
Luyện tập :
1, “Have you travelled abroad much ?” he asked me
=>
2, “Did you watch the detective film on TV yesterday ?” he asked me
=>
3, Trang said to the girl “When did you have this picture ?”
=>
4, The boys said to the old women “What can we do to help you ?”
=>
3. Câu Mệnh Lệnh Thức (Imperative) : thuật lại cái yêu cầu và mệnh lệnh của ai đó.
Công thức:
Told sb(somebody) to V(nguyên thể)
Told sb(somebody) not to V(nguyên thể) st(something)
Vd1:
“Open the door, please ?” he said to me
=> He told me to open the door.
Vd2:
“Don’t talk in the class” the teacher said to us
=> The teacher told us not to talk in the class.
Luyện tập:
1, “give a smile” the photographer said to me.
=>
2, “Don’t be so silly,” the father said to the kid.
=>
3, “Please help me to make a decision” Trang asked her friend
=>

3. Lời mời:
Trực tiếp -> gián tiếp
 + Would you like something(st)
=> Offer somebody(sb) something(st).
+ Would you like to V(nguyên thể) something(st)
=> Invite somebody(sb) to V(nguyên thể) something(st).
Vd:
“Would you like a cup of coffee ?” she said to me
=> She offered me a cup of coffee.
“Would you like to go out tonight?” he asked his girlfriend
=> He invited his girlfriend to go out that night.
4. Lời khuyên:
Trực tiếp -> gián tiếp
+ You had better V(nguyên thể) something(st)
+ Why don’t you V(nguyên thể) something(st)
+ If I were you, I would V(nguyên thể) something(st)
=> S + advise somebody (not) to V(nguyên thể) something(st)
Vd:
“Why don’t you go to see the doctor ?” he said
=> he advised me to go to see the doctor.
5. Lời gợi ý:
Trực tiếp -> gián tiếp
+ Let’s V(nguyên thể) something(st)
+ Shall we V(nguyên thể) something(st)
+ What about V-ing something(st)
+ How about V-ing something(st)
=> S + suggest (not) V-ing something(st)
Vd:
“Let’s go out for a meal !” he said
=> He suggested going out for a meal.
Bài tập:
1. “I want my room to look nice at the festival,” Trang said
=>
2. “We are going to the rice-cooking contest,” said Trang
=>
3. “I will clean all the class windows,” said Trung
=>
4. “My brother doesn’t like eating sticky rice,” said Trang
=>
5. He said to his friend :”I must to go home now”
=>
6. “I can’t speak French,” said trang
=>
7. “What country do you come from?” said Trang
=>
8. “What are you going to study?” asked Trang
=>
9. “Is there a market or a supermarket near here?” the tourist asked trang
=>
10.“Will you have time to play regularly ?” he said to his friend
=>
11.“Don’t believe everything you hear” he said to me
=>
12.“Read it before you sign it,” he said
=>
13.“Come to the cinema with me,” he asked her
=>
14.“Would you like another cup of tea ?” Trang said to me
=>
15.“What about going to see BO GIA on Sunday ?” my sister said to me
=>
16. She said to her husband “you’d better not drink too much”
=>
17.“ Would you like to come over to my house for dinner ?” my friend said to me.
=>