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Casting and Restraining of Animals

This document outlines the key body points of farm animals. It begins by explaining the importance of understanding body points for studying breed characteristics, animal judging, and identifying external abnormalities. It then provides detailed descriptions of the body points of cattle, including locations of major anatomical features like the head, neck, trunk, limbs, and sex-specific areas. Key points covered include the poll, horns, ears, face, nostrils, eyes, jaw, throat, withers, loin, rump, udder, teats, vulva, and major joints of the limbs. The document instructs students to label sketches of sheep, goat, buffalo and camel in their copies.

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muzammilhussain512786
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248 views

Casting and Restraining of Animals

This document outlines the key body points of farm animals. It begins by explaining the importance of understanding body points for studying breed characteristics, animal judging, and identifying external abnormalities. It then provides detailed descriptions of the body points of cattle, including locations of major anatomical features like the head, neck, trunk, limbs, and sex-specific areas. Key points covered include the poll, horns, ears, face, nostrils, eyes, jaw, throat, withers, loin, rump, udder, teats, vulva, and major joints of the limbs. The document instructs students to label sketches of sheep, goat, buffalo and camel in their copies.

Uploaded by

muzammilhussain512786
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Practical 1

BODY POINTS OF FARM ANIMALS


1. Rationale
 In study of breed characteristics, the body points are important for reference
 Judging of animals
 Locating the external abnormalities on body
2. Material and Methods
 Sketch of a cow with labeled body parts
 AV aids for making understating of the comparative concept
3. Body points of Horse

4. Body points of cattle

Dr. Kashif Ishaq Spring 2023 Page 3


The details of body parts of cattle are given below;

 HEAD
Poll: The part immediately.between.and.behind.the horns.
Horns: Paired bony processes that emerge from either side of the poll.
Ears: The organ of hearing, situated just behind and below the horns.
Fore head: From the poll down to the level of the eyes.
Face: From the level of the eyes downward to the nostrils.
Bridge of nose: Area of nasal bone.
Nostrils: Two natural openings for breathing.
Temporal fossa: Depression between the base of the horn and outer angle of the eye.

 Muzzle:
The lower part including nostrils, mouth and a chin
Muffle: Area between the nostrils, which is generally hair-less and black in colour.
Eyes: An organ of sight.
Jaw: Upper jaw is formed by maxilla and premaxilla, and lower jaw by mandible bone.
Cheeks: Area of masseter muscle, the side of the face below the eye and above and to the side of the
mouth.
Jowl: Space between the branches of the lower jaw.
Throat: The upper part of the esophagus just behind the jowl.

 NECK
Crest: Upper ridge of the neck, starting from poll.
Base of the neck: The place where neck joins the body.
Apex of neck: Attachment of the neck to the head.
Hollow of the neck: Hollow area at the base of the neck.
Jugular groove: Running down the lower part on each side of the neck from the angle of the jaw to just
in front of the shoulder.
Dewlap: A pendulous fold of the skin hanging down the lower part of the neck.

 TRUNK (BODY)
Hump: Fleshy protuberance on the top or shoulder of the animal.
Withers: Just behind the hump.
Back: Just behind the withers to the head of the last rib.
Loin: The part of the body lying on each side of the spinal column between the hip bone and last rib.
Rump: Region of sacrum, point of rump is the highest point formed by the sacral tuber.
Dock: The part of the body of animals adjacent to the base of the tail.
Tail: The posterior extremity of an animal.
Switch of tail: Tuft of hair at the end of the tail.
Breast: Lower part of the neck where it joins the body.
Brisket: The part of the lower chest of the animal between the two fore legs.
Chest: Ribs springing from the backbone above and attached to the breastbone below.
Girth: Circumference around the chest, it is just behind the point of elbow.
Belly (Abdomen): The area behind chest carrying alimentary canal and other organs.
Flank: Hollow area between the ribs and hip or hook bone.
Fold of flank: The flap of the skin on its lower border.
Body: Comprises the chest, belly and flank.
Barrel: Comprises belly and flank.
Anus: The posterior opening of alimentary canal under the root of the tail.

Dr. Kashif Ishaq Spring 2023 Page 4


 POINTS PRESENT ONLY IN MALES
Sheath (Prepuce): Flap of skin in the abdominal region.
Penis: The male organ of copulation.
Scrotum: Pouch of skin in which the testicles are lodged.
Testicles: M ale generative glands, which lie in the scrotum.

 POINTS PRESENT ONLY IN FEMALES


Naval flap: Loose skin below the abdomen.
Udder: Mammary gland, the anterior part is called the fore udder and posterior as rear udder.
Teats: Through which the milk is drawn.
Milk vein: Veins on the udder.
Vulva: External opening of the female genital organs situated below the anus.
Escutcheon: A triangular pinkish area below the vulva extending on both sides upto pin bones.
Milk well: The place from where the milk veins enter into the abdominal wall.

 FORE LIMB
Shoulder joint: The joint formed between the scapula and upper end of the humerus. It includes the
point of shoulder and shoulder blade.
Elbow joint: Formed by.the.dorsal end of humerus and proximal end of radius and ulna.
Arm: The region of massive muscle lying over the humerus.
Fore Arm: Region of radius and ulna between elbow and knee joint.
Axilla: The cavity beneath the junction of the arm (region inside the elbow).
Knee-joint: Formed by radius, carpal bones and metacarpal bones.
Fetlock joint: Joint formed by the lower end of the metacarpal bone and the first phalanx with its
sessamoides.
Shank, shin or fore cannon: Portion of the limb below knee joint to fetlock joint.
Dew claws: Two horny callosities behind the fetlock joint.
Pastern: The region below fetlock and above coronet.
Coronet: Region round the top of the hoof.
Hoof: The outer horny covering of the foot, which is divided into two parts called claws.
Cleft of the hoof: Space between the two claws

 HIND LIMB
Hindquarter: Region bounded by rump and dock.
Buttocks: The mass of muscles lying on either side of anus and extending down-wards to the level of
stifle to behind and flank in front.
Hook bones: Bony prominence formed by the external angle of ileum.
Pin bones: The projection of the quarter just below the root of the tail.
Thurl (Hip joint): Midway between hook bones and pin bones (formed by ischiatic tuber).
Thigh: Region of femur bone, which runs from the hip joint to the stifle joint.
Stifle joint: The joint formed by femur, patella and tibia.
Groin: The Inner aspect of thigh.
Hock: Joint formed between the tibia, tarsal bones and metatarsal bones.
Point of hock: The upper most extremity of hock formed by tuber calcis.
Hamstring: The strong tendon running from the muscles of the back of the thigh to the point of hock.

Dr. Kashif Ishaq Spring 2023 Page 5


HOME WORK:
Label the Sketch of Sheep, Goat, Buffalo and camel in your copy

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Dr. Kashif Ishaq Spring 2023 Page 7

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