International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology (IJETT) – Volume 68 Issue 2- Feb 2020

Study of Biomass fuel production from

Different Waste Residues: A Review
1 4 5
V.Sampathkumar , M.Rathipraba2, S.Anandakumar3, N.Jothi Lakshmi , S.Manoj
1
Assistant Professor, Civil Engineering, Kongu Engineering College, Tamilnadu, India,
2
PG Scholar, Civil Engineering, Kongu Engineering College, Tamilnadu, India
3
Professor and Head, Civil Engineering, Kongu Engineering College, Tamilnadu, India
4
Assistant Professor, Civil Engineering, Kongu Engineering College, Tamilnadu, India,
5
Assistant Professor, Civil Engineering, Kongu Engineering College, Tamilnadu, India,

Abstract behaviour of biomass fuel and their characteristics

for the future development of biomass conversion
Due to the increasing population and less process to meet the future energy demand.
availability of biomass resources in the world such as .
coal, charcoal etc., so we need to choose the Keywords: biomass, renewable resources, recovery,
alternative pathway to meet the energy demand in biofuel, waste residues
future. Biomass fuel production have been immersed
as a most suitable method for reducing the usage of I. INTRODUCTION
fossil fuels such as coal, charcoal, oil, natural gas Nowadays, renewable energy sources such as
and also reduces the fossil fuel price in the market. In charcoal, oil etc., are considered as primary energy in
this review mainly discussed about the biofuel the world. Due to the increasing population these
production from the agricultural residues non-renewable energy sources will be depleted
(sugarcane bagasse, cassava waste, rice husk, within the next few years [28]. Emission produced
jastropha, sweet sorghum, groundnut shell, cashew from these resources can cause global warming, acid
shell, almond shell, coffee husk, sunflower leaves rain, urban smog, climatic changes, environmental
etc.,),forestry residues (wood pellets, bamboo sticks,
pollution [18] and numerous health problems to the
sawdust, bark, branches etc.,), industrial residues
human beings such as asthma, lung infection etc., are
such as (paper waste, cotton waste, plastic waste
etc.,) and municipality solid waste by using the caused due to the emission of these non-renewable
following process such as fermentation, gasification, energy resources [17]. In other words, biomass is a
pyrolysis, direct combustion, anaerobic digestion, type of biological matter which is derived from the
chemical conversion and briquetting which living or recently living organisms. Biomass is
undergoes two main processes of analysis such as referred as a plant or plant-based material referring to
proximate analysis and ultimate will be carried out to the organic matter or renewable resources which
determine the moisture content, ash content, fixed comes from plant and animal material. According to
carbon, bulk density, total solids, carbon nitrogen world bioenergy association (WBA) global bioenergy
ratio, calorific value, hydrogen and nitrogen content. statistics of 2016 global final energy consumption is
Main conclusion which is obtained from the various shown in the Fig.1 [36].
studies provides the valuable information about the

Fig. 1. Global final energy consumption in 2013 (WBA)

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 International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology (IJETT) – Volume 68 Issue 2- Feb 2020

Biomass based fuels is one of the renewable dropping and maize silage [4] by using the process
energy fuels because it is derived from the renewable such as pyrolysis, densification, fermentation,
fuels because it is derived from the renewable briquetting and anaerobic digestion [1-25, 29] it
resources such as agricultural, forestry, industrial and undergoes following test such as Moisture content,
municipality residues. Agricultural waste residue is volatile matter, calorific value, Carbon-Nitrogen
considered as one of the main sources of biomass fuel ratio, fixed carbon, ash contents [25, 28, 16] to
production. These residues mainly consist of organic determine better resources for biomass production
waste which contains numerous quantity of waste; it with different with different binders such as cow
is used mainly as a fodder for animals [25]. But dung [21, 9], Cassava, plastic [14], micro algae [8],
major parts of waste are not used properly and these paper waste [29], slop waste [23] and cactus plant
wastes are mainly dumped in the land fill [7]. [21] as binders which is especially made for biomass
briquettes.
Resources which is used for producing
biomass production by using various agricultural Most of the developing countries has
resources such as Jastropha, Sweet Sorghum and promoted biomass energy has followed the biomass
Molasses and food crops such as Cassava[1, 9], rice, conversion process. This process is mainly followed
coconut cashew, citrus [6], micro algae [5], oil, by the countries such as Nigeria, Turkey, Malaysia,
palm, maize [19,21], rice husk [21], animal manure Brazil, India, Iran, Germany, China etc., [32].
[2], lignocelluloidal residues [3], cactus plant [3, 9, According to WBA (world bioenergy association),
24] etc., and household resources such as kitchen share of biomass in final energy consumption in 2014
waste, hotel waste [2] and Municipality waste such as all over the world [36] as shown in the Fig. 2.
Municipal sludge, human excreta, pig slurry, chicken

share of biomass energy consumption in %

70%
60%
50%
40%
30% Traditional biomass
20% Modern biomass
10%
0%

Fig. 2. .Biomass energy consumption of countries in 2014

(https://worldbioenergy.org/uploads/wba%20gbs%202017_hq.pdf)

India is one of the most populated country natural feed stocks [32]. Direct usage of this biomass
in the world which having large quantity of production can cause more emission of smoke. In
agricultural waste are produced per year. These order to control that Indian government has provides
agricultural wastes are mainly disposed by dumping more development schemes for the production of
and burning which causes pollution to the biofuel by the establishment of biogas plant,
environment and health problems to the human briquetting production plant etc.,
beings. So it is necessary to prevent the following
problems and also to explore many other sustainable In Nigeria [1], which is the 7th most
energy resources to meet the energy demand. One of populated country in order to provide sustainable
the main methods of biomass conversion method is development in the country, have to concentrate
biomass consumption process. In India, this method mainly on the solar energy and biomass production.
is used in the ancient time in the form of cow dung Renewable resources available in the Nigeria such as
cake firewood and most of them available in the Jastropha, Sweet Sorghum, Molasses, Food crops,

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 International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology (IJETT) – Volume 68 Issue 2- Feb 2020

forest residues, Municipal solid waste and animal

waste [1]. Brazil can produce biomass production by There are two main sources are the purposely
using the forestry residues, wood-based industry grown energy crops. Energy crops such as woody
residues, agricultural residues (Plants and Animal), crops and agricultural crops such wastes includes the
sewage residue by three stages of analysis of biomass woody residues, forestry residues, temperature crop
resources models high level modeling architecture waste, tropical crop waste, industrial waste, pie waste
[5]. In Iran, biomass production is mainly carried out and municipality waste [28,49,53]. Feed stocks for
by citrus waste due to the huge availability of citrus biomass power generation in India are mainly
waste by food processing industry and lack of depends upon the energy crops for the generation of
maintenance in Iran. These wastes are mainly energy (Eg: bamboo, proposis etc.,) [32]. Agro based
disposed by landfills and animal feed which is industrial Waste which is released from agro based
converted into bioethanol and biogas because this industries such as cotton industrial waste, sugarcane
waste contains numerous polymers of soluble and industrial waste, paper industrial waste [41, 50].
insoluble carbohydrates [6]. Second important sources are agricultural waste such
as waste which comes from the cultivation or
In Turkey, animal waste, Municipality harvesting of agricultural crops such as rice, millets,
waste, forestry waste is used for the biomass jastropha, cassava waste, sweet sorghum, cashew
production [7] and Annual production of waste in the shell, almond shell, agricultural shell, Sugarcane
country is 30 million tons [7]. Turkey has produces bagasse, sunflower leaves, coffee husks, wheat,
1.5 million tons of biodiesel, 3 million tons of barley husk, millet stalk and bamboo stalk etc., [34].
bioethanol, 4 million m3 of bioethanol [7].In Third important sources such as municipality solid
Malaysia, biomass produced by using the following waste [45] such as kitchen waste, slop water, plastics
resources such as timber, oil palm waste, rice husks, etc. Municipal waste which is mainly used as a
coconut trunk fibro, Municipal and sugarcane wastes. binder for the production of biofuel. Fourth important
Malaysia can produce 168 million tons of biomass sources which comes from the forces by-products
produced per year by using these above resources [7]. such as leaves and barks are mainly used as a forest
In Iran, biomass can be produced by the pistachio waste which also includes the waste which is released
waste by the anaerobic digestion and pyrolysis from the forest industrial wastes such as wood
method [20]. Biomass production from crop residues pellets, saw dust etc.,
which includes agricultural and forestry waste
residues which is used for the production of biomass But crop and forest resources are the most abundant
fuel production in European Union (EU) [35]. China resources in many parts of the country [1,7,10,31] in
also use the agricultural and forestry residues which various countries India, Nigeria, china etc.,
is used for the production of biofuel production to agricultural and forestry residues can produces large
meet the future demand due to the increasing demand amount of crop residues remains on agricultural and
for non-renewable resources. In Germany biomass forestry residues remains on agricultural 430Mt [31]
fuel production from agricultural, forestry, industrial and 110Mt of forestry residues[31] are present after
and municipality waste residues for heat and energy the trees are harvested for wood industry, paper
generation. industry etc., The different sources of Bio mass used
for the production of Bio Fuel is shown in Fig.3.

II. SOURCES OF BIOMASS Agricultural

residues

Industrial
Forestry
waste
residues
residues
SOURCES
OF
BIOMASS
Municipal
Animal
solid waste
residues
residues
Fig.3. Sources of Biomass

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 International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology (IJETT) – Volume 68 Issue 2- Feb 2020

III. BIOMASS CONVERSION PROCESS for electricity generation[1].

Biomass is converted into energy by D. Fermentation

numerous methods. Selection of process will
mainly depends upon type and quantity of Fermentation is the biomass conversion
available resources of biomass, environmental method for converting biomass in to bioethanol
standards, economical condition and other fuel. There is numerous numbers of processes
factors. Several methods available to convert that can be used for producing ethanol from
biomass into usable form by the following various plants. Mainly two commonly used
process such as combustion, pyrolysis, processes involved using yeast to ferment the
gasification and biochemical conversion of starch in the plant species to produce ethanol
biomass by using microorganisms during which can be used as fuel transportation. One
fermentation, anaerobic digestion and esterification of the newest processes involved in the process
is used for conversion of energy from the biomass.
is enzyme which is used for the breakdown of
cellulose in the plant fibers for the maximum
A. Pyrolysis
ethanol production. [21].
Pyrolysis is the process of thermal
decomposition of organic matters in the absence E. Anaerobic digestion
of oxygen. This process is relatively a slow
chemical reaction which is occurred at low Digestion process is the process of
temperature to convert biomass into fuel [43, 46]. biochemical conversion of organic material to
Pyrolysis mainly depends upon temperature, biogas by bacteria in the absence of air. Biomss
heating rate, particle size ad catalyst used in this composition is mainly consists of methane
process which is used to convert municipal waste, and carbon di oxide with small amount of
rice husk and bagasse [4, 7]. It is also used to other gases consists of nitrogen, hydrogen,
convert citrus plant into biofuel [6]. hydrogen sulphide, ammonia, water vapor
etc., which depends upon substrate and
B. Direct combustion digestion condition [2].It is one of the widely
used for treating wet organic waste. This process
In this type of biomass conversion is used for degradation of palm mill effluent in
method, biomass resources are directly burned in Nigeria cow dung [4] and pistachio waste [20] is
to the waste to energy plants without undergoes converted into biofuel. In this experiment
any chemical processing for producing steam for showed the COD removal where efficiency will
making electricity [44]. Direct combustion of be 93.65%-97.7% and BOD removal which
coal for producing electricity from the biomass having efficiency of 98.35% [1]. Activities of
resources is one of the most promising biomass have been evaluated by following four
resources for a future production of biomass. It steps namely hydrolysis, acidogenesis,
provides heat energy for industries and home. acetogenesis, and methanogenesis [2,6].
Agricultural waste residues such as bamboo,
rice straw, coffee husk, microalgae etc., [9, 14] a) Hydrolysis:
which is used direct combustion process of It is the process of converting complex
producing biofuel. matter such as carbohydrates, protein, fat, cellulose,
hemicellulose in to smaller molecules such as
sugars and amino acids by a bacteria or enzymes or
C. Gasification
microorganisms such as lipase, hemicellulose or
cellulose etc., and duration of this process varies
Gasification is one of the thermochemical
mainly depends on types of material used [6,17].
conversion processes for converting biomass into
gaseous fuel by means of partial oxidation of the
b) Acidogenesis:
biomass resources at a higher temperature. This Second step will be acidogenesis in a
process is adopted for converting municipal anaerobic digestion process and it is similar to the
waste to biofuel in Nigeria and it is also used for process of fermentation. Same type of
heat generation [1, 48]. Gasification is mainly used microorganisms which is used for hydrolysis
for the conversion of municipal solid waste to process to break down the single molecules such as
biofuels. The main disadvantage of gasification is sugar, amino acid, acetic acid etc., and it also
the absence of waste sorting which causes waste produces carbon dioxide and acetic acid [6,17,21].
that contains substances that are incombustible and
produces inadequate amount of gas that is required c) Acetogenesis:

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 International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology (IJETT) – Volume 68 Issue 2- Feb 2020

Third step will be acetogenesis in a

anaerobic digestion process which cannot be
directly converted to methane will be changed to
methane substrate by methane bacteria which Collection of raw
converts ethanol and fatty acids are converted into materials
carbon dioxide, hydrogen and acetic acid [6,17].

d) Methanogenesis:
Third step will be methanogenesis in a Crushing of raw materials
anaerobic digestion process converting methane
substrate into methane gas through two pathways.
Firstly acetic acid is converted into carbon dioxide
and methane and then combination of carbon Drying of raw materials
dioxide and hydrogen produces methane and water.
Finally it produces a biogas which is converted into
biofuel and also provides digestate, fertilizer and
other products [6,17]. Mixing of raw materials
F. Chemical conversion

The Conversion of biomass resources Making of briquettes by

into gas or fuels by using chemicals which is using compression
used for converting forestry waste and cotton machine
industrial waste in to biofuel.

G. Briquetting Drying of briquettes

Briquetting is the process of biomass

converting technology for producing biomass Final finished product
energy. Briquettes is a process of compressing
material in to small block which can be used as an
alternative fuel wood because briquettes ensure Fig.4. Process of biomass briquetting
cleaner combustion [1,47] and briquetting process
is operated manually by piston press and screw IV. ANALYSIS OF BIOMASS
press [25] but is serving only for house hold There are four methods to analysis the
heating process [27,28]. Because of increased biomass which includes the proximate analysis,
ultimate analysis, physical or chemical composition
generation of biomass resources, briquetting is the
and artificial neural network. First two methods of
most important process of biomass energy
analysis are considered as a common method of
conversion and it is the best solution of reduced
analyzing the biomass [36, 40, 39, 29, 52].
usage of biomass resources because of clear
combustion of briquettes. Increased energy A. Proximate analysis:
efficiency can be done by using hybrid biomass
such as saw dust, rice, millets, jastropha, cassava Proximate analysis is one of the methods to
waste, sweet sorghum, cashew shell, almond shell, analysis a biomass to determine the bulk density,
agricultural shell, Sugarcane bagasse, sunflower volatile matter, moisture content, total dissolved
leaves, coffee husks, wheat, barley husk, millet solids, calorific value which is carried out during the
stalk and bamboo stalk etc.,[1]. Process flow biomass production.
diagram for biomass briquettes as shown in Fig.4.
a) Bulk density:

The bulk density is defined as the ratio of

mass to volume. A container with known volume is
first weighted and then the container filled with the
sample and again reweighted. The difference between
the initial weight of the container and final weight of
the sample will provide bulk density of the biomass.
Bulk density can be calculated by the following
formulae

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 International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology (IJETT) – Volume 68 Issue 2- Feb 2020

Bulk density = (ws-wc)/vs (1) [39] e) Volatile matter and Fixed Carbon:

Where: Volatile matter is defined as the addition of

ws = Weight of the sample along with the container percentage of moisture content and the percentage of
wc = Empty weight of the container ash content. Fixed carbon is defined as the ratio of
vs= Total volume of the sample percentage of ash content and volatile matter. It is
derived from the following formulas
b) Moisture content:
Volatile matter = % moisture content+ % ash content
Sample of weight two grams is taken in to (5) [39]
the already weighted crucible and then the sample is
reweighted along with the crucible. The samples are Fixed Carbon = % ash content + % volatile matter
heated in an oven at a temperature of 100oC to 105oC (6) [39]
for at least four to five hours. Heated samples are
cooled in a room temperature for 24 hours and then f) Carbon Nitrogen Ratio (C: N ratio) and Net
the amount of moisture loss to be determined by the Calorific Value:
following formulae
C: N ratio can be defined as the ratio of
Moisture content (%) = (w2-w3)/(w2-w1) *100 percentage of fixed carbon present in the sample to
(2) [39] the percentage of nitrogen present in the sample and
the net calorific value of the sample is derived by the
combination of calorific value, volatile matter and
Where: moisture content.
w1 = Initial weight of the empty crucible C: N Ratio = % Fixed carbon in the sample / %
w2 = Weight of the sample along with the crucible Nitrogen in the sample
before heating Net calorific value (NCV) = 18.7*(1.0*AC*MC)
w3 = Final weight of the sample along with the *(2.5*MC) (7) [39]
crucible after heating Where:
NCV = Net calorific value
c) Total solids: AC = Ash content
MC = Moisture content
Total solids of biomass can be defined as the
ratio of total percentage to the percentage of moisture B. Ultimate Analysis
content. This can be derived from the following
formulae Ultimate analysis which is used to determine
the amount of hydrogen and nitrogen content present
Total solids (%) = 100% - % moisture content in the biomass.
(3) [39]

d) Ash content: a) Hydrogen Contents:

Sample of weight two gram is taken in to the Presence of hydrogen content can be
already weighted crucible was burned or heated in a determined by taking two grams of samples and
muffle furnace at 7600C to 10000C, this process is allowed to burn completely and the exhaust produced
continued until the samples are completely burned. by the sample is passed through the two grams of
Again cooled in to the room temperature and then the anhydrous CuSO4 and then the colour change is
cooled samples are again weighted. The percentage observed. Final weight of sample is taken after the
of ash content was calculated by using the following complete combustion process. Percentage of
formulae hydrogen content present in the sample is calculated
by using the following formulae
Ash content (%) = (w3-w1) / (w2-w1) * 100%
(4) [39] % Hydrogen content = (Weight of water * Molar
mass of hydrogen / Weight of .sample) * 100% (8)
Where: [39]
w1 = Initial weight of the empty crucible
w2 = Weight of the sample along with the crucible
before heating
w3 = Final weight of the sample along with the
crucible after heating

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 International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology (IJETT) – Volume 68 Issue 2- Feb 2020

b) Nitrogen content: V. ADVANTAGES

Sample of weight two grams are kept in to Biomass conversion method is used to
the digestion flask and add the suitable catalyst and develop sustainable development in Nigeria, Iran,
20 ml of acidic solution is added to the sample and Brazil, Turkey and Malaysia [1, 6-7]. This
then fix the digester after obtaining clear solution. method is very much helpful for producing
After the digestion process can be takes place and biofuel, bioethanol and biomass briquetting in
then it is transferred to the 100 ml volumetric flask, highly populated country to meet the energy
In this stage suitable acid solution and indicator demand for non-renewable sources is mandatory
should be added depends upon the sample and then it [1, 12, 15]. It is used for reducing deforestation,
is diluted with the distilled water of 75 ml. 10 ml of emission of greenhouse gases, recycling and
digest was made with the 20 ml of alkaline solution
reducing of waste generation and also for
and then it is diluted. Amount of nitrogen present in
controls odour and environmental pollution.
the sample can be determined by the following
Biomass conversion method is also used to
formulae
reduce landfill space by recycling of municipal
% N = ( (titre – blank) * Nf * Df * 100%)\ Sw waste and paper waste produced by the industry
(9) [39] [23]. This process is used to achieve some
energy policies of various developing countries
Where: such as Turkey, Sweden, Iran, Brazil and other
N = Normality of solution developing countries. This review provides the
Nf = Factor of nitrogen future guidance for adopting for biofuel
Df = Factor of dilution conversion process and also for analysing the
Sw = Weight of the sample. technologies for environmental life cycle thinking
perspective contributing to their sustainable use is
performed [16]. This biomass conversion process
can be mainly plays a important role in heat and
electricity generation. Heat and electricity
generation from biomass in leading country was
shown in

Fig.5. Electricity generation from biomass in top countries(Data source[37])

0.6

0.5
Heat generation from
biomass(in TJ)

0.4 MUNICIPAL WASTE

INDUSTRIAL WASTE
0.3
SOLID BIOFUEL
0.2
BIOGAS
0.1 LIQUID BIOFUEL

0
AFRICA AMERICA ASIA EUROPE OCEANIA WORLD

Fig.6. Heat generation from biomass in leading countries (Data source [37]

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 International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology (IJETT) – Volume 68 Issue 2- Feb 2020

VI. IMPACTS alternative fuel for industrial use [23]. Residues

such as poultry manure 18.58%, olive residues
Use of agricultural and forestry waste [15, 75% and other residues 42.06% which is used for
51] has chemicals like substances due to the use of electricity production [28]. The main conclusions
fertilizer which can cause unsafe emission. Due to fr om various intentional studi es are provided
the combustion of such biomass can cause emission for addition to future research and development of
of hazardous substances can have an impact of biomass conversion process to meet the global
human health, presence of particulate matter and energy demand. Proximate and ultimate analysis of
certain oxides such as sulphur oxides have been groundnut shell, corn cobs, sheep dung provides
mainly affecting the respiratory system of the better efficiency when compare to others [39]. The
body. According to the recent report on world total of about 540 Mt of crop and forest residues can
health organization (WHO) [18] reveals that the produce about 12% of biofuel consumption of
smoke released by burning of biomass contributes United States. On the basis of proximate and
approximately 3% global burden of disease and it ultimate analysis of rice husk is found to be more
causes 1.6 million premature death every year efficient when compared to wheat straw, mustard
which includes 0.9 million children will death straw and wheat husk.
under 5 years of ages and it also causes numerous
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