Gina Cody School of Engineering and Computer Science

Course: COEN 6851 – Introduction to telecommunication engineering

Fall 2022

PHASE 1 PROJECT REPORT

QUALNET SIMULATION

SUBMITTED BY

KARTHINI RAJASEKHARAN (40238556)

ARUN KUMAR GANESAN (40235409)

Submission Date: 18th Nov 2022

Submitted to:

Dr. Mustafa K. Mehmet Ali, Professor

Introduction:
In a wireless network, the factors must be followed for proper throughput and latency; That is,
distance between nodes and packet transmission interval are to be considered. In this project
the nodes are randomly placed in such a way to get transmission signals. The simulation and
connection are chosen in a way that a minimum of 1000 packets are generated. In part-1 the
nodes are kept randomly close to each other and in part-2 the node 3 is moved away from node
2 and node 1 to observe the packet losses.
The Node connection are as follows:
Transmit Node Receive Node
1 2
2 3
3 1

PART 1
1. The description of the network which includes,

i) Screen shot of the network that is readable.

Fig 1: Network layout for Part 1

Fig 2: Traffic gen configuration between node 3 and node 1

Fig 3 Traffic gen configuration between node 1 and node 2

Fig 4 Traffic gen configuration between node 2 and node 3

Fig 5. Scenario Setting

 ii) Average packet length and average time interval for packet
generation
Average packet length: 2500 bytes
Average time interval for packet generation: 0.5 seconds
iii) Number of packets generated during simulation.

Type Node1 Node2 Node3

Unicast 1120 1059 1039
Broadcast 58 57 57

2. Include the output statistics file. A table where each row gives per node user
packet statistics from top to bottom layer as shown in Table I. Thus, the number of
user packets received from the higher layer and number of user packets sent to the
lower layer at each layer should be entered to the table. Note that the user packets
are referred to as unicast traffic in Qual Net.
Table 1: Number of Unicast and Broadcast packets received by each
layer from the layer above and sent to the layer below by each
transmitting node.

Function Traffic Nodes

Layer
type 1 2 3
unicast 1120 1059 1039
Application sent
broadcast 58 57 57
unicast 1120 1059 1039
received
broadcast 58 57 57
Transport 1120 1059 1039
unicast
sent 58 57 57
broadcast
unicast 1120 1059 1039
received 58 57 57
broadcast
Network
unicast 2051 1901 1818
sent 58 57 57
broadcast
unicast 2051 1901 1818
received
broadcast 58 57 57
unicast 2051 1901 1818
MAC broadcast 61 60 60
sent ACK 1818 2051 1901
RTS 2055 1904 1821
CTS 1818 2051 1901
unicast 2051 1901 1818
broadcast 61 60 60
received ACK 1818 2051 1901
RTS 2055 1904 1821
CTS 1818 2051 1901
Physical
unicast 2051 1901 1818
broadcast 61 60 60
sent ACK 1818 2051 1901
RTS 2055 1904 1821
CTS 1818 2051 1901
 Table 2: Number of Unicast and Broadcast packets received by each layer
fromthe layer below and sent to the layer above by each receiving node.

Traffic Nodes
Layer Function
type 1 2 3
unicast 1039 1120 1059
Application received 114 115 115
broadcast
unicast 1039 1120 1059
sent
broadcast 114 115 115
Transport 1039 1120 1059
unicast
received 114 115 115
broadcast
unicast 1039 1120 1059
sent
broadcast 114 115 115
Network 1818 2051 1901
unicast
received
broadcast 114 115 115
unicast 1818 2051 1901
sent 114 115 115
broadcast
unicast 1818 2051 1901
MAC broadcast 120 121 121
received ACK 2051 1901 1818
RTS 1818 2051 1901
CTS 2051 1901 1818
unicast 1818 2051 1901
broadcast 120 121 121
sent ACK 2051 1901 1818
RTS 1818 2051 1901
CTS 2051 1901 1818
Physical 1818 2051 1901
unicast
broadcast 120 121 121
received ACK 2051 1901 1818
RTS 1818 2051 1901
CTS 2051 1901 1818

3. If the number of packets received and sent by a layer is not equal to each other it
meansthat either packet fragmentation or re-assembly has occurred in the layer.
In such cases, determine the number of fragmented or re-assembled packets.

Node 1 2 3
Network Layer 2051 1901 1818
Transport Layer 1120 1059 1039
Fragment 1439 1313 1213
Created
Packets 508 471 434
Fragmented
 Formula:
Data packets sent unicast in network layer + Unicast data segments sent from the
transport layer = Fragments created + Packets Fragmented

For instance, in node 2,

the packets sent by the network layer and the segments sent by the transport layer
equals to 842. The fragments created and the packets fragmented in node 2 also equals
to 842. And hence, this concludes that fragmentation has happened in this case.
Similarly, the same applies to node 1 and node 3.

4. Explain the relationship between the numbers of ACK, RTS, CTS packets and the
number of unicast packets by taking into account retransmissions.

Given:

ACK received = Unicast sent to the channel

RTS received = CTS packets sent
CTS received = unicast sent to the channel + packets transmitted

In our case,

For Node 1,
ACK received = 2051
RTS received = 1818
CTS received = 2051

For Node 2,
ACK received = 1901
RTS received = 2051
CTS received = 1901

For Node 3,
ACK received = 1818
RTS received = 1901
CTS received = 1818

Thus, Here the ACK received from node 1 is equal to RTS received node 2.

5. Determine and explain packet losses at each layer.

There are no packet losses in the layers. For instance, the value for node 3, being the
transmitting node, in table 1 is 1039 and the value for node 1, being the receiving node in
table 2 is also 1039. In this case, there will be no packet losses as there will be an increase
and decrease in fragmentation that will cancel out with each other and hence the value
turns out to be zero.
 Function Traffic Nodes
Layer
type 1 2 3
unicast 1120 1059 1039
Application sent
broadcast 58 57 57
Receive table:
Traffic Nodes
Layer Function
type 1 2 3
unicast 1039 1120 1059
Application received 114 115 115
broadcast

This depicts, there is no packet losses.

6. Give an account of the number of signals transmitted and received at the physical
layer ateach node. Note that each signal corresponds to a packet transmission or
reception.

For Node 1,
Signal Transmitted at the physical layer = 7803
MAC Layer: Unicast packet sent to channel = 7742
Broadcast packet sent to channel = 61
Here, the signal transmitted at the physical layer and the addition of unicast and broadcast
packet sent to the channel results to give out the same value, that is, 7803.

For Node 2,
Signal Transmitted at the physical layer = 7967
MAC Layer: Unicast packet sent to channel = 7907
Broadcast packet sent to channel = 60
Here, the signal transmitted at the physical layer and the addition of unicast and broadcast
packet sent to the channel results to give out the same value, that is, 7967.

For Node 3,
Signal Transmitted at the physical layer = 7501
MAC Layer: Unicast packet sent to channel = 7441
Broadcast packet sent to channel = 60
Here, the signal transmitted at the physical layer and the addition of unicast and broadcast
packet sent to the channel results to give out the same value, that is, 7501.
 PART 2
1. The description of the network which includes,

i) Screen shot of the network that is readable.

Fig 7: Network Layout for Part 2

Fig 8: Traffic gen configuration between node 3 and node 1

Fig 9: Traffic gen configuration between node 2 and node 3

Fig 10: Traffic gen configuration between node 3 and node 1

 Fig 11 Scenario Properties

i) Average packet length and average time interval for packet

generation
 Average packet length: 2500 bytes
Average time interval for packets generation: 0.5 seconds

ii) Number of packets generated during simulation.

Type Node1 Node2 Node3

unicast 1120 1059 1039
broadcast 58 57 57

2. Include the output statistics file. A table where each row gives per node user
packet statistics from top to bottom layer as shown in Table I. Thus, the number of
user packets received from the higher layer and number of user packets sent to the
lower layer at each layer should be entered to the table. Note that the user packets
are referred to as unicast traffic in QualNet.
Table 1:
Function Traffic Nodes
Layer
type 1 2 3
unicast 1120 1059 1039
Application sent
broadcast 58 57 57
unicast 1120 1059 1039
received
broadcast 58 57 57
Transport 1120 1059 1039
unicast
sent 58 57 57
broadcast
unicast 1120 1059 1039
received 58 57 57
broadcast
Network
unicast 2051 1901 1818
sent 58 57 57
broadcast
unicast 2051 1901 1818
received
broadcast 58 57 57
unicast 2223 1402 712
MAC broadcast 61 60 60
sent ACK 573 2265 1665
RTS 2361 4622 6520
CTS 6268 2293 4912
unicast 2223 1402 712
broadcast 61 60 60
received ACK 573 2265 1665
RTS 2361 4622 6520
CTS 6268 2293 4912
Physical
unicast 2223 1402 712
broadcast 61 60 60
sent ACK 573 2265 1665
RTS 2361 4622 6520
CTS 6268 2293 4912
Table 2:
Traffic Nodes
Layer Function
type 1 2 3
unicast 306 1120 691
Application received 99 105 96
broadcast
unicast 306 1120 691
sent 99 105 96
broadcast
Transport 306 1120 691
unicast
received
broadcast 99 105 96
unicast 306 1120 691
sent
broadcast 99 105 96
Network 514 2051 1430
unicast
received
broadcast 99 105 96
unicast 2223 1402 712
sent 61 60 60
broadcast
unicast 514 2258 1602
MAC broadcast 104 111 101
received ACK 2223 1402 712
RTS 6268 2293 4912
CTS 2228 1901 2025
unicast 514 2258 1602
broadcast 104 111 101
sent ACK 2223 1402 712
RTS 6268 2293 4912
CTS 2228 1901 2025
Physical 514 2258 1602
unicast
broadcast 104 111 101
received ACK 2223 1402 712
RTS 6268 2293 4912
CTS 2228 1901 2025

3. If the number of packets received and sent by a layer is not equal to each other it
meansthat either packet fragmentation or re-assembly has occurred in the layer.
In such cases, determine the number of fragmented or re-assembled packets.

Node 1 2 3
Network Layer 2051 1901 1818
Transport Layer 1120 1059 1039
Fragment 1439 1313 1213
Created
Packets 508 471 434
Fragmented
Formula:
Data packets sent unicast in network layer + Unicast data segments sent from the
transport layer = Fragments created + Packets Fragmented
 For instance, in node 1,
the packets sent by the network layer and the segments sent by the transport layer
equals to 931. The fragments created and the packets fragmented in node 1 also equals
to 931. And hence, this concludes that fragmentation has happened in this case.
Similarly, the same applies to node 2 and node 3.

4. Explain the relationship between the numbers of ACK, RTS, CTS packets and the
number of unicast packets by taking into account the retransmissions.

Given:

Unicast sent = RTS packet sent – RTS retransmission due to timeout- Packets retransmissions
due to timeout

ACK received = Unicast sent to the channel

RTS received = CTS packets sent
CTS received = unicast sent to the channel + packets transmitted

In our case,

For Node 1,
ACK received = 2223
RTS received = 6268
CTS received = 2228

For Node 2,
ACK received = 1402
RTS received = 2293
CTS received = 1901

For Node 3,
ACK received = 712
RTS received = 4912
CTS received = 2025

In this case, since the distance between nodes are more Ack received from node 1 is not
equal to RTS received from node 2.

5. Determine and explain packet losses at each layer.

Packet losses have happened in the layers. For instance, the value for node 3, being the
transmitting node, in table 1 is 1039 and the value for node 1, being the receiving node in
table 2 is also 306. In this case, there will be packet losses with a difference value of 733.
The following Table depicts the Unicast and BroadCast Packets Received and sent by
Application layer:
 Traffic Nodes
Layer Function
type 1 2 3
unicast 306 1120 691
Application received 99 105 96
broadcast

Function Traffic Nodes

Layer
type 1 2 3
unicast 1120 1059 1039
Application sent
broadcast 58 57 57
Thus, we have packet losses in this case.

6. Give an account of the number of signals transmitted and received at the physical
layer ateach node. Note that each signal corresponds to a packet transmission or
reception.

For Node 1,
Signal Transmitted at the physical layer = 11615
MAC Layer: Unicast packet sent to channel = 11554
Broadcast packet sent to channel = 61
Here, the signal transmitted at the physical layer and the addition of unicast and broadcast
packet sent to the channel results to give out the same value, that is, 11615.

For Node 2,
Signal Transmitted at the physical layer = 13851
MAC Layer: Unicast packet sent to channel = 13791
Broadcast packet sent to channel = 60
Here, the signal transmitted at the physical layer and the addition of unicast and broadcast
packet sent to the channel results to give out the same value, that is, 13851.

For Node 3,
Signal Transmitted at the physical layer = 19667
MAC Layer: Unicast packet sent to channel = 19607
Broadcast packet sent to channel = 60
Here, the signal transmitted at the physical layer and the addition of unicast and broadcast
packet sent to the channel results to give out the same value, that is, 19667.
Conclusion:
We infer from part 1 and part 2 is that as distance increases the packet loss increases while
transmission. Also, we could see the fragmentation and re-assembling has occurred at
network layer.