Hindawi Publishing Corporation

Mathematical Problems in Engineering

Volume 2013, Article ID 806873, 7 pages
http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/806873

Research Article
Series Solution for Steady Heat Transfer in a Heat-Generating
Fin with Convection and Radiation

Fazle Mabood,1 Waqar A. Khan,2 and Ahmad Izani Md Ismail1

1
School of Mathematical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Penang, Malaysia
2
Department of Engineering Sciences, National University of Sciences and Technology, PN Engineering College, Karachi 75350, Pakistan

Correspondence should be addressed to Fazle Mabood; mabood1971@yahoo.com

Received 27 May 2013; Accepted 7 August 2013

Academic Editor: Farzad Khani

Copyright © 2013 Fazle Mabood et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License,
which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

The steady heat transfer in a heat-generating fin with simultaneous surface convection and radiation is studied analytically using
optimal homotopy asymptotic method (OHAM). The steady response of the fin depends on the convection-conduction parameter,
radiation-conduction parameter, heat generation parameter, and dimensionless sink temperature. The heat transfer problem is
modeled using two-point boundary value conditions. The results of the dimensionless temperature profile for different values of
convection-conduction, radiation-conduction, heat generation, and sink temperature parameters are presented graphically and in
tabular form. Comparison of the solution using OHAM with homotopy analysis method (HAM) and Runge-Kutta-Fehlberg fourth-
fifth-order numerical method for various values of controlling parameters is presented. The comparison shows that the OHAM
results are in excellent agreement with NM.

1. Introduction provided a series solution for 1D fin problem with constant

heat transfer coefficient and temperature dependent thermal
Fins (extended surfaces) are widely used to enhance the conductivity.
heat transfer rate between a hot surface and its surrounding A variety of approximate analytical methods have been
fluid. Fin applications have included the cooling of computer used to study the transient response of fins. Aziz and Na
processors, air conditioning units, refrigerators, air-cooled [6] presented a coordinate perturbation expansion for the
engines, and oil carrying pipelines. In the past three decades, response of an infinitely long fin due to a step change
fins have gained vast recognition for cooling electronic tools in the base temperature. Chang et al. [7] used the meth-
as heat sinks. The subject of extended surface heat transfer ods of optimal linearization and variational embedding,
is now a fully developed technology but with continuing and Campo [8] utilized variational techniques to analyze
contributions from numerous researchers. Background infor- radiative-convective fins under unsteady operating condi-
mation on heat transfer in extended surfaces may be found tions. Solutions for transient heat transfer were constructed
in the books [1, 2], where the authors have presented wide- for fins by Onur [9]. Aziz and Torabi [10] have presented
ranging coverage of the various facts of this technology. the numerical analysis of transient heat transfer in fin with
Numerous mathematical models related to heat transfer temperature dependent heat transfer coefficient.
in fins of various shapes with different boundary conditions Exact steady-state solutions of 2D models of fin having
are well documented in the research literature. For instance, constant thermal conductivity and heat transfer coefficient
the mathematical analysis of convective fins was first pro- and with no internal heat generation were analyzed in [11–17].
vided by Gardener [3] based on the assumption of constant The addition of internal heat generation function based with
conductivity and a uniform coefficient of convective heat spatial dependence is discussed [18–20].
transfer along the fin surface. Khani et al. [4] presented some In this paper, we used a new approximate method,
exact solutions for 1D fin problem with uniform thermal namely, optimal homotopy asymptotic method [21–27] for
conductivity and heat transfer coefficient. Khani et al. [5] also steady-state heat transfer with internal heat generation fin,
2 Mathematical Problems in Engineering

h, T∞ where 𝑥 is measured from the tip of the fin with the

Insulated tip introduction of the following definitions:
𝜀 Perimeter, P
𝑇 𝑇𝑠 𝑥
𝜃= , 𝜃𝑠 = , 𝑋= , ℎ𝑏 = 𝐶 (𝑇𝑏 − 𝑇𝑠 ) ,
𝑇𝑏 𝑇𝑏 𝑏
Tb k, 𝛼, q̇
ℎ𝑏 𝑃𝑏2 𝜀𝜎𝑃𝑇𝑠3 𝑏2
x 𝑁𝑐 = , 𝑁𝑟 = ,
x=0
Cross-sectional
area, A 𝑘𝐴 𝑘𝐴
x=b 𝑞𝑏̇ 2
𝑄gen = .
Figure 1: A straight fin with constant cross-sectional area. 𝑘𝑇𝑏
(3)

Equations (2) and (3) can be written in dimensionless form

as follows:
and investigated numerically the effects of the different
governing parameters on dimensionless temperature profile 𝑑2 𝜃 𝑁𝑐 2
− (𝜃 − 𝜃𝑠 ) − 𝑁𝑟 (𝜃4 − 𝜃𝑠4 ) + 𝑄gen = 0, (4)
in a nonlinear fin-type problem. For comparison purposes 𝑑𝑋2 (1 − 𝜃𝑠 )
the governing highly nonlinear problem is also solved using
Runge-Kutta-Fehlberg fourth-fifth-order method and homo- 𝜃 (𝑏) = 1, (5)
topy analysis method (HAM) developed by Liao [28].
The paper is planned as follows: in Section 2 we formu- 𝑑𝜃
(0) = 0. (6)
late our nonlinear problem, basic principles of OHAM are 𝑑𝑋
discussed in Section 3, solution of the problem via OHAM
The instantaneous base heat flow is given by:
is presented in Section 4, and Section 5 is reserved for results
and discussion. Conclusions are drawn in Section 6. 𝑑𝑇
𝑞𝑏 = 𝑘𝐴 (𝑏) , (7)
𝑑𝑥
2. Mathematical Formulation which may be expressed in dimensionless form as follows.
Consider a straight fin of constant cross-sectional area 𝐴 𝑞𝑏 𝑏 𝑑𝜃
(rectangular, cylindrical, elliptic, etc.), perimeter of the cross- 𝑄𝑏 = = (1) . (8)
𝑘𝐴𝑇𝑏 𝑑𝑋
section 𝑃, and length 𝑏 as shown in Figure 1. The fin has
a thermal conductivity 𝑘 and a thermal diffusivity 𝛼. The The instantaneous convective heat loss from the fin is given
surface of the fin behaves as a gray diffuse surface with an by
emissivity 𝜀. The fin is deemed to be initially in thermal
equilibrium with the surroundings at temperature 𝑇𝑠 . Its tip is 𝑏
insulated. A volumetric internal heat generation rate 𝑞 ̇ occurs 𝑞𝑐 = 𝑃 ∫ ℎ (𝑇 − 𝑇𝑠 ) 𝑑𝑥, (9)
0
in the fin. The fin loses heat by simultaneous convection and
radiation to its surroundings at temperature 𝑇𝑠 . The same or in dimensionless form as
sink temperature is used for both convection and radiation
𝑞𝑐 𝑏 1
to avoid the introduction of an additional parameter in the 𝑁𝑐 2
𝑄𝑐 = = ∫ (𝜃 − 𝜃𝑠 ) 𝑑𝑋. (10)
problem. 𝑘𝐴𝑇𝑏 (1 − 𝜃𝑠 ) 0
For one-dimensional steady conduction in the fin, the
energy equation may be written as Similarly, the instantaneous radiative heat loss from the fin
can be obtained as
𝑏
𝜕2 𝑇 ℎ𝑃 𝜀𝜎𝑃 (𝑇4 − 𝑇𝑠4 ) 𝑞 ̇ 𝑞𝑟 = 𝜀𝜎𝑃 ∫ (𝑇4 − 𝑇𝑠4 ) 𝑑𝑥, (11)
− (𝑇 − 𝑇 ) − + = 0. (1)
𝑠 0
𝜕𝑥2 𝑘𝐴 𝑘𝐴 𝑘
or in dimensionless form as
The initial and boundary conditions are 𝑞𝑟 𝑏 1
𝑄𝑟 = = 𝑁𝑟 ∫ (𝜃4 − 𝜃𝑠4 ) 𝑑𝑋. (12)
𝑘𝐴𝑇𝑏 0

𝑇 (𝑥) = 𝑇𝑠 , The instantaneous total surface heat loss in dimensionless

𝑇 (𝑏) = 𝑇𝑏 , form is the sum of convective and radiative losses given by
(2) (11) and (13); that is,
𝑑𝑇
(0) = 0, 𝑄loss = 𝑄𝑐 + 𝑄𝑟 . (13)
𝑑𝑥
Mathematical Problems in Engineering 3

The instantaneous rate of energy storage in the fin can be 4. OHAM Solution for Heat-Generating Fin
calculated from the energy balance as follows:
According to the OHAM, (1) can be written as
𝑞stored = 𝑞𝑏 + 𝑞gen − 𝑞loss , (14)
or in dimensionless form as (1 − 𝑝) (𝜃󸀠󸀠 ) − 𝐻 (𝑝)
𝑄stored = 𝑄𝑏 + 𝑄gen − 𝑄loss , (15)
𝑁𝑐 2
where × (𝜃󸀠󸀠 − (𝜃 − 𝜃𝑠 ) − 𝑁𝑟 (𝜃4 − 𝜃𝑠4 ) + 𝑄𝑔 ) = 0,
(1 − 𝜃𝑠 )
𝑞𝑏̇ 2 (22)
𝑄gen = . (16)
𝑘𝑇𝑏
where prime denotes differentiation with respect to 𝑋.
3. Basic Principles of OHAM We consider 𝜃 and 𝐻(𝑝) as follows:

We review the basic principles of OHAM as expounded by 𝜃 = 𝜃0 + 𝑝𝜃1 + 𝑝2 𝜃2 ,

Marinca et al. [21–24] as well as other researchers including (23)
[25, 26]. 𝐻 (𝑝) = 𝑝𝐶1 + 𝑝2 𝐶2 .
(i) Let us consider the following differential equation:
Using (23) in (22) and after some simplifying and rearranging
I [v (𝜔)] + 𝑎 (𝜔) = 0, 𝑥 ∈ Ω, (17) the terms based on the powers of 𝑝, we obtain the zeroth-,
where Ω is problem domain, I(v) = 𝐿(v) + 𝑁(v), first-, and second-order problems as follows.
where 𝐿 and 𝑁 are linear and nonlinear operators, The zeroth-order problem is
v(𝑥) is an unknown function, and 𝑎(𝜔) is a known
function. 𝑑2 𝜃0 (𝑋)
=0 (24)
(ii) Construct an optimal homotopy equation as 𝑑𝑋2
(1 − 𝑝)[𝐿 (𝜙 (𝜔; 𝑝))+𝑎 (𝜔)]−𝐻 (𝑝)[I (𝜙(𝜔; 𝑝))+𝑎 (𝜔)] = 0, with boundary conditions
(18)
𝑑𝜃0 (0)
where 0 ≤ 𝑝 ≤ 1 is an embedding parameter, and 𝜃0 (𝑏) = 1, = 0. (25)
𝑑𝑋
𝐻(𝑝) = ∑𝑚 𝑘
𝑘=1 𝑝 𝐶𝑘 is auxiliary function on which
the convergence of the solution greatly depends. The Its solution is
auxiliary function 𝐻(𝑝) also adjusts the convergence
domain and controls the convergence region. 𝜃0 (𝑋) = 1. (26)
(iii) Expand 𝜙(𝜔; 𝑝, 𝐶𝑗 ) in Taylor’s series about 𝑝. One has
an approximate solution: The first-order problem is
∞
𝜙 (𝜔; 𝑝, 𝐶𝑗 ) = v0 (𝜔) + ∑ v𝑘 (𝜔, 𝐶𝑗 ) 𝑝𝑘 , 𝑗 = 1, 2, 3, . . . . 𝑑2 𝜃1 (𝑋, 𝐶1 ) 𝐶 𝑁 𝜃2 2𝐶 𝑁 𝜃 𝜃
𝑘=1
2
− 𝐶1 𝑄𝑔 + 1 𝑐 𝑠 − 𝐶1 𝑁𝑟 𝜃𝑠4 − 1 𝑐 𝑠 0
(19) 𝑑𝑋 1 − 𝜃𝑠 1 − 𝜃𝑠

Many researchers have observed that the convergence 𝐶1 𝑁𝑐 𝜃02 𝑑2 𝜃0 (𝑋)

+ + 𝐶1 𝑁𝑟 𝜃04 − (1 + 𝐶1 ) =0
of the series equation (19) depends upon 𝐶𝑗 , (𝑗 = 1 − 𝜃𝑠 𝑑𝑋2
1, 2, . . . , 𝑚). If it is convergent, then we obtain (27)
𝑚
̃v = v0 (𝜔) + ∑ v𝑘 (𝜔; 𝐶𝑗 ) . (20) with boundary conditions
𝑘=1
𝑑𝜃1 (0)
(iv) Substituting (20) in (17), we have the following resid- 𝜃1 (𝑏) = 0, =0 (28)
ual: 𝑑𝑋
𝑅 (𝜔; 𝐶𝑗 ) = 𝐿 (̃v (𝜔; 𝐶𝑗 )) + 𝑎 (𝜔) + 𝑁 (̃v (𝜔; 𝐶𝑗 )) . (21) having solution
If 𝑅(𝜔; 𝐶𝑗 ) = 0, then ̃v will be the exact solution. 1 2
For nonlinear problems, generally this will not be the 𝜃1 (𝑋, 𝐶1 ) = (𝑏 𝐶1 𝑁𝑐 − 𝑋2 𝐶1 𝑁𝑐 + 𝑏2 𝐶1 𝑁𝑟 − 𝑋2 𝐶1 𝑁𝑟
2
case. For determining 𝐶𝑗 (𝑗 = 1, 2, . . . , 𝑚), Galerkin’s
Method, Ritz Method, or the method of least squares − 𝑏2 𝐶1 𝑄𝑔 + 𝑋2 𝐶1 𝑄𝑔 − 𝑏2 𝐶1 𝑁𝑐 𝜃𝑠
can be used.
(v) Finally, substitute these constants in (21), and one can +𝑋2 𝐶1 𝑁𝑐 𝜃𝑠 − 𝑏2 𝐶1 𝑁𝑟 𝜃𝑠4 + 𝑋2 𝐶1 𝑁𝑟 𝜃𝑠4 ) .
get the approximate solution. (29)
4 Mathematical Problems in Engineering

Table 1: Comparison of percentage error between OHAM, HAM, and NM for temperature at 𝑁𝑐 = 0.1, 𝑁𝑟 = 0.1, and 𝜃𝑠 = 0.01.

𝑄𝑔 = 0 𝑄𝑔 = 1
𝑋
OHAM HAM NM OHAM error HAM error OHAM HAM NM OHAM error HAM error
0 0.9078 0.9075 0.9078 0 0.033 1.8085 1.8081 1.8085 0 0.022
0.1 0.9088 0.9081 0.9087 0.011 0.066 1.8005 1.8011 1.8007 0.011 0.022
0.2 0.9115 0.9112 0.9115 0 0.032 1.7763 1.7759 1.7770 0.039 0.061
0.3 0.9161 0.9158 0.9161 0 0.032 1.7358 1.7352 1.7375 0.098 0.132
0.4 0.9226 0.9220 0.9224 0.021 0.043 1.6792 1.6788 1.6821 0.172 0.398
0.5 0.9308 0.9302 0.9306 0.021 0.042 1.6065 1.6062 1.6105 0.248 0.266
0.6 0.9410 0.9413 0.9407 0.032 0.063 1.5175 1.5181 1.5224 0.321 0.374
0.7 0.9529 0.9522 0.9526 0.031 0.041 1.4124 1.4111 1.4176 0.366 0.458
0.8 0.9668 0.9671 0.9665 0.031 0.062 1.2911 1.2909 1.2958 0.362 0.378
0.9 0.9825 0.9818 0.9822 0.031 0.04 1.1536 1.1521 1.1567 0.268 0.397
1.0 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 0

Table 2: Comparison of percentage error between OHAM, HAM, and NM for temperature at 𝑁𝑟 = 0.5, 𝑁𝑐 = 0.5, and 𝑄𝑔 = 2.

𝜃𝑠 = 0.01 𝜃𝑠 = 0.4
𝑋
OHAM HAM NM OHAM error HAM error OHAM HAM NM OHAM error HAM error
0 1.3389 1.3373 1.3383 0.044 0.074 1.3886 1.3878 1.3886 0 0.057
0.1 1.3357 1.3350 1.3352 0.277 0.014 1.3847 1.3844 1.3852 0.036 0.057
0.2 1.3256 1.3248 1.3260 0.031 0.090 1.3731 1.3727 1.3748 0.123 0.152
0.3 1.3086 1.3068 1.3106 0.152 0.289 1.3537 1.3540 1.3574 0.272 0.250
0.4 1.2849 1.2821 1.2887 0.295 0.512 1.3265 1.3247 1.3326 0.458 0.592
0.5 1.2544 1.2543 1.2600 0.444 0.452 1.2915 1.2911 1.3000 0.654 0.684
0.6 1.2171 1.2156 1.2243 0.588 0.710 1.2487 1.2472 1.2591 0.826 0.945
0.7 1.1729 1.1717 1.1809 0.677 0.779 1.2012 1.2010 1.2095 0.686 0.702
0.8 1.1221 1.1212 1.1295 0.655 0.734 1.1399 1.1386 1.1402 0.796 0.140
0.9 1.0644 1.0637 1.0694 0.467 0.533 1.0738 1.0725 1.0807 0.638 0.758
1.0 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 0

The second-order problem is − 6𝑏2 𝑋2 𝐶12 𝑁𝑐2 + 𝑋4 𝐶12 𝑁𝑐2 + 6𝑏2 𝐶1 𝑁𝑟 + 15𝑏4 𝐶12 𝑁𝑐 𝑁𝑟

𝑑2 𝜃2 (𝑋, 𝐶1 , 𝐶2 ) 𝐶2 𝑁𝑐 𝜃𝑠2 2𝐶 𝑁 𝜃 𝜃 + 6𝑏2 𝐶12 𝑁𝑟 − 6𝑋2 𝐶12 𝑁𝑟 + 6𝑏2 𝐶2 𝑁𝑟 − 6𝑋2 𝐶2 𝑁𝑟

− 𝐶 𝑄
2 𝑔 + − 𝐶2 𝑁𝑟 𝜃𝑠4 − 2 𝑐 𝑠 0
𝑑𝑋2 1 − 𝜃𝑠 1 − 𝜃𝑠 + 10𝑏4 𝐶12 𝑁𝑟2 − 12𝑏2 𝑋2 𝐶12 𝑁𝑟2 − 18𝑏2 𝑋2 𝐶12 𝑁𝑐 𝑁𝑟
𝐶2 𝑁𝑐 𝜃02 2𝐶1 𝑁𝑐 𝜃𝑠 𝜃1 2𝐶1 𝑁𝑐 𝜃0 𝜃1
+ + 𝐶2 𝑁𝑟 𝜃04 − + + 3𝑋4 𝐶12 𝑁𝑐 𝑁𝑟 − 6𝑏2 𝐶12 𝑄𝑔 + 6𝑋2 𝐶12 𝑄𝑔 − 6𝑏2 𝐶2 𝑄𝑔
1 − 𝜃𝑠 1 − 𝜃𝑠 1 − 𝜃𝑠
𝑑2 𝜃0 (𝑋) 𝑑2 𝜃1 (𝑋, 𝐶1 ) + 2𝑋4 𝐶12 𝑁𝑟2 − 6𝑏2 𝐶1 𝑄𝑔 + 6𝑋2 𝐶1 𝑄𝑔 + 6𝑋2 𝐶2 𝑄𝑔
+ 4𝐶1 𝑁𝑟 𝜃03 𝜃1 − 𝐶2 − (1 + 𝐶1 ) =0
𝑑𝑋2 𝑑𝑋2
(30) − 5𝑏4 𝐶12 𝑁𝑐 𝑄𝑔 + 6𝑏2 𝑋2 𝐶12 𝑁𝑐 𝑄𝑔 − 𝑋4 𝐶12 𝑁𝑐 𝑄𝑔

with boundary conditions − 10𝑏4 𝐶12 𝑁𝑟 𝑄𝑔 + 12𝑏2 𝑋2 𝐶12 𝑁𝑟 𝑄𝑔 − 2𝑋4 𝐶12 𝑁𝑟 𝑄𝑔

𝑑𝜃2 (0) − 6𝑏2 𝐶1 𝑁𝑐 𝜃𝑠 +6𝑋2 𝐶1 𝑁𝑐 𝜃𝑠 −6𝑏2 𝐶12 𝑁𝑐 𝜃𝑠 +6𝑋2 𝐶12 𝑁𝑐 𝜃𝑠

𝜃2 (𝑏) = 0, = 0. (31)
𝑑𝑋
− 6𝑏2 𝐶2 𝑁𝑐 𝜃𝑠 +6𝑋2 𝐶2 𝑁𝑐 𝜃𝑠 −𝑋4 𝐶12 𝑁𝑐2 𝜃𝑠 −5𝑏4 𝐶12 𝑁𝑐2 𝜃𝑠
It is given by
+ 6𝑏2 𝑋2 𝐶12 𝑁𝑐2 𝜃𝑠 −10𝑏4 𝐶12 𝑁𝑐 𝑁𝑟 𝜃𝑠 +12𝑏2 𝑋2 𝐶12 𝑁𝑐 𝑁𝑟 𝜃𝑠
𝜃2 (𝑋, 𝐶1 , 𝐶2 )
− 6𝑏2 𝐶2 𝑁𝑟 𝜃𝑠4 − 2𝑋4 𝐶12 𝑁𝑐 𝑁𝑟 𝜃𝑠 − 6𝑏2 𝐶1 𝑁𝑟 𝜃𝑠4
1
= (6𝑏2 𝐶1 𝑁𝑐 − 6𝑋2 𝐶1 𝑁𝑐 + 6𝑏2 𝐶12 𝑁𝑐 − 6𝑋2 𝐶12 𝑁𝑐 + 6𝑋2 𝐶1 𝑁𝑟 𝜃𝑠4 − 6𝑏2 𝐶12 𝑁𝑟 𝜃𝑠4
12
+ 6𝑏2 𝐶2 𝑁𝑐 − 6𝑋2 𝐶1 𝑁𝑟 − 6𝑋2 𝐶2 𝑁𝑐 + 5𝑏4 𝐶12 𝑁𝑐2 + 6𝑋2 𝐶12 𝑁𝑟 𝜃𝑠4 + 6𝑋2 𝐶2 𝑁𝑟 𝜃𝑠4 − 5𝑏4 𝐶12 𝑁𝑐 𝑁𝑟 𝜃𝑠4
Mathematical Problems in Engineering 5

Table 3: Comparison of OHAM and NM for temperature at 𝑁𝑟 = 0.1, 𝜃𝑠 = 0.1, and 𝑄𝑔 = 0.

𝑁𝑐 = 0.1 𝑁𝑐 = 0.3 𝑁𝑐 = 1
𝑋
OHAM NM % error OHAM NM % error OHAM NM % error
0 0.8172 0.8187 0.183 0.7623 0.7668 0.586 0.6409 0.6465 0.866
0.1 0.8190 0.8190 0 0.7647 0.7691 0.572 0.6445 0.6496 0.785
0.2 0.8245 0.8259 0.169 0.7718 0.7758 0.515 0.6552 0.6592 0.607
0.3 0.8336 0.8348 0.143 0.7883 0.7871 0.152 0.6732 0.6752 0.296
0.4 0.8464 0.8474 0.118 0.8004 0.8029 0.311 0.6983 0.6979 0.057
0.5 0.8629 0.8636 0.081 0.8217 0.8234 0.206 0.7307 0.7375 0.922
0.6 0.8830 0.8834 0.045 0.8579 0.8586 0.081 0.7696 0.7646 0.654
0.7 0.9067 0.9069 0.022 0.8788 0.8788 0 0.8018 0.8096 0.963
0.8 0.9341 0.9341 0 0.9145 0.9138 0.076 0.8693 0.8632 0.707
0.9 0.9652 0.9651 0.010 0.9548 0.9541 0.073 0.9291 0.9263 0.302
1.0 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 0

Table 4: Comparison of OHAM and NM for temperature at 𝑁𝑐 = 0.5, 𝜃𝑠 = 0.3, and 𝑄𝑔 = 1.

𝑁𝑟 = 0.1 𝑁𝑟 = 0.3 𝑁𝑟 = 0.5

𝑋
OHAM NM % error OHAM NM % error OHAM NM % error
0 1.1866 1.1869 0.025 1.1166 1.1204 0.339 1.0521 1.0522 0.009
0.1 1.1848 1.1852 0.033 1.1154 1.1193 0.348 1.0516 1.0518 0.019
0.2 1.1792 1.1801 0.076 1.1119 1.1160 0.367 1.0501 1.0503 0.019
0.3 1.1698 1.1715 0.145 1.1061 1.1104 0.387 1.0477 1.0479 0.019
0.4 1.1568 1.1590 0.189 1.0979 1.1026 0.426 1.0442 1.0445 0.028
0.5 1.1400 1.1435 0.306 1.0874 1.0923 0.448 1.0398 1.0400 0.019
0.6 1.1194 1.1237 0.382 1.0746 1.0795 0.453 1.0342 1.0345 0.028
0.7 1.0952 1.0997 0.409 1.0594 1.0641 0.441 1.0275 1.0278 0.029
0.8 1.0672 1.0713 0.382 1.0419 1.0458 0.373 1.0196 1.0198 0.019
0.9 1.0354 1.0382 0.269 1.0221 1.0245 0.234 1.0104 1.0106 0.019
1.0 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 0

+ 6𝑏2 𝑋2 𝐶12 𝑁𝑐 𝑁𝑟 𝜃𝑠4 − 𝑋4 𝐶12 𝑁𝑐 𝑁𝑟 𝜃𝑠4 − 10𝑏4 𝐶12 𝑁𝑟2 𝜃𝑠4 5. Results and Discussion
+12𝑏2 𝑋2 𝐶12 𝑁𝑟2 𝜃𝑠4 − 2𝑋4 𝐶12 𝑁𝑟2 𝜃𝑠4 ) . Equation (4) shows that fin temperature is based on four
parameters: 𝑁𝑟 , 𝑁𝑐 , 𝜃𝑠 , and 𝑄𝑔 which govern this highly non-
(32) linear second-order differential equation. The effect of each
parameter on fin temperature is tabulated and graphically
The second-order approximate solution by OHAM for 𝑝 = 1 presented for different values of the controlling parameters.
is In order to validate the accuracy of our approximate
solution via OHAM, we have presented a comparative study
𝜃̃ (𝑋, 𝐶1 , 𝐶2 ) = 𝜃0 (𝑋) + 𝜃1 (𝑋, 𝐶1 ) + 𝜃2 (𝑋, 𝐶1 , 𝐶2 ) . (33) of OHAM solution with homotopy analysis method (HAM)
and numerical solution (Runge-Kutta-Fehlberg fourth-fifth-
order method). Table 1 has been prepared to exhibit the com-
We use the method of least squares to obtain 𝐶1 , 𝐶2 the
̃ parison of dimensionless temperature 𝜃 obtained by OHAM,
unknown convergent constant in 𝜃. homotopy analysis method (HAM), and the numerical
In particular case, 𝐶1 = −0.00002137 and 𝐶2 = −0.79986, method (NM) for several values of heat-generating parameter
for 𝑁𝑟 = 0.3, 𝑁𝑐 = 0.3, 𝑄𝑔 = 0.4, 𝜃𝑠 = 0.2, and 𝑏 = 1. 𝑄𝑔 , when other parameters are fixed. It is observed that,
By considering the values of 𝐶1 , 𝐶2 in (33) and after with increasing values of internal heat-generating parameter
simplifying, the second-order approximate analytical OHAM 𝑄𝑔 , the temperature profile gradually increases. Clearly the
solution can be obtained OHAM solutions are very close to the numerical solution as
compared to HAM. This can be seen from the percentage
1
𝜃= 1+ (−0.000002982 + 2.982 × 10−6 𝑋2 ) error in the dimensionless temperature obtained by OHAM,
2 HAM, and NM. The increase in dimensionless temperature 𝜃
(34)
1 is also evident in Table 2, in which we have used different val-
+ (−0.6696 + 0.669596𝑋2 + 5.73 × 10−11 𝑋4 ) . ues of sink temperature parameter 𝜃𝑠 , and other parameters
12
6 Mathematical Problems in Engineering

1.40 1.0
1.35 Qg = 1, 1.5, 1.7, 2
0.9
1.30 Nr = 0.5
1.25 Nc = 0.5 0.8
𝜃 1.20 𝜃s = 0.2 𝜃 Nc = 0.4
𝜃s = 0.05
1.15 0.7 Qg = 0.3
1.10
0.6 Nr = 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, 1
1.05
1.00 0.5
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
X X

OHAM OHAM
NM NM

Figure 2: Effect of internal heat generation on fin dimensionless Figure 4: Effect of radiation parameter on fin dimensionless
temperature for fixed values of 𝑁𝑟 , 𝑁𝑐 , and 𝜃𝑠 . temperature for fixed values of 𝑁𝑐 , 𝜃𝑠 , and 𝑄𝑔 .

1.00 1.00

0.95 0.98

0.90
0.96 Nr = 0.3
Nr = 0.2
𝜃 0.85 𝜃 Nc = 0.3
𝜃s = 0.3
0.94 Qg = 0.4
Qg = 0
0.80
𝜃s = 0.4, 0.3, 0.2, 0.1
0.92
0.75 Nc = 0.1, 0.4, 0.7, 1

0.70 0.90
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
X X

OHAM OHAM
NM NM

Figure 3: Effect of convection parameter on fin dimensionless Figure 5: Effect of sink temperature parameter on fin dimensionless
temperature for fixed values of 𝑁𝑟 , 𝜃𝑠 , and 𝑄𝑔 . temperature for fixed values of 𝑁𝑐 , 𝜃𝑠 , and 𝑄𝑔 .

values are predetermined. From Tables 1 and 2, it is observed In Figures 2, 3, 4, and 5 we depict the dimensionless
that our OHAM solutions are more accurate than HAM; this temperature profile 𝜃 and its variation for different values of
confirms that OHAM is more consistent with approximate parameters. It is important to note that the dimensionless
analytical method than with HAM. The major factor in HAM temperature increases with each controlling parameter.
is its computational time for finding the ℎ (h curve), while
in OHAM the ensuring convergence of the solution depends 6. Conclusion
on parameters 𝐶1 , 𝐶2 , . . ., which are optimally determined,
resultantly HAM in more time consuming than OHAM. We have successfully applied the optimal homotopy asymp-
In Table 3, we show the comparison of dimensionless totic method for the approximate solution of steady state
temperature 𝜃 obtained by OHAM and the numerical method of heat-generating fin with simultaneous surfaces convec-
(NM) for several values of convection parameter 𝑁𝑐 , while tion and radiation. The effects of radiation parameter 𝑁𝑟 ,
other parameters are kept unchanged. It is observed that, with convection parameter 𝑁𝑐 , internal heat-generating parameter
the increase of 𝑁𝑐 , the temperature profile shows decrease, 𝑄𝑔 , and the sink temperature parameter 𝜃𝑠 on temperature
and the same phenomena of decrease in dimensionless profile in the fin are investigated analytically. It is observed
temperature 𝜃 can be observed in Table 4 for different values that dimensionless fin temperature profile is dependent on
of radiation parameter 𝑁𝑟 , when the other parameters values the four parameters 𝑁𝑟 , 𝑁𝑐 , 𝑄𝑔 , and 𝜃𝑠 . Comparison for
are fixed. the dimensionless temperature has been made between the
Mathematical Problems in Engineering 7

solutions obtained using OHAM with HAM and Runge- analytical solution,” Journal of Heat Transfer, vol. 132, no. 3, pp.
Kutta-Fehlberg fourth-fifth-order method. It is found that the 1–8, 2010.
OHAM solution is very close to the numerical solution than [16] Y. Xia and A. M. Jacobi, “An exact solution to steady heat
HAM, which reveals the reliability and efficiency of OHAM. conduction in a two-dimensional slab on a one-dimensional fin:
Approximate analytical solution to highly nonlinear problem application to frosted heat exchangers,” International Journal of
was achieved without any assumption of linearization, and Heat and Mass Transfer, vol. 47, no. 14-16, pp. 3317–3326, 2004.
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vol. 11, no. 1, pp. 147–154, 2010.
[18] A. Aziz, “Effects of internal heat generation, anisotropy, and
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