Endocrine

Because learning changes everything.
Endocrine System
Lecture Outline
Seeley’s ESSENTIALS OF
ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY
Eleventh Edition
Cinnamon VanPutte
Jennifer Regan
Andrew Russo
Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC.
Characteristics 1
• The endocrine system is composed of endocrine glands

and specialized endocrine cells located throughout the
body.
• Endocrine glands and cells secrete minute amounts of

chemical messengers called hormones into the
bloodstream, rather than into a duct.
• Hormones then travel through the general blood circulation

to target tissues or effectors.
Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC. 2
Characteristics 2
• The target tissues have receptors for a specific hormone.
• Hormones produce a particular response in the target

tissues.
Endocrine System Glands
Figure 10.1
Access the text alternative for slide images.
Endocrine System Functions 1
1. Regulation of metabolism
2. Control of food intake and digestion
3. Modulation of tissue development
4. Regulation of ion levels
5. Control of water balance
Endocrine System Functions 2
6. Regulation of cardiovascular function
7. Control of blood glucose and other nutrients
8. Control of reproductive functions
9. Stimulation of uterine contraction and milk release
10. Modulation of immune system function
Types of Hormones
Water-soluble hormones:
• include proteins, peptides, amino acids
• most common type of hormone
• Examples - growth hormone, antidiuretic, prolactin
Lipid-soluble hormones:
• include steroids and eicosanoids
• Examples - Luteinizing hormone, androgens
Effects of Binding Proteins
Figure 10.2
Control of Hormone Secretion 1
• Blood-borne chemicals can directly stimulate the release

of some hormones.
• These chemicals are referred to as humoral stimuli

because they circulate in the blood,
• Humoral refers to body fluids, including blood.

• Hormone release can also be under neural control.
• Following action potentials, neurons release a

neurotransmitter into the synapse with the cells that
produce the hormone.
Control of Hormone Secretion 2
• Hormone release can also be controlled by other

hormones.
• It occurs when a hormone is secreted that, in turn,

stimulates the secretion of other hormones.
• The same three types of stimuli (humoral, neural, and

hormonal) can stimulate or inhibit hormone release.
Control by Humoral Stimuli
Figure 10.3
Control by Neural Stimuli
Figure 10.4
Hormone Receptors and Mechanisms of Action 1
• A hormone can stimulate only the cells that have the

receptor for that hormone.
• The portion of each receptor molecule where a hormone
binds is called a receptor site.
• The receptor site has specificity, allowing only one
hormone to bind to it.
• Some hormones, such as epinephrine, can bind to a
“family” of receptors that are structurally similar.
• This specificity is due to molecular shape and chemical
characteristics.
Hormone Receptors and Mechanisms of Action 2
• Lipid-soluble and water-soluble hormones bind to their

own classes of receptors.
• Lipid-soluble hormones bind to nuclear receptors due to

their lipid solubility and small molecular size allowing to
easily pass through the cell membrane.
• Water-soluble hormones bind to membrane-bound
receptors. Water-soluble hormones are polar molecules
and cannot pass through the cell membrane.
Pituitary Gland 1
• Small gland in brain
• Controlled by hypothalamus
• Divided into 2 regions: anterior and posterior
• Secretes at least 6 hormones
Pituitary Gland 2
Figure 10.12
Hypothalamic Control of the Anterior Pituitary Gland
• The anterior pituitary gland synthesizes hormones under

the control of the hypothalamus.
• Neurons of the hypothalamus secrete releasing

hormones that stimulate the production and secretion of
a specific hormone.
• Inhibiting hormones decrease the secretion of a specific
anterior pituitary hormone
Hypothalamic Control of the Posterior Pituitary
• The posterior pituitary gland stores and releases

hormones produced by neuroendocrine cells in the
hypothalamus.
• The two hormones released from the posterior pituitary

are antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and oxytocin.
Anterior Pituitary Hormones 1
Growth Hormone:
• Target tissues: most tissues
• Functions: stimulates growth of bones, muscles, and

organs
• Abnormalities:
• Too much GH causes giantism
• Too little GH causes pituitary dwarfism
Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH):
• Target tissues: thyroid gland
• Functions: regulates thyroid gland secretions
• Abnormalities:
• Too much TSH, thyroid gland enlarges (goiter)
• Too little TSH, thyroid gland shrinks
Gonadotropin Hormone
Luteinizing Hormone (LH) for females:
• Target tissue: ovaries
• Function: promotes ovulation and progesterone production
LH for males:
• Target tissue: testes
• Function: production of sperm and testosterone
Gonadotropin Hormone
Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH) for females:
• Target tissue: follicles in ovaries
• Function: follicle maturation and estrogen secretion
FSH for males:

• Target tissue: seminiferous tubules (testes)
• Function: sperm production
Prolactin:
• Target tissues: mammary glands and ovaries
• Functions: milk production
Melanocyte Stimulating Hormone (MSH):
• Target tissues: melanocytes in the skin
• Functions: stimulate melanin production in melanocytes
Adrenocorticotrophic Hormone (ACTH):
• Target tissues: cells of adrenal cortex

• Functions: stimulate production of certain corticosteroids
Hormones of the Posterior Pituitary 1
Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH):
• Target tissues: kidneys
• Functions: conserve water
• Abnormalities: Diabetes insipidus

• low ADH
• kidneys to produce large amounts of dilute
• (watery) urine
• can lead to dehydration and thirst
Hormones of the Posterior Pituitary 2
Oxytocin:
• Target tissues: uterus
• Functions: increases uterine contractions during labor
Thyroid Gland
One of largest glands

Requires iodine to function
Secretes thyroid hormone and calcitonin
Thyroid hormones secreted by follicular cells:
• Functions: regulates metabolic rates and is needed for
growth
Calcitonin secreted by parafollicular cells:
• Target tissues: bone and some other tissues
• Function: reduces blood calcium level when high
Thyroid Gland and Parathyroid Glands
(d) ©Victor Eroschenko Figure 10.15

Thyroid Hormone Disorders
Hypothyroidism: Hyperthyroidism:
• Decreased metabolism • Increased metabolism
• Weight gain, reduced • Weight loss, increased
appetite, fatigue appetite, nervousness
• Low temp. and pulse • Higher temp. and pulse
• Dry, cold skin • Warm, flushed skin
• Myxedema in adults • Graves’ disease (leads to
goiter)
• Cretinism in infants
Parathyroid Gland
Parathyroid hormone (PTH):
• Target tissues: bones and kidneys
• Functions: regulates blood Ca2+ levels (more than

calcitonin)
If Ca2+ is low, then osteoclasts break down bone matrix and

less Ca2+ is lost in urine.
If Ca2+ is high, then osteoclasts don’t break down bone

matrix and more Ca2+ is lost in urine.
Adrenal Gland Actions
• The adrenal glands are two small glands located superior

to each kidney
• Each adrenal gland has an inner part, called the adrenal

medulla, and an outer part, called the adrenal cortex.
• The adrenal medulla and the adrenal cortex function as

separate endocrine glands.
Adrenal Glands
(c) ©Victor Eroschenko

Figure 10.18
Adrenal Medulla Hormones 1
Epinephrine/Norepinephrine:
• Target tissues: heart, blood vessels, liver, fat cells
• Functions: released as part of fight or flight response
Regulation of Adrenal Medullary Secretions
Figure 10.19
Adrenal Cortex Hormones 1
Aldosterone:
• Type of mineralocorticoid
• Target tissues: kidneys
• Functions: regulate ion balance, causes Na+ and H2O to
be retained and K+ to be secreted, indirectly involved with
blood pressure and blood volume
Cortisol:
• Type of glucocorticoid
• Target tissues: most
• Functions: increases breakdown of fat and protein for
energy uses reduces inflammatory and immune responses
Androgens:
• Functions:
• Males: secondary sexual characteristics
• Females: sex drive
Pancreas Actions 1
• The pancreas is a mixed gland, with an exocrine portion

and an endocrine portion.
• The exocrine portion of the pancreas secretes digestive

enzymes.
• The endocrine part of the pancreas consists of pancreatic

islets (Islets of Langerhans), which are dispersed
throughout the exocrine portion of the pancreas.
Pancreas Actions 2
• The islets consist of three cell types, each of which

secretes a separate hormone.
• Alpha cells secrete glucagon, beta cells secrete insulin,

and delta cells secrete somatostatin.
• These three hormones regulate the blood levels of

nutrients, especially glucose.
Pancreas Structure
©Biophoto Associates/Science Source

Figure 10.21
Pancreas Hormones 1
Insulin:
• Target tissues: liver, skeletal muscle, adipose tissue
• Functions:
• regulates blood glucose levels
• after a meal glucose levels are high and insulin is secreted
• extra glucose is stored in form of glycogen
Insulin Abnormalities
Diabetes mellitus:
• Causes: too little insulin or faulty insulin receptors
• Symptoms: hyperglycemia, exaggerated appetite, excess

urine, dehydration, thirst, fatigue
• Type I: insulin dependent (daily injections required)

• Type II: insulin independent, often found in obese people,
can be treated with diet but can turn into type I
Pancreas Hormones 2
Glucagon:
• Target tissues: liver
• Function:
• regulates blood glucose levels
• between meals glucose levels drop and glucagon is secreted
• glucagon allows glycogen to be broken down into glucose
Testes Hormone
Testosterone:
• Functions: aids in sperm and reproductive organ

development and function
Ovarian Hormones
Estrogen/Progesterone:
• Functions: involved in uterine and mammary gland

development and menstrual cycle
Thymus Gland Hormone
Thymosin:
• Target tissues: immune system tissues
• Functions: promotes immune system development and

function
Pineal Gland Hormone
Melatonin:
• Target tissues: hypothalamus
• Functions: plays a role in onset of puberty and controls

circadian rhythms. Light affects its function.
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Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC.

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Because learning changes everything.

• The endocrine system is composed of endocrine glands

• Endocrine glands and cells secrete minute amounts of

• Hormones then travel through the general blood circulation

• The target tissues have receptors for a specific hormone.

• Hormones produce a particular response in the target

2. Control of food intake and digestion

3. Modulation of tissue development

4. Regulation of ion levels

5. Control of water balance

6. Regulation of cardiovascular function

7. Control of blood glucose and other nutrients

8. Control of reproductive functions

9. Stimulation of uterine contraction and milk release

10. Modulation of immune system function

• include proteins, peptides, amino acids

• most common type of hormone

• Examples - growth hormone, antidiuretic, prolactin

• Examples - Luteinizing hormone, androgens

• Blood-borne chemicals can directly stimulate the release

• These chemicals are referred to as humoral stimuli

• Humoral refers to body fluids, including blood.

• Following action potentials, neurons release a

• Hormone release can also be controlled by other

• It occurs when a hormone is secreted that, in turn,

• The same three types of stimuli (humoral, neural, and

• A hormone can stimulate only the cells that have the

• Lipid-soluble and water-soluble hormones bind to their

• Lipid-soluble hormones bind to nuclear receptors due to

• Small gland in brain

• Divided into 2 regions: anterior and posterior

• Secretes at least 6 hormones

• The anterior pituitary gland synthesizes hormones under

• Neurons of the hypothalamus secrete releasing

• The posterior pituitary gland stores and releases

• The two hormones released from the posterior pituitary

• Target tissues: most tissues

• Functions: stimulates growth of bones, muscles, and

• Too little GH causes pituitary dwarfism

Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH):

• Target tissues: thyroid gland

• Functions: regulates thyroid gland secretions

• Too little TSH, thyroid gland shrinks

Luteinizing Hormone (LH) for females:

• Target tissue: ovaries

• Function: promotes ovulation and progesterone production

• Function: production of sperm and testosterone

Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH) for females:

• Target tissue: follicles in ovaries

• Function: follicle maturation and estrogen secretion

FSH for males:

• Function: sperm production

• Target tissues: mammary glands and ovaries

• Functions: milk production

Melanocyte Stimulating Hormone (MSH):

• Target tissues: melanocytes in the skin

• Functions: stimulate melanin production in melanocytes

Adrenocorticotrophic Hormone (ACTH):