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    Chapter 5

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    Eimun Purti
    This document discusses various therapeutic approaches and counseling techniques. It covers the nature of psychotherapy and the therapeutic relationship. It then describes different types of therapies including behavior therapy, cognitive therapy, humanistic-existential therapy, and alternative therapies. Specific techniques are outlined for each type like systematic desensitization for behavior therapy and cognitive restructuring for cognitive therapy. The goals and components of the therapeutic relationship are also summarized.

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    Chapter 5

    Uploaded by

    Eimun Purti
    21 views12 pages
    This document discusses various therapeutic approaches and counseling techniques. It covers the nature of psychotherapy and the therapeutic relationship. It then describes different types of therapies including behavior therapy, cognitive therapy, humanistic-existential therapy, and alternative therapies. Specific techniques are outlined for each type like systematic desensitization for behavior therapy and cognitive restructuring for cognitive therapy. The goals and components of the therapeutic relationship are also summarized.

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    This document discusses various therapeutic approaches and counseling techniques. It covers the nature of psychotherapy and the therapeutic relationship. It then describes different types of therapies including behavior therapy, cognitive therapy, humanistic-existential therapy, and alternative therapies. Specific techniques are outlined for each type like systematic desensitization for behavior therapy and cognitive restructuring for cognitive therapy. The goals and components of the therapeutic relationship are also summarized.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    21 views12 pages

    Chapter 5

    Uploaded by

    Eimun Purti
    This document discusses various therapeutic approaches and counseling techniques. It covers the nature of psychotherapy and the therapeutic relationship. It then describes different types of therapies including behavior therapy, cognitive therapy, humanistic-existential therapy, and alternative therapies. Specific techniques are outlined for each type like systematic desensitization for behavior therapy and cognitive restructuring for cognitive therapy. The goals and components of the therapeutic relationship are also summarized.

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    THERAPEUTIC APPROACHES

    AND COUNSELING
    Links - Blade Learner K12 Join Telegram Group Download Notes & PDFs Visit Website

    Contact us - 7319697299 Contactbladelearner.com@gmail.com Click Here – Watch One-Shot Video


    Contents -
    - Nature and process of Psychotherapy therapeutic relationship
    - Types of therapies
    - Behaviour therapy
    - Cognitive therapy
    - Humanistic - exixtential therapy
    - Alternative therapies
    - Rehabilitation of the mentally ill
    Psychotherapy is a voluntary relationship between the one seeking treatment or the client
    and the one who treats or the therapist and is given under therapeutic conditions.

    1. Purpose - to help the client to solve the psychological problems being faced by her or him.
    2. Aim – to change the maladaptive behaviours, decrease the sense of personal distress, and
    help the client to adapt better to their environment.
    3. The relationship is conducive for building the trust of the client so that problems may be
    freely discussed.

    Characteristics -
    1. All psychotherapies are systematic application of some theory or principle.
    2. The therapist must be a trained professional
    3. Psyhotherapy is an interactive process in which two people are involved –
    the client and the therapist
    4. psychotherapy functions, under therapeutic relationship which is trusting,
    accepting; confiding, dynamic professional relationship.
    Goals -
    i. Reinforcing client’s resolve for betterment
    ii. Lessening emotional pressure
    iii. Unfolding the potential for positive growth
    iv. Modifying habits
    v. Changing thinking patterns
    vi. Increasing self- awareness
    vii. Improving interpersonal relations and communication
    viii. Facilitating decision making
    ix. Becoming aware of one’s choices in life
    x. Becoming aware of one’s choices in life.
    xi. Relating to one’s social environment in a more creative and
    self- aware manner.
    Therapeutic relationship –
    The special relationship between the client and the therapist is known as the
    therapeutic relationship or alliance.
    Components:

    1. Contractual nature of the relationship- two willing individuals, the client and the therapist,
    enter into a partnership which aims at helping the client overcome their problems.
    2. Limited duration of the therapy – this alliance lasts until the client becomes able to deal with
    his/ her problem and take control of their life.

    Properties:

    (i) It is a trusting and confiding relationship


    (ii) The high level of trust enables the client to unburden herself/ himself to the
    therapist and confide her/ his psychological and personal problems to the latter.
    A. Behaviour Therapy
    • Focused on the behaviour and thoughts of the client in the present.
    • The past is relevant only to the extent of understanding the origins of the faulty behaviour and thought patterns,
    not relieved.
    • Behaviour therapies are clinical application of learning theories.
    • Consists of a large set of specific techniques and interventions- symptoms of the client and the clinical
    diagnosis are the guiding factors in the selection of the specific techniques or interventions to be applied.
    • Open therapy, i.e. the therapist shares his/her method with the client.

    Method of Treatment:

    (i) the client is interviewed with a view to analyse his/her behaviour patterns.
    (ii) behaviour analysis is conducted to find:
    • malfunctioning behaviours - behaviours which cause distress to the client.
    • antecedent factors - those causes which predispose the person to indulge in that behaviour.
    • maintaining factors - those factors which lead to the persistent of the faulty behaviour.
    (iii) the aim is to eliminate the faulty behaviours and replace them with adaptive behaviour
    patterns.
    - Antecedent Operations –control behaviour by changing something that precedes such a behaviour.
    - Establish Operations –induce a change in behaviour by increasing or decreasing the reinforcing value of a
    particular consequence.
    - Consequent Operations –i.e. giving reinforcements eg- praise

    Behavioural techniques:
    1. Negative reinforcement – following an undesired response with an outcome that is painful or not liked.
    2. Positive reinforcement – given to increase the deficit if an adaptive behaviour occurs rarely
    3. Aversive conditioning – repeated association of undesired response with an aversive consequence
    present reality.
    4. Token economy – give a token as a reward each time a wanted behaviour occurs, which can be
    collected and exchanged for a reward.
    5. Differential reinforcement – unwanted behaviour can be reduced ( negative reinforcement) and wanted
    behaviour (positive reinforcement) can be increased simultaneously.
    6. Systematic desensitization – a technique introduced by WOLPE for treating
    phobias or irrational fears.

    I. the client is interviewed to elicit fear provoking situations.


    I. With the client, the therapist prepares a hierarchy of anxiety –provoking stimuli with the least anxiety
    provoking stimuli at the bottom.
    II. The therapist relaxes the client and asks the client to think about the least anxiety-provoking situation.
    III. The client is asked to stop thinking of the situation if the tension is felt.
    IV. Over sessions, the client is able to imagine more severe fear provoking situations while maintaining the
    relaxation.
    V. The client gets systematically desensitized to the fear.

    7. Modelling – the procedure wherein the client learns to behave in a certain way by observing the
    behaviour of a role model or the therapist who initially acts as the role model. Vicarious learning, learning by
    observing others, is used and through a process of rewarding small changes in the behaviour , the client
    gradually learns to acquire the behaviour of the model.
    B. Cognitive Therapy
    Rational emotive therapy (RET) by Albert Ellis
    • Irrational beliefs mediate between the antecedent events and their consequences.
    • The first step in RET is the antecedent – belief - consequence (ABC) analysis
    (i) Antecedent events, which caused the psychological distress, are noted. Client is interviewed to find out.
    (ii) Irrational beliefs, which are distorting the reality. The therapist encourages this by being accepting,
    empathetic, genuine and warm to the client.

    Aaron Beck’s Cognitive therapy


    (i) Childhood experiences provided by the family and society develop core schemes or systems, which include
    beliefs and action patterns in the individual.
    (ii) Critical events in the individual’s life trigger the core, leading to the development of negative automatic
    thoughts.
    (iii) Negative thoughts are persistent irrational thoughts characterized by cognitive distortions.
    (iv) Dysfunctional cognitive structures; patterns of thought which are general in nature but which distort the
    reality in a negative manner.
    (v)Repeated occurrence of these thoughts leads to the development of feelings of anxiety and depression

    - The therapist uses questioning, which is gentle, non- threatening disputation of


    the client’s beliefs and thoughts.
    - The questions make the client think in a direction opposite to that of the negative
    automatic thoughts meanwhile also gaining insight into his/ her own dysfunctiona schemas.
    Cognitive behaviour therapy (CBT)

    • Short, comprehensive, effective treatment fir a wide range of psychological disorders such as anxiety, depression,
    panic attacks and borderline personality.
    • Adopts a biopsychosocial approach to the delineation of the psychopathology.
    • Combines cognitive therapy with behavioural techniques
    • Rationate –distress has its origins in the biological, psychological and social realms.

    C. Humanisitic – Existential Therapy


    1. Existential therapy (Logotherapy) Victor Frankl;

    - Treatment of the soul


    - Meaning making: process of finding meaning even in life- threatening circumstances, the
    basis of which is a person’s quest for finding the spiritual truth of one’s existence.
    - Spiritual unconscious; the storehouse of love, aesthetic awareness and values of life.
    - Existential anxiety; neurotic anxiety of spiritual origin (spiritual anxieties leading to
    meaninglessness)
    - goal: to help the patients find meaning and responsibility in their life irrespective of their life circumstances.
    - The therapist emphasizes the unique of the patient’s life and is open (shares his/her feelings, values and self
    concept ideologies)
    - Emphasis is on here and now, the therapist reminds the client about the immediacy of the present.

    2. Client –centered therapy ( Carl Rogers )


    - Introduced the concept of self and freedom and choice as the core of one’s being
    - Provides a warm relationship in which the client can reconnect with his/ her disintegrated feelings.
    - Basic tenets are warmth, empathy and unconditional positive regard
    3. Gestalt therapy (Frederick and Laura Pearl)
    - Goal to increase an individual an individual’s self awareness and self acceptance.
    - Client is taught to recognize the bodily processes and the emotiona that are being blocked out from
    consciousness.
    - Therapist encourages the client to act out fantasies about feelings and conflicts can also be used in group
    settings.

    D. Alternative Therapies
    Yoga-
    - an ancient Indian technique detailed in the ashtang yoga of Patanjali.
    - Refers to only the asanas (body posture component) or to pranayama (breathing practices)
    - Techniques enhance well- being, mood, attention, mental focus, and stress tolerance.
    - reduces the time to go to sleep and improves the quality of sleep.
    ❖Factors Contributing To Healing ;-
    1. Technique –adopted by the therapist and the implementation of the same with the client.
    2. The therapeutic alliance, which is formed between the therapist and the patient/ client, has healing
    properties, because of the regular availability of the therapist, and the warmth and empathy provided by the
    therapist.
    3. Catharsis

    ❖ Ethics in psychotherapy ;-

    - informed consent
    - Confidentiality
    - Integrity
    - Respect
    - Professional competence

    1. Occupational therapy- candle making, paper bag making etc to help form a work discipline.
    2. Vocational therapy – once the patient improves enough, gains skills necessary to secure employment.
    3. social skills training- develop interpersonal skills through role play, imitation etc.
    4. Cognitive restraining –improves the basic cognitive functions of attention, memory and execution function.

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