PAMANTASAN NG LUNGSOD NG MAYNILA  Oman

BACHELOR OF SECONDARY EDUCATION  Yemen

MAJOR IN SOCIAL STUDIES  Kuwait
 Bahrain
ASIAN STUDIES  Qatar
MIDTERMS REVIEWER  Saudi Arabia

1. LANDFORMS – a landform is a surface

I. GEOGRAPHICAL FEATURES feature that is a component of the terrain.
 Locations, sites, areas, and regions are all
terms for geographical characteristics, often 4 MAINTYPES OF LANDFORMS:
known as geographical features. 1. PLAINS
 It is a discrete phenomenon that exists at a  A plain is a broad area of relatively flat land.
location in the space and scale of relevance to Plains are one of the major landforms, or types
geography. A natural feature is a phenomenon of land, on Earth. They cover more than one-
that was not created by humans but is a part of third of the world’s land area. Plains exist on
the natural world. every continent.
ASIA: PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY  In North America, temperate grasslands—those
found in regions with cold winters and pleasant
CENTRAL ASIA EAST ASIA summers—are frequently referred to as
 Tajikistan  China prairies.
 Uzbekistan  Mongolia  In Central Luzon, there is the widest plain. It is
 Kazakhstan  North Korea also referred as the nation's rice granary. The
 Turkmenistan  South Korea Panay and Negros plains in the Visayas are
 Kyrgyzstan  Japan rich. Cotabato, Davao, and Agusan are among
 Hong Kong the Mindanao the provinces with expansive
 Taiwan plains.
 Macau 2. MOUNTAINS - Mountains are land physical
SOUTH ASIA SOUTHEAST ASIA features that extend far above hills and very far
 Sri Lanka  Brunei above the surface of the land, having a high top
 Bangladesh  Cambodia that is frequently shaped into a peak. They are
 India  Indonesia made possible by the earth's extraordinary
 Afghanistan  Laos forces, such volcanic eruptions.
 Pakistan  Malaysia  Mt. Pulag (Benguet)
 Bhutan  Myanmar
 Mt. Ulap (Itogon, Benguet)
 Nepal  Philippines
 Mt. Daraitan (Tanay, Rizal)
 Iran  Singapore
 Maldives  Thailand  Mt. Batulao (Nasugbu, Batangas)
 Timor Leste  Mt. Pico de Loro (Batangas)
 Vietnam  Mt. Apo (Cotabato & Davao del Sur)
WESTERN ASIA  Mt. Batolusong (Tanay, Rizal)
 Georgia  Marlboro Country (Sagada)
 Armenia 3. HILLS
 Azerbaijan  A piece of land that rises above everything
 Turkey around it is called a hill. It appears to be a small
 Cyprus Earthly bump. Hills are good places to gain a
 Syria nice view because they are higher than
 Lebanon anything else around them. Mountains are more
 Israel difficult to climb than hills.
 Palestine  Water can be found in plenty in the highlands.
 Jordan The glaciers in the hills are the source of many
 Iraq
 rivers. Water is captured and stored in dams for and deep or it may be only shallow enough to
human and animal consumption. wade across. Rivers are absolutely necessary
4. VALLEYS - A valley is a long, low terrain that for nature, human livelihoods, and access to
frequently spans between hills or mountains. It clean drinking water. Sadly, they continue to be
generally has a river or stream that flows from in danger.
one end to the other. The majority of valleys are  Rivers are large streams that flow over the land.
created by rivers or streams eroding the land's They are hence large flowing water bodies.
surface over a very lengthy period of time. Rivers are freshwater bodies which generally
originate in mountainous areas or elevated
areas. Rivers are absolutely vital: for fresh
2. BODIES OF WATER drinking water, for people's livelihoods and for
nature. Unfortunately, they're still threatened.
OCEANS
We must commit to recovering freshwater
 More than 70% of Earth's surface is covered by biodiversity, restoring natural river flows and
the ocean, a never-ending mass of salt water. cleaning up polluted water for people and
Ocean currents churn a kaleidoscope of life nature to thrive.
while controlling global weather. These
AMUR RIVER – longest river in Asia and it runs
crowded waterways are essential to human
through Russia, China, and Mongolia.
comfort and existence, yet overfishing and
global warming are endangering the planet's RIVERS IN THE PHILIPPINES:
largest environment.
 Cagayan River
 Geographers divide the ocean into five major
basins: the Pacific, Atlantic, Indian, Arctic, and  Pasig River
Southern.  Davao River
 Agusan River
SEAS - A sea is defined as a portion of the ocean
that is partly surrounded by land. In terms of
geography, seas are smaller than oceans and are
usually located where the land and ocean meet.
Typically, seas are partially enclosed by land. II. EVOLUTION OF EARLY MAN IN ASIA

LAKES 1. CREATIONISM V.S. EVOLUTIONISM

 Lakes are bodies of freshwater entirely CREATIONISM
surrounded by land. There are lakes on every
continent and in every ecosystem. A lake is an  The belief that the universe and the various
area filled with water, localized in a basin, forms of life were created by God out of
surrounded by land, and distinct from any river nothing.
or other outlet that serves to feed or drain the  Deeply rooted in and widely adhered by the
lake. Christianity faith, although a big number of its
 Since lakes are located on land and not part of proponents and adherents also came from the
a oceans, they do contribute to the Earth's Islamic and Jewish faith.
water cycle much like the much bigger oceans  An ideology as old as religion and faith
do. lakes contribute a great value to human
beings, as they provide us with our life source PARTITION BETWEEN THE ADHERENTS (THE
which is water. The advantages which are 6-DAY CREATION)
benefited from rivers and lakes cannot be
merely numbered.
RIVERS

 A river is a body of water that resembles a

ribbon and moves downward under the
influence of gravity. A river may be both large
 YOUNG-EARTH CREATIONIST - They view microscopic one. Discussed the importance of
the 6-day creation as a literal six day, that to sexual selection and its effect on the continuous
our modern time each day is comprise of 24- lineage/change of a specie.
Hours. Meaning, the creation took place on 6
literal days. They conclude that the Earth is still EVOLUTIONARY THEORIES
young, believing it to be approximately 6 to 12
PROTO-EVOLUTIONISM - These Early
thousand years old.
evolutionary thoughts/Ideas mostly focused on
 OLD-EARTH CREATIONIST - They see the 6-
development of plants and Animals.
day creation in an allegorical way, and instead
see as thousand to million years, even billion  ANAXIMANDER OF MILETUS (GREECE, 500
years, before the said state of how the condition BCE) – Human babies are rendered helpless
of the Earth came into being. As they accept without the help of a guiding figure. Our distant
fossil evidence of existence rather than purely ancestors are fishes since parental fishes lay
relying on the biblical approach. Arises due to eggs and let it alone to survive and concluded
unable to give the age of the earth and the that human life started and evolve in the
measurement as to how long the said days sea/water.
lasts.
GAP THEORY/GAP CREATIONISM - using the DARWINISM - family of evolutionary theory, started
verses Genesis 1:1 and Genesis 1:2, the by Charles Darwin, they believe that species
connection of the two is vague resulting to them undergone rigorous development to withstand
that the verse encompasses a long period of time. change and survive.
FOSSIL EVIDENCE - The different fossil evidence THEORY OF EVOLUTION - The theory of
shows that the extinction and growth of certain evolution or “theory of evolution by natural
species came about into different big gap of time selection,” which was proposed by Charles Darwin
period, making them conclude that specie and Alfred Russel Wallace in the nineteenth
maturation occur gradually and not on the same century.
time as how the book of genesis said be.
3 POINTS OF THIS THEORY OF EVOLUTION:
 OLDEST SEA ANIMAL FOSSIL –
Cymbospondylus youngorum (dated 246 million 1. Species of organisms now on earth have
years ago/ Nevada USA). descended by a long, gradual process of
modification.
 OLDEST PLANT FOSSIL - Proterocladus
2. The chief cause of the transmutation of species
antiquus (approximately billion years ago/
is natural selection which acts on populations of
China).
organisms causing different survivability.
 Genesis 1: 12-13 Day 3 – Vegetation and
3. Natural selection accounts for the adaptations
Plants
of viable organisms to widely different
 Genesis 1: 21-23 Day 5 – Sea and Air animals
conditions of life.
 Genesis 1: 24-26 Day 6 – Land animals, and EVIDENCE OF EVOLUTIONS:
the Human race
1. FOSSIL LAYERS - The age of fossils indicates
EVOLUTIONISM - A family of ideas which affirm the familiarity of the organism
that the universe and some or all of its parts have 2. SIMILARITIES AMONG LIVING ORGANISMS
undergone irreversible, cumulative changes - Some species came from the same lineage
(Evolution). but evolves differently to adapt on their
environment.
EVOLUTIONISM IN THE 18TH-19TH CENTURY - 3. ANCIENT ORGANISM REMAIN - Extinct
The era where most idea of Evolution takes place, animals shows similarities to today's species of
and inspirations from what Evolutionism we know animals and indicates change in lifespan.
now. 4. EMBRYOS – Similarity in the embryotic stages
 ERASMUS DARWING (ENGLAND, 1731- indicates a possibility of the same ancestry.
1802) - All living organism spawn from a small,
 2. ASIA AS HOME OF THE EARLIEST MAN  URAHA 501 JAWBONE - (Uraha hill in Malawi,
IN ASIA Africa, 1980). Dated back 2.5 million years ago.
The oldest Homo specie to be recorded.
MESOPOTAMIA AS THE CRADLE OF
 JAVA MAN - (Java Indonesia, 1891) Dated
CIVILIZATION OF ASIA:
back 700,000 – 2,000,000 years ago. Oldest
 “The land between the rivers" (Tigris and specimen of human evolution to navigate land.
Euphrates) (6 thousand years ago/ 400 BCE)  PEKING MAN - (Zhoukoudian Cave in China,
 Now situated as modern-day Iraq, but also 1921) Dated back 400,000 years ago. Said to
included parts of Syria, Turkey and Iran be a direct Asian human ancestor proving Out-
 The strategic location of the Mesopotamian of-Asia theory.
landmass makes it that the two bodies of water  DALI MAN - (Shaanxi Province in China, 1978)
enrich the land, making it why Mesopotamia Dated back 200,000 years ago. proves as
developed complex societies and innovations evidence of out-of- Africa theory in Southeast
Asia
LEMURIA: THE LOST CONTINENT OF ASIA:  TABON MAN - (Tabon Cave in Quezon,
 PHILIP LUTLEY SCLATER (BRITAIN, 1864) - Palawan, 1962) Dated back 37-47 thousand
He explained in his publication “The Mammals years ago. The oldest Homo- Sapiens that
of Madagascar” that there were many more proves the existence of Human presence and
species of Lemur an Anthropoid-Simian in inhabitant in the country.
Madagascar than there were in either Africa or  CALLAO MAN - (Callao cave in Peñabalnca in
India. Tugegarao, 2007) Dated back 70,000 years
 There must be a landmass between these ago. The oldest Homo-Sapiens to reach and
places to help them cross since its separated inhabit the country through sea travel.
by a huge body of water.  AFRASIA DJIJIDAE - (Mogaung Myanmar,
 2013 – Fragments of Granite was found on the 2014) dated back 37 million years ago, and
land bed on the southern part of the Indian  AFROTARSIUS LIBYCUS - (Sahar Desert,
Ocean, alongside a hundred miles long land Libya, 2010) dated back 38 million years ago.
shelf towards Mauritius (An African country in  An Anthropoid-Simian that are related to ecah.
the Indian Ocean) indicating a presence of a African fossil is more developed but the Asian is
landform. elder.

THE MIGRATION 5. PALEOLITHIC AGE

 OUT-OF-ASIA THEORY - It explains that  is an ancient cultural stage of human
Anthropoids found in Africa can dates back its technological development, characterized by
ancestry in Asia. the creation and use of rudimentary chipped
 OUT-OF-AFRICA THEORY - The Human stone tools.
evolution first takes place in East Africa, and  was also characterized by the manufacture of
disperses to populate the world small sculptures (e.g., carved stone statuettes
of women, clay figurines of animals, and other
THE HUMAN SPECIE bone and ivory carvings) and paintings, incised
designs, and reliefs on cave walls.
 HOME ERECTUS - The upright man, the oldest
 The simplest form of these are the stone tools
traceable fossil/ancestry remains known to
from the Paleolithic Period, which occurred
have a close evolution as for the modern
during the Middle Pleistocene at 1.2 million
humans.
years BP to the Middle to Late Holocene (4000
 SIMIAN - "The higher primates" a classification
years BP). It is composed of flake tools, cobble
of primate ancestry lineage, where Homo
tools, and hand axes. Notable artifacts from this
(Humans) also belong.
period include the Arubo hand axe from Nueva
KEY HUMAN SPECIE SPECIMENS FOUND IN Ecija, and the stone tools from Rizal, Kalinga,
ASIA, WITH CLOSE ASSOCIATION AS TO A which were found associated with butchered
MODERN HUMAN: megafaunal remains – the earliest evidence of
 human activity in the Philippines dated at  women not only carried out reproduction
around 709,000 years ago. and maintenance tasks but also participated
in work outside the domestic sphere.
STAGES OF PALEOLITICO:

 LOWER PALEOLITHIC - This period 6. NEOLITHIC AGE - Last stage of the Stone Age
constitutes the first and longest prehistory. It is and this was the period where polished stone is
believed that it began around the year known and widely used in hunting tools and
2,850,000 BC and extends until the year other jobs such as cattle ranching and
250,000 BC where man was characterized by agriculture, as well as making cloth
living in caves in order to protect himself from
OBSIDIAN TOOLS - These tools were probably
animal attacks and at the same time from the
used for cutting and chopping. Obsidian is a
freezing climate. Here “Homo habilis” is the first
naturally occurring volcanic glass and is not local to
species to make tools with stones. The fire was
Mesopotamia. It was most likely imported from
the invention that most helped them survive and
modern Afghanistan. These tools were found at Tell
is believed to be the “Homo erectus” the first
Shemshara (modern Lake Dukan), Tell Basmosian,
master. (Sangiran Homo Erectus)
and Qurashina (modern Sulaimaniya Governorate,
 MIDDLE PALEOLITHIC - Middle Paleolithic Iraq).
sites moreover show the presence of local
traditions and variation. Human groups still DEVELOPMENT OF HUMAN TRAITS - The man
mostly used natural shelters such as caves and who lived in this stage of history became known as
rock shelters, but these now slowly began to Homosapiens and this is due to all the development
have separate areas designated for specific or advancement that humanity had in this period of
activities, and fire and hearths become much time.
more common. Associated humans are most
SOCIETY IN THE NEOLITHIC
prominently the Neanderthals (Mousterian
industry) but also early Homo sapiens. (Homo  stops being nomadic and permanently settles in
Sapiens) regions, managing to build towns and villages.
 UPPER PALEOLITHIC - The Upper- or Late  manages to develop stronger and more durable
Paleolithic industry (c. 50,000/40,000- c. 10,000 tools with polished stone, it works the field
years ago) represented an explosion in tool through agriculture and with the help of
diversity. Stone gave up its status as prime domesticated animals it manages to transport
source material to stuff such as bone, antler, everything it produces more easily and on a
and ivory, which were shaped into intricate larger scale, thus contributing to trade.
needles, points and burins (engravers/chisels
with sharp, chiseled points or edges) – although PALEOLITHIC AGE NEOLITHIC AGE
blade tools made of stone were still created, Paleolithic age is the Neolithic age is the last
too. (Homo Sapiens) first phase of the Stone phase of the Stone
Age. Age.
DEVELOPMENT OF HUMAN TRAITS During Paleolithic age, During Neolithic age,
ancient humans were humans shifted from
 The main characteristic that triggers the hunters and gatherers hunter/gatherer life to
development of human features is bipedalism and had a mostly agriculture and food
(walking upright with the feet). nomadic lifestyle. production and started
 Brain evolution and the growth of brain capacity a sedentary lifestyle.
Paleolithic humans Neolithic humans
SOCIETY IN THE PALEOLITHIC hunted wild animals, obtained food through
fished, and gathered farming and
 man was characterized by leading a nomadic
fruits and berries. domesticated animals.
lifestyle Paleolithic age, Neolithic age, humans
 roles in these groups began to be used to humans lived in caves lived in huts, in
achieve different tasks at the same time: permanent villages.
 The men were the ones who did the hunting Paleolithic humans Neolithic humans,
and protection tasks. made simple tools made complex tools
 out of stones, and out of various metals  PERSIANS - The Persian Empire emerged
they were capable of like copper and bronze, under the leadership of Cyrus II, who
making fires. build mud and brick conquered the neighboring Median Empire
houses as well as ruled by his grandfather. From then on Cyrus
places of worship. was called the “shah,” or king, of Persia.
Paleolithic humans Neolithic humans made Eventually he was known as Cyrus the Great.
made cave paintings. complex carvings,
Cyrus was unlike other emperors because he
pottery, tombs, etc.
showed mercy toward the cities and kingdoms
he conquered. He was known to spare the life
of a defeated king so that the king could guide
Cyrus in successfully ruling over the captives’
III. CIVILIZATIONS IN SOUTHWEST ASIA subjects

1. ANCIENT PERIOD B. KINGSHIP AND ADMINISTRATION

A. MAJOR CONTRIBUTORS KINGDOMS AND EMPIRES

 SUMERIANS (3500-2400 BCE) - Many
 In Egypt, Mesopotamia, and Anatolia, large,
historians believed that the Sumerians built the
well-organized kingdoms were formed between
world’s first civilization. It is founded in the
3000 and 1500 BCE. The lower Nile valley was
Mesopotamia region of the Fertile Crescent
unified under the rule of one regime starting
situated between the Tigris and Euphrates
around 3000 BCE.
rivers. They are known for their innovations in
 Unified control is much less feasible in
language, governance, and architecture.
Mesopotamia. Its expansive plain, along with its
 AMORITES (1800-1600 BCE) - Around 2,000
two major rivers and numerous branches, are
B.C. a group of nomadic warriors known as the
highly vulnerable to outside invasion or
Amorites invaded Mesopotamia. The Amorites
immigration.
established Babylon as their capital city.
 However, the first true empires in world history
Hammurabi (1792-1750 B.C.) was a powerful
and their influential king. They founded many of were created by the Mesopotamians.
the basic’s concepts of early literature and THE FIRST EMPIRES:
mathematics, and they developed
multiplication, aiding in mercantile and sales  AKKADIAN EMPIRE - The first of these to
transactions. This flowering of knowledge led to emerge was Sargon and his successors'
the creation of the Code of Hammurabi, one of expansive but comparatively brief empire. This
the most important documents in Babylon's state extended as far as the Mediterranean Sea
history and included the majority of Mesopotamia,
 PHOENICIANS (1000-700 BCE) - Phoenicia some of Asia Minor, and parts of Syria
was an ancient civilization in Canaan which  THE AMORITES - The Amorites settled the dry
covered most of the western, coastal part of the grasslands between Mesopotamia and Syria
Fertile Crescent. Several major Phoenician sometime after 2500 BCE. In any case, the
cities were built on the coastline of the Amorites quickly conquered cities and
Mediterranean. The Phoenicians were famed in established kingdoms in Syria, Canaan, and
Classical Greece and Rome as ‘traders in Mesopotamia.
purple’, referring to their monopoly on the  THE HYKSOS - The nomadic Hyksos were
precious purple dye of the Murex snail, used, probably close relatives of the Amorites. At the
among other things, for royal clothing same time that the Amorites were establishing
 ASSYRIANS (900-612 BCE) - The Assyrian kingdoms in Syria, they arrived in Canaan from
Empire started off as a major regional power in the eastern deserts.
Mesopotamia in the second millennium B.C.E.,
GREAT POWERS - Large, powerful states that
but later grew and stature in the first millennium
were vying with one another for influence and
B.C.E. under a series of powerful rulers,
power at this point dominated the Middle East, as
becoming one of the world’s earliest empires.
did the relationships between them.
 Mitanni and then the Hittites challenged Egypt which is the ancestor of the alphabet we use
 Assyria today.
 Kassite Dynasty  BABYLONIANS - Within the vast Babylonian
 Minoans of Crete empire, Babylon was the largest city. Babylon
developed a beautiful architectural style that
MULTINATIONAL EMPIRES - The Middle East included the Tower of Babel, the Ishtar Gate,
was a patchwork of small and medium-sized and the Hanging Garden of Babylon.
kingdoms in the early first millennium BCE.
IMPORTANT KINGS OF THE ANCIENT MIDDLE
 Phoenician Cities EAST:
 Israelite and Aramaean Kingdom
 Babylonians  ASHURBANIPAL – Assyria was ruled by
 Kingdom of Assyria Ashurbanipal from roughly 669 to 627 B.C. and
succeeded his father Esarhaddon.
 CYRUS - Cyrus, who descended from an
 ASSYRIA AND ITS SUCCESSOR (PHRYGIA ancient Iranian tribe, established and later ruled
AND LYDIA) - From the middle of the eighth the Persian Empire, which stretched from Lydia
century, the Assyrian empire directly ruled a to Babylonia, from about 559 to about 529.
vast area of the Middle East, extending from the  DARIUS - Darius, a Zoroastrian and Cyrus's
Mediterranean coast to the Gulf coast. The brother-in-law, ruled the Persian Empire from
wealthy kingdoms of Phrygia and Lydia in Asia 521-486. Darius attacked the Scythians, but
Minor were able to fend off Assyrian incursions, neither they nor the Greeks were ever subdued
but they were also victims of the first significant by him.
steppe nomad invasions of the Middle East.  NEBUCHADNEZZAR II - The most important
 THE PERSIAN EMPIRE - Beginning in the Chaldean king was Nebuchadnezzar. His
540s, the Persians gradually conquered all four hanging gardens and the sending of the Jews
major powers, establishing the largest empire into captivity to Babylon during his rule from
ever seen in human history (and the largest, in 605 to 562 are what people most associate him
terms of area, in the Ancient World). with.
 SARGON II - One of the great kings of ancient
OTHER CIVILIZATIONS THAT EMERGED IN
Assyria, Sargon II reigned from 721 to 705 BCE
SOUTHWEST ASIA:
and died in 705 BCE.
 SUMERIANS - Humans first settled Sumer  SENNACHERIB - Sennacherib, an Assyrian
between 4500 and 4000 B.C., though it's likely king and the son of Sargon II, spent his reign
that some people lived there much earlier. (705–681) defending the state his father had
 HITTITES - Around 1600 BCE, a prehistoric established.
tribe of Indo-Europeans known as the Hittites  TIGLATH-PILESER III - Tiglath-pileser (or
settled in Asia Minor and established an empire Tiglatpileser) III greatly expanded Assyria's
at Hattusa in Anatolia (modern Turkey). Midway borders by annexing territories to the east and
through the first millennium BCE, the Hittite west of the main ridge of the Zagros Mountains.
Empire was at its height.  XERXES - Darius the Great's son Xerxes ruled
 CHALDEANS - In Mesopotamia, the Chaldean Persia from 485 until 465, when he was
Empire was a small nation-state. It served as assassinated.
the Assyrian and Babylonian Empires' "little  KING HAMMURABI - Under the Amorite king
sister." Nebuchadnezzar II, who ruled from 605 Hammurabi, who ruled from 1792 to 1750 B.C.,
to 561 BCE, is possibly the most well-known Babylon rose to prominence as a military force.
Chaldean emperor. Babylon was transformed by Hammurabi into a
 PHOENICIANS - The Phoenicians were an prosperous, strong, and well-known city.
ancient maritime civilization that traded
throughout the Mediterranean region and is C. SOCIAL STRATIFICATION
credited with inventing the first written alphabet,
ANCIENT SOCIAL HIERARCHY
 Social class system is a group of terms and
concepts followed to incorporate divisions that
2. CLASSICAL AGE
are made in society according to various rules
made by the society people just for the purpose A. AECHEMANIAN EMPIRE
of diving people in certain groups. Such groups
are referred to as social classes. CYRUS THE GREAT – Cyrus II of Persia
 Ancient Israel social hierarchy incorporates commonly known as Cyrus the Great and also
certain groups, classes divided on the basis of called Cyrus the Elder by the Greeks, was the
power and authority. All these classes of founder of the Achaemenid Empire, the first
ancient Israel social hierarchy are described Persian Empire.
below in brief with a little description.
AECHEMANIAN EMPIRE
 The social class system has greatly influenced
the ancient era of our world. Israel was also  Also called as the first Persian Empire. The
greatly affected by this social system. name “Persian Empire” refers to a collection of
 PHARAOH - The highest rank or class in the dynasties that originated in the 6th century B.C.
ancient Israel social hierarchy was considered and were centered in present-day Iran, up till
the Pharaoh, that refers to the king of the the 20th century A.D. Cyrus the Great
kingdom. No man possessed more power or established the first Persian Empire in 550 B.C.
authority more than that of the king.  The Achaemenid Empire is well-known for
 UPPER CLASS - The next rank in the ancient having imposed a successful model of
Israel social hierarchy is of the people from the centralized, bureaucratic administration, its
upper class. These were the people who owned multicultural policy, building infrastructure, such
land in Israel and quite wealthy persons, the as road systems and a postal system, the use
army officials and the government officials. of an official language across its territories, and
 MIDDLE CLASS - The middle class is next in the development of civil services, including its
the ancient Israel social hierarchy. These were possession of a large, professional army. Its
the group of the people including merchants advancements inspired the implement of similar
and artisans. styles of governance by various later empires.
 LOWER CLASS - This is the second highest  Persian people invented battery, and later on,
level in the ancient Israel social hierarchy and each civilization worked on its concept to get
incorporates unskilled laborers as well as better results.
farmers.  Under the rule of Cyrus, the Great, the first
 SLAVES AND SERVANTS - The lowest level Persian Empire became the world’s first
of the ancient Israel social hierarchy is of slaves superpower. It united Iron Age Mesopotamia,
and servants. These people were allowed to do Egypt and India under a single government and
just one thing in their life and that was to serve civilizations. The empire continued to grow
their owner. They were provided with little rights under each leader that followed after the death
and that was like of zero value. of Cyrus the Great.

D. RELIGIOUS BELIEFS THE FALL OF EMPIRE – Incompetent leadership,

 POLYTHEISM - The term polytheism, derived economic crisis, corruption and fruitless yet costly
from the Greek Polus ("many") and Theos invasion of Greece resulted in internal conflicts, a
("god") and hence denoting "recognition and fight for power, and various revolts which crippled
worship of many gods," is used mainly in the Persian Empire. As a result, after Alexander the
contrast with monotheism, denoting "belief in Great conquered it in 329 B.C., the Persian Empire
one god." was destroyed.
 MONOTHEISM - Monotheism is simply defined
as the belief in one god and is usually
positioned as the opposite of polytheism, the B. HELLENISITIC WORLD
belief in many gods. To put it simple,  The Hellenistic World (from the Greek word
monotheistic person worships only one God. Hellas for Greece) is the known world after the
 conquests of Alexander the Great and HELLENISTIC THOUGHTS - The spread of Greek
corresponds roughly with the Hellenistic Period influence and language is also shown through
of ancient Greece, from 323 BCE (Alexander's coinage. Portraits became more realistic, and the
death) to the annexation of Greece by Rome in obverse of the coin was often used to display a
146 BCE. Although Rome's rule ended Greek propaganda image, commemorating an event or
independence and autonomy, it did nothing to displaying the image of a favored god. The use of
significantly change nor did it in any way halt Greek-style portraits and Greek language
the Hellenization of the world of the day; in fact, continued into the Parthian period (247 BCE to 224
it encouraged it. CE).
 Alexander the Great (r. 336-323 BCE) of
Macedon led his army on a series of campaigns
which successfully conquered the then-known C. PERSIAN AND ROMAN EMPIRE IN ASIA
world from Macedon, through Greece, down to PERSIAN EMPIRE
Egypt, across Persia, to India. Alexander's tutor
was the Greek philosopher Aristotle (384-322  One of the most powerful and complex empires
BCE) who impressed upon him the value of of the ancient world. Persia was located in what
Greek culture and philosophy. As Alexander is today called Iran.
campaigned, he spread Greek thought and  Cyrus ruled fairly, He allowed the people he
culture in his wake, thus "hellenizing" (to make conquered to keep their own languages,
'Greek' in culture and civilization) those he religion and laws.
conquered.  The Persian improved the network of roads that
 After Alexander's death his Empire was divided had been built by the Assyrians. They built an
among his four generals (known in Latin as the important road called royal road. On this road,
Diadochi, the name by which they are still travelers could get food, water, and fresh
referenced, from the Greek, Diadokhoi, horses at roadside stations
meaning "successors"):
 LYSIMACHUS - who took Thrace and much SATRAPY - a province in ancient Persia
of Asia Minor. SATRAP - the governor of a province in ancient
 CASSANDER - controlled Macedonia and Persia
Greece.
 PTOLEMY I - ruled Egypt, Palestine, Cilicia, ZOROASTRIANISM
Petra, and Cyprus. He founded the
 Persian religion based on the belief in one God
Ptolemaic Dynasty which lasted until the
and founded by the religious teacher Zoroaster
death of Cleopatra VII in 30 BCE.
 Founded in the 600s b.c by a religous teacher
 SELEUCUS I NICATOR - ruled the
named Zoroaster
remainder of Asia and founded the Seleucid
 Believe in one God named Ahura Mazda
Empire which was comprised of
 Believe people could choose good or evil
Mesopotamia, the Levant, Persia, and part
of India.  Teachings, prayers, and sacred songs written
down in a holy book
 To greater or lesser extents, all of these regions
were Hellenized as Greek culture and religious
THE PERSIAN WARS
beliefs influenced those of the indigenous
people.  In the 400s B.C., the Persians wanted to
expand their empire into Europe. They soon
THE CAMPAIGNS OF ALEXANDER THE GREAT clashed with the Greeks who had a very
- He crossed from Greece into Asia Minor in 334 different civilization. The Persians believed in
BCE with an army of 32,000 infantry and 5,100 all-powerful king. Many Greeks believed that
cavalry and sacked the city of Baalbek and took citizens should choose their own rulers.
Ephesus. In 333 BCE at the Battle of Issus, he  The Persian already controlled Greek city-
defeated Darius the Great of Syria but could not states in Anatolia. In 499 B.C. These city-states
capture him. He went on to take Syria from the revolted. The Athenians sent warships to
Persians in 332 BCE and Egypt in 331 BCE. support the Greek rebels. The Persians
 crushed the revolt. The Persian king Darius I  44 B.C. – Caesar made himself dictator for life.
was angry at Athens for interfering.
 In 490 B.C., Darius I sent a fleet of 600 ships to  After Caesar was killed, civil war broke out.
invade Greece. The Persians landed at Octavian, Antony, and Lepidus won the civil
marathon. The Athenians knew they were war. Octavian was Caesar’s 18-year-old
outnumbered and would lose if they attacked. grandnephew. Antony and Lepidus had been
The Persians then decided to board their ships Caesar’s best generals. In 43 B.C they formed
and attack Athens by sea. When the strongest the second triumvirate.
Persian fighting units were on the ships, the  Octavian took the title of Augustus. Augustus
Athenians attacked. The Persians suffered a means “the majestic one.” In 27 B.C. Caesar
terrible defeat. august became Rome’s first emperor.
 In 480 B.C. a new Persian king named Xerxes
invaded Greece with a large army and ROME BUILDS AN EMPIRE
thousands of warships. His force even had its
own supply ships. THE RULE OF AUGUSTUS
 For three days Spartan soldiers fought the  Augustus wanted to make the empire strong
Persians at Thermopylae. The Spartans fought and safe
bravely but could not stop the Persians. Many  He wanted Rome’s borders to be easier to
troops abandoned the battle. Only 300 defend, so he made the natural physical
Spartans soldiers remained and fought to the features of the land the empire’s borders.
death.  Augustus built beautiful buildings out of marble.
 The Persian army continued to attack. It  Augustus handed out grain from Africa to the
marched to Athens and burned the city. Finally poor. He believed that well-fed people would
in 479 B.C. the last battle was fought. With not rebel against him.
improved fighting and better weapons, the
 The roman Empire was divided into provinces.
Greek forces defeated the Persians at Platea,
Augustus appointed a proconsul, or governor,
northwest of Athens. The Persian empire now
for each province.
faced many challenges. Its army was no longer
 He changed the tax laws. He made tax
able to defend the whole empire. The people
collectors government workers and paid them
grew unhappy with their government and
wages
paying heavy taxes. The royal family disagreed
 Augustus also changed Rome’s legal system.
over who should rule.
He made a set of laws for free men who were
 Persia weakened and became open to outside
not citizens. Many of them later became
attacks. In the 300 B.C. Persia was invaded by
citizens.
a young and powerful Greek ruler named
Alexander. The Persian empire ended, and a
THE ROMAN PEACE
new Greek empire grew. It eventually became
even larger than the Persian empire.  From A.D 96 to 180 A.D., a series of “good
emperors” came to power. They were Nerva,
THE ROMAN EMPIRE Trajan, Hadrian, Antonius Pius, and Marcus
Aurelius. During their rule, trade grew, and
TRIUMVIRATE - three rulers who share equal
people had a better life than before.
power
 The Five Good Emperor ruled wisely. All five
THE RISE OF JULIUS CAESAR: built roads, bridges, monuments, harbors and
aqueducts. An Aqueduct is a channel that
 60 B.C. - Three generals formed the first carries water for long distances.
Triumvirate: Crassus, Pompey, and Julius
Caesar THE FIVE GOOD EMPERORS
 The Senators thought Caesar was too popular.
 The Senators ordered Caesar to give up his NERVA (A.D. 96-98)  Changed land laws
army. to help the poor
 Caesar and his soldiers captured all of Italy.  revised taxes
  The sectarian split and political division
TRAJAN (A.D. 98-117)  Expanded the between Kharijite, Sunni, and Shia Muslims,
empire to its largest which had its origins in a disagreement over the
size succession for the position of caliph, was the
 Built many new major political development in early Islam
public works during this time, along with the expansion of the
HADRIAN (A.D. 117-  Built Hadrian's Wall Umayyad Caliphate. Four "rightly-guided"
138) in Britain caliphs who succeeded Muhammad and were
 Made Roman laws his closest companions (ab), Jerusalem,
easier to Ctesiphon, and Damascus were added to the
understand
Islamic empire, and Arab Muslim armies were
ANTONINUS PIUS  Promoted art and
sent as far as Sindh.
(A.D. 138-161) science
 The shura, or "consultation," with people about
 Built new public
works their affairs, which is the responsibility of rulers
 Passed laws to is a significant Islamic concept pertaining to the
help orphans structure of ruling. The Quranic references to
the Pharaoh as "the prototype of the unjust and
MARCUS AURELIUS  Helped unite the tyrannical ruler," among other disparaging
(A.D. 161-180) empire terms, show that the king was one type of ruler
economically who did not fit the Islamic ideal.
 Reformed Roman
law B. SOCIO-ECONOMIC CONDITION
 Socioeconomic status is the social standing or
 By the A.D 100s, the roman empire was one of class of an individual or group. It is often
the largest empires in history. It had 3.5 million measured as a combination of education,
square miles (9.1 million square km) of land. income and occupation. Examinations of
The empire was united because people thought socioeconomic status often reveal inequities in
of themselves as romans. Even if they spoke access to resources, plus issues related to
different languages, they had the same laws, privilege, power and control.
rulers, and culture. By A.D 212, every free  For Islam, man is certainly an individual being
person was thought as a roman citizen. in his aspiration of life, but his individual identity
 The roman empire had a good system of paved is not separate from the environment of the
roads. This helped them trade grow. The roman society he lives in.
navy kept pirates off the Mediterranean Sea.
This made it safer for ships to bring goods in AGE STRUCTURE - Like other developing
and out of the empire’s ports. countries Muslim populations are generally
 Many people became wealthy. However, most characterized by a young age structure. Half of the
people in the cities and on the farms were still 44 Muslim-majority countries have more than 40
poor. Many other people were still enslaved. per cent of their population under age 15, seven of
which have 45 per cent or more in this age group.
The figures were different, though, from one
3. ISLAMIC AGE country to another. For example, Niger, has the
youngest age structure (49% under age 15), while
A. POLITICAL ADMINISTRATION Albania, Bahrain, Indonesia, Kuwait, Lebanon,
 The position of caliph originated when Tunisia, Turkey and the United Arab Emirates have
Muhammad's community had to choose a new all 30 per cent or lower population under 15 years.
leader after his passing in 632 CE. In Sunni However, in some of these countries the age
Islam, these individuals are referred to as the structure is not due to natural increase alone, but is
rshidn (literally, "rightly-guided") caliphs. affected by labor migration, especially in the Gulf
 The four caliphs: Ab Bakr (632–634); Umar ibn countries. In addition, like other developing
al–Khab (Umar I, 634-644); Uthmn ibn Affn countries almost all Muslim majority countries have
(644-656); Al ibn Ab Lib (656–661)
between 25-30 percent of the population between  CONFUCIUS CONSIDERED HIMSELF A
15-29 years. TRANSMITTER WHO CONSCIOUSLY TRIED
TO REANIMATE THE OLD IN ORDER TO
URBANIZATION - In most Muslim-majority
ATTAIN THE NEW.
countries, population is more likely to live in rural
 HE PROPOSED REVITALIZING THE
areas than the world population as a whole, mainly
MEANING OF THE PAST BY ADVOCATING A
because the countries in which they are
RITUALIZED LIFE.
concentrated have below-average levels of
 CONFUCIUS’S HERO WAS ZHOUGONG, OR
urbanization. However, the overall populations in
Muslim majority countries are slightly more THE DUKE OF ZHOU (FL. 11 TH CENTURY
urbanized than in the developing countries as a BCE), WHO WAS SAID TO HAVE HELPED
whole. Urbanization in such countries as Burkina CONSOLIDATE, EXPAND, AND REFINE THE
Faso, Niger, and Bangladesh is exceptionally low. “FEUDAL” RITUAL SYSTEM.
However, the levels of urbanization levels in most
of the Muslim-majority countries are rising, and 4 TENETS OF CONFUCIANISM:
therefore an increasing proportion of Muslims are 1. HUMANITY - THE SOCIETY THAT IT
living in urban areas. APPEARED IN IS AT THE KEY PERIOD OF A
LITERACY AND LEVEL OF EDUCATION - GREAT REVOLUTION. UNDER THE SOCIAL
Literacy, the ability to read and write, is an CLIMATE OF COLLAPSED RITES AND
important indicator of social wellbeing and of ability MUSIC, CONFUCIUS AND MENCIUS TOOK
to operate effectively in the modern world. If the THE ENLIGHTENMENT OF KING WEN OF
overall adult literacy is low, this reflects inadequate THE ZHOU DYNASTY AND TRANSFORMED
provision of schooling over the past 50 years. THE NORM OF RITES AND MUSIC INTO THE
FOUNDATION OF THE PRACTICE OF
PER CAPITAL INCOME AND HUMAN HUMAN RELATIONS.
DEVELOPMENT INDEX - The GDP per capita
purchasing power parity (PPP) provides a weighted
indication of the level of economic wellbeing of the 2. RITE – RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PEOPLE.
population. While most countries in Western Africa RITE" IS THE FORM OF "HUMANITY" AND
and South Asia show low GDP per capita, in ALSO THE NORM AND INTENTION OF
Southeast and West Asian countries, income levels PRACTICING "HUMANITY". CONFUCIUS
are fairly higher than in other regions. ADVOCATES "RECTIFYING NAMES". "IF
NAMES ARE NOT CORRECT, LANGUAGE IS
IV. CIVILIZATIONS IN EAST ASIA
NOT IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE TRUTH OF
THINGS. IF LANGUAGE IS NOT IN
1. CHINA
ACCORDANCE WITH THE TRUTH OF
A. PHILOSOPHIES THINGS, AFFAIRS CANNOT BE CARRIED ON
TO SUCCESS. " (CONFUCIUS, ZILU) THE
A.1. CONFUCIANISM - THE WAY OF LIFE SPECIFIC STIPULATION OF "RECTIFYING
PROPAGATED BY CONFUCIUS IN THE 6TH– NAMES" IS "MONARCH, OFFICIAL, FATHER,
5TH CENTURY BCE AND FOLLOWED BY THE AND SON" WITH "FAITHFULNESS" AND
CHINESE PEOPLE FOR MORE THAN TWO "FILIAL PIETY" AS THE ROOT.
MILLENNIA. ALTHOUGH TRANSFORMED OVER 3. MEDIOCRITY/NEUTRALITY - THE
TIME, IT IS STILL THE SUBSTANCE OF STANDARD FOR PRACTICING "HUMANITY".
LEARNING, THE SOURCE OF VALUES, AND IT REQUIRES PEOPLE TO FOLLOW "THE
THE SOCIAL CODE OF THE CHINESE. ITS DOCTRINE OF MEDIOCRITY". WHATEVER
INFLUENCE HAS ALSO EXTENDED TO OTHER HAPPENS, PEOPLE SHOULD "TAKE HOLD
COUNTRIES, PARTICULARLY KOREA, JAPAN, OF THEIR TWO EXTREMES, DETERMINE
AND VIETNAM. THE MEAN, AND EMPLOYED IT IN HIS
GOVERNMENT OF THE PEOPLE" (BOOK OF
CONFUCIUS RITES, MEDIOCRITY). THIS IS A
 THROUGHWAY OF CONFUCIANISM AND DEATH
ALSO THEIR SOCIAL PHILOSOPHY.
4. VIRTUE – HUMANITARIAN RULE. VIRTUE"  AFTER THE DEATH OF THE LOVED ONE,
REFERS TO "HUMANITARIAN RULE" AND THE FAMILY MEMBERS CRY LOUDLY TO
"VIRTUOUS GOVERNING" IN THE INFORM THE NEIGHBORS OF THE BAD
STRATEGIES OF MANAGING STATE NEWS.
AFFAIRS AND CRITICIZES THAT "TYRANNY  THE PRIEST PERFORMS THE BURIAL
IS FIERCER THAN A TIGER". CONFUCIUS RITUAL, AND THE GUESTS FOLLOW THE
PROPOSES THAT RULERS THEMSELVES COFFIN CARRYING THE LARGE BRANCH
SHOULD "CULTIVATE VIRTUE", "COMMAND OF THE WILLOW TREE.
ONESELF" AND "RULE BY VIRTUE".  THIS WILLOW TREE IS MEANT TO
"HUMANITARIAN RULE" AND "VIRTUOUS SYMBOLIZE THE SOUL OF THE PERSON
GOVERNING" DON'T MEAN IMMENSE WHO DIED. AFTER THAT, THE BRANCH IS
LENIENCY BUT ALTERNATING "LENIENCY" TAKEN BACK TO THE FAMILY ALTAR
WITH "FIERCENESS". THOSE WHO "GO WHERE IT IS BELIEVED THAT IT IS USED
AGAINST SUPERIORS" MUST BE TO INSTALL THE SPIRIT OF THE DECEASED
CORRECTED FIERCELY. THIS IS ONE.
THE"KINGLY WAY" OF CONFUCIUS AND
CONFUCIANISM. A.2. TAOISM

 RELIGION AND A PHILOSOPHY OR “A WAY

BELIEFS OF CONFUCIANISM
OF LIFE”
THE FIVE CONSTANT VIRTUES:  NO GODS OR A “GOD” IN AN ABRAHAMIC
WAY
1. REN – HELPFULNESS, EMPATHY, AND KIND  “TAO” OR “THE WAY” – ULTIMATE FORCE
NATURE THAT GUIDES EVERYTHING BUT NOT A
2. YI – RIGHTEOUSNESS, DUTY AS GOD NOR WORSHIPPED.
GUARDIANS OF NATURE AND HUMANITY
 “EXIST IN TRUE HARMONY AND PEACE
3. LI – RIGHT CONDUCT, APPROPRIATENESS
WITH THE UNIVERSE BY UNDERSTANDING
AND OUTWARD EXPRESSION TO
THE BALANCE OF NATURE
DEMONSTRATE YOUR INNER ATTITUDE
4. ZHI – WISDOM/WISE THINKING
LAO TZU
5. HSIN – TRUSTWORTHINESS AND
FAITHFULNESS  “OLD MASTER”
 600 BCE
FIVE RELATIONSHIPS:  TRADITIONALLY BELIEVED FOUNDER OF
1. FATHER AND SON THE TAO TE CHING
2. A RULER AND A CITIZEN  LITTLE EVIDENCE OF HIS EXISTENCE
3. HUSBAND AND WIFE  BELIEVED THAT HE MET CONFUCIUS ONCE
4. OLDER BROTHER AND YOUNGER AND TAUGHT HIM PRINCIPLES
BROTHER TAO TE CHING
5. BETWEEN TWO FRIENDS  THE WAY AND ITS POWER"
 MAIN BOOK OF TAOISM
MARRIAGE - ACCORDING TO CONFUCIANISM
 AROUND 500 B.C.E
SIX SEPARATE THINGS HAPPEN DURING
 BELIEVED TO BE FOUNDED BY LAO TZU
MARRIAGE RITUALS –
AND OTHER SCHOLARS
 PROPOSAL  A 5000-CHARACTER SYNOPSIS OF
 ENGAGEMENT TAOIST BELIEFS
 DOWRY  81 CHAPTERS
 PROCESSION  POETRY AND SAYINGS FROM THE 3RD
 MARRIAGE AND 4TH CENTURIES B.C.E
BELIEFS AND PRINCIPLES  MENCIUS INHERITS FROM CONFUCIUS A
SET OF TERMS AND A SERIES OF
A. TAO AND TE
PROBLEMS.
1. TAO - “THE WAY”, “PATH” OR “THE WAY OF
 MENCIUS' MAJOR CONTRIBUTIONS TO
THE UNIVERSE”, UNDEFINED, “THE TAO
CONFUCIAN THOUGHT ARE THE
THAT IS SPOKEN IS NOT THE REAL TAO”
DEVELOPMENTS OF THE INHERENT
2. TE - “POWER” OR “VIRTUE, POWER TO
GOODNESS OF HUMAN BEINGS, THE FOUR
BRING TAO INTO REALIZATION
SEEDS CONCEPT, ADHERENCE TO THE
B. WU WEI
CONFUCIAN 'SILVER RULE' –
 ACTIVE NON-ACTION” OR “NOT DOING” OR
"WHATSOEVER YOU DO NOT WANT DONE
“DOING NOTHING”
TO YOU, DO NOT DO THAT TO ANOTHER" –
 NATURAL WAY TO DO THINGS, DOING
AND THE ESTABLISHMENT OF A MORAL
THINGS IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE TAO
AND BENEVOLENT GOVERNMENT WHICH
 “LEAVING THINGS ALONE” AND “GO WITH WOULD ENCOURAGE ITS CITIZENS TO
THE FLOW” PURSUE VIRTUE OVER VICE.
C. YIN AND YANG
 BALANCE AND HARMONY EARLY LIFE AND WORK
 INSEPARABLE: OPPOSITES COMPLETE
EACH OTHER  MENCIUS' MOTHER IS LEGENDARY FOR
 EQUILIBRIUM, EXAMPLE: MALE AND HER DEVOTION TO HER SON & REMAINS A
FEMALE, LIGHT AND DARK, OLD AND MODEL OF MATERNITY IN CHINA TODAY.
YOUNG, ETC.  THE POPULAR CHINESE SAYING
TRANSLATED AS, “MENCIUS' MOTHER,
SUMMARIZATION OF TAOIST BELIEFS: THREE MOVES”, REFERS TO HER MOVING
THREE TIMES IN AN EFFORT TO FIND THE
 COMPASSION, SIMPLICITY AND HUMILITY BEST PLACE TO RAISE HER CHILD.
(THREE JEWELS OF THE TAO)  AFTER A PERIOD OF MOURNING WHICH
 BEING ONE WITH THE NATURE AND LASTED THE TRADITIONAL THREE YEARS,
NATURAL ORDER; NONACTION; IN HE SET UP HIS OWN SCHOOL OF
HARMONY PHILOSOPHY WHERE HE TAUGHT
 GOING WITH THE FLOW AND LETTING CONFUCIAN PRECEPTS BASED ON WHAT
THINGS GO WOULD BECOME KNOWN AS THE FOUR
 “IF YOU REALIZE THAT ALL THINGS BOOKS AND FIVE CLASSICS;
CHANGE, THERE IS NOTHING YOU WILL
TRY TO HOLD ON TO”- LAO TZU FOUR BOOKS:

MENCIUS 1. THE GREAT LEARNING (TA HSUEH) - THE

BASIS FOR GENTLEMAN'S EDUCATION,
 MENCIUS (L. 372-289 BCE ALSO KNOWN AS THE FIRST TEXT STUDIED BY
MANGTZE OR MANG-TZU) WAS A SCHOOLBOYS IN OLD CHINA.
CONFUCIAN PHILOSOPHER DURING THE 2. THE DOCTRINE OF THE MEAN (CHUNG
WARRING STATES PERIOD IN CHINA (C. YUNG) - A TREATISE ON THE
481-221 BCE) AND IS CONSIDERED THE DEVELOPMENT OF HUMAN NATURE
GREATEST AFTER CONFUCIUS HIMSELF THROUGH MODERATION.
FOR HIS INTERPRETATION, FORMULATION, 3. THE ANALECTS (LU YU) - A COLLECTION
AND DISSEMINATION OF CONFUCIAN OF CONFUCIUS SAYING CONSIDERED THE
CONCEPTS. HE IS THE FOURTH OF THE MAIN SOURCE OF CONFUCIAN THOUGHT.
FIVE GREAT SAGES OF CONFUCIANISM 4. THE BOOK OF MENCIUS (MENG-TZU) -
BEGINNING WITH CONFUCIUS HIMSELF. WRITINGS AND SAYINGS OF CONFUCIUS
 HE IS MOST FAMOUS FOR HIS THEORY OF GREATEST DISCIPLE, MENG-TZU, OR
HUMAN NATURE. MENCIUS.

FIVE CLASSICS:
1. THE BOOK OF POETRY (SHIH CHING) - IT IS WEAPONS AND STORED THEM IN THE
COMPOSED OF 305 POEMS PROVIDING A CAPITAL
PICTURE OF DAILY LIFE IN EARLY  A NATIONAL CONSCRIPTION WAS
ZHOU/CHOU TIMES. DEVISED: EVERY MALE BETWEEN THE
2. THE BOOK OF HISTORY (SHU CHING) - IT AGES OF SEVENTEEN AND SIXTY YEARS
COVERED 17 CENTURIES OF CHINESE WAS OBLIGED TO SERVE ONE YEAR IN
HISTORY BEGINNING WITH THE SHANG THE ARMY.
DYNASTY.  MAJOR CONTRIBUTIONS: TERRACOTTA
3. THE BOOK OF CHANGES (I CHING) - A ARMY, CONSTRUCTION OF GREAT WALL
BOOK OF DIVINATION THAT IS BASED ON OF CHINA
THE INTERPRETATIONS OF THE 64
POSSIBLE COMBINATIONS OF SIX WHOLE HAN DYNASTY 206 BS-22-AD
OR BROKEN LINES.
4. THE BOOK OF RITE (LI CHI) - A  HAN DYNASTY IS CONSIDERED AS ONE OF
COLLECTION OF RULES ON CEREMONIES THE GREATEST PERIODS IN THE ENTIRE
AND RITUALS. HISTORY OF CHINA.
5. ANNALS OF SPRING AND AUTUMN (CH'UN  FOUNDER: LIU FAMILY ; FIRST EMPEROR:
CH'IU) - A HISTORY OF CONFUCIUS' NATIVE GAOZU
STATE OF LU WHICH COVERED THE  DURING THE HAN DYNASTY, CHINA WAS
PERIOD FROM 721-478 B.C.E. OFFICIALLY DECLARED AS A CONFUCIAN
STATE.
MENCIUS EMPHASIZED FOUR VIRTUES AS  THE ECONOMY DEVELOPED QUICKLY AND
ESSENTIAL: THE POPULATION REACHED 50 MILLION
THROUGH THE DEVELOPMENT OF
 REN – BENEVOLENCE/HUMANENESS AGRICULTURE.
 YI – RIGHTEOUSNESS/GOODNESS  HAN DYNASTY EXTENDED ITS POLITICAL
 ZHI – KNOWLEDGE/WISDOM AND CULTURAL INFLUENCE OVER
 LI – PROPRIETY/PROPER RITUAL VIETNAM, CENTRAL ASIA, MONGOLIA, AND
KOREAN PENINSULA
B. POLITICAL INSTITUTION  MAJOR INVENTIONS: PAPER BY CAI LUN,
SEISMOSCOPE BY XHANG HENG,
B.1. IMPERIAL GOVERNMENT - A POLICY OF MAGNETIC COMPASS
EXTENDING A COUNTRY’S POWER AND  THE THREE KINGDOMS (220-280AD) - THE
INFLUENCE THROUGH COLONIZATION, USE THREE KINGDOMS PERIOD IS ONE OF THE
OF MILITARY FORCE, OR OTHER MEANS. BLOODIEST PERIODS IN HISTORY OF
IMPERIAL DYANSTY IN CHINA: CHINA.
 KINGDOM OF CAO WEI: CAO PI
QIN DYNASTY 221-206 BC  KINGDOM OF SHU HAN: LIU BANG
 MANY STATES RIVALLED FOR THE POWER  KINGDOM OF DONG WU: JIANYE
AT THE END OF THE LONGEST RULING (NANJING)
CHINESE DYNASTY, ZHOU DYNASTY. THIS
IS KNOWN AS THE PERIOD OF WARRING JIN DYANSTY 265-420 AD - UNDER EMPEROR
STATES (475-221 BC). WU’S STEADY AND EDUCATED HAND, THE
 EMPEROR/FOUNDER: YING ZHENG OR SHI COUNTRY ENJOYED GREAT PROSPERITY,
HUANG DI (FIRST EMPEROR). HE AND ART, PHILOSOPHY, AND ARCHITECTURE
CENTRALIZED THE ADMINISTRATION. HE BEGAN TO FLOURISH ONCE AGAIN.
ORDERED THE BURNING OF MANY BOOKS HOWEVER, NOT LONG AFTER ITS
AND THE BURIAL OF MANY DISSENTING ESTABLISHMENT, THE JIN DYNASTY FACED
SCHOLARS ALIVE. THE FIRST EMPEROR INSURMOUNTABLE SOCIAL PROBLEMS,
ORDERED, TO PREVENT FUTURE INCLUDING A MASS MIGRATION OF
UPRISINGS, THE CONFISCATION OF NORTHERN TRIBES INTO THEIR TERRITORY
NORTHERN AND SOUTHER DYNASTIES 304-
589 AD - THE SOUTHERN AND NORTHERN
YUAN DYNASTY 1279-1368
DYNASTIES WAS THE AGE OF CIVIL WARS
AND DISUNITY IN HISTORY OF CHINA.  FOUNDER: KUBLAI KHAN (GRANDSON OF
SUI DYNASTY 581-617 AD GENGHIS KHAN)/ EMPEROR SHIZU OF
YUAN.
 FOUNDER: EMPEROR WEN. IT WAS A  AFTER MONGOLIAN CONQUERED THE
SHORT BUT SIGNIFICANT DYNASTY: ENTIRE NORTHERN PART OF CHINA, IT
 IT WAS MARKED BY THE INVADED SONG DYNASTY AND
REUNIFICATION OF SOUTHERN AND ESTABLISHED THE YUAN DYNASTY IN
NORTHERN CHINA 1279.
 THE CONSTRUCTION OF THE GRAND  YUAN DYNASTY HAD THE LARGEST
CANAL TERRITORY IN HISTORY OF CHINA.
 OTHER REFORMS:
 THE LAND EQUALIZATION SYSTEM, MING DYNASTY 1368-1644 - MING DYNASTY
 GOVERNMENTAL POWER HAD MADE GREAT ACHIEVEMENTS IN
WASCENTRALIZED OVERSEAS EXPEDITIONS DURING THE
 BUDDHISM WAS ALSO SPREAD PERIOD 1405-1433 LED BY ZHENG HE, A
ANDENCOURAGED THROUGHOUT THE CLOSE CONFIDANT OF THE EMPEROR OF THE
EMPIRE. MING DYNASTY. FIRST EMPEROR: TAIZU
QIING DYNASTY 1644-1911
TANG DYNASTY 618-907 AD
 THE QING EMPERORS IN EARLY PERIOD
 FOUNDER: LI YUAN/ EMPEROR GAOZU. WERE VERY CAPABLE AND INTELLIGENT.
THE MOST POPULOUS CITY IN THE WORLD EMPEROR KANGXI, THE SECOND
AT THE TIME, WAS KNOWN FOR MANY EMPEROR OF QING DYNASTY, WAS A
GREAT ACHIEVEMENTS. ONE OF THE CAPABLE LEADER AND ADMINISTRATOR.
GREAT INVENTIONS OF CHINA IS  ONE OF KANGXI'S MAIN GOALS AS
GUNPOWDER AND PRINTING EMPEROR WAS TO EXPAND THE CHINESE
 EMPEROR: XUANZONG (7TH EMPEROR OF EMPIRE. HE SUCCESSFULLY CONQUERED
TANG. CONSIDERED AS THE MOST TAIWAN, ESTABLISHED A TREATY WITH
PROSPEROUS ERA FOR CHINESE POETRY VIETNAM, GAINED CONTROL OF THE AMUR
 LI BAI – FAMOUS ROMANTIC POET RIVER REGION FROM RUSSIA, AND
 DU FU – ONE OF THE GREATEST DEFEATED THE MONGOLS.
REALIST POETS IN CHINA  IN 19TH CENTURY, BRITISH EMPIRE WAS
AT THE PEAK OF ITS POWER. DURING THE
SONG DYNASTY 960-1279 SAME PERIOD OF TIME, THE QING
 SONG DYNASTY WAS A TIME OF EMPERORS WERE INCOMPETENT AND THE
CONSOLIDATION FOR CHINESE CULTURE GOVERNMENT WAS WEAK.
 IT BROUGHT UP A REVIVAL OF CONFUCIAN  HOW DID THE QING DYNASTY FALL?
THOUGHT, NEO-CONFUCIANISM.  THE QING GOVERNMENT WANTED TO
 IT ALSO DEVELOPS A MORE STOP THE IMPORT OF OPIUM. THE
METAPHYSICAL WORLDVIEW OF THE CONFLICT BETWEEN QING AND
RATHER STATEORIENTED OLD BRITISH EMPIRE RESULTED IN THE
CONFUCIANISM. OPIUM WAR OF 1840. CHINA WAS
DEFEATED.
 SONG DYNASTY ALSO KNOWN AS
CHINESE RENAISSANCE:  OUTSIDE THE GOVERNMENT, ANTI-
QING REBELLIONS ADVOCATED A
 FOR MAKING PROGRESS IN
REVOLUTION TO OVERTHROW THE
TECHNOLOGY AND INVENTIONS.
QING DYNASTY FOR ITS FAILURE IN
 THE FIRST PAPER MONEY IN THE
DEALING WITH THE FOREIGN
WORLD WAS ISSUES
 INVASIONS AND IN MODERNIZING  BUDDHISM IS THE MOST ANCIENT OF
CHINA, AND IT SUCCEEDED IN 1911. JAPANESE PHILOSOPHIES AND IS NOW
FOLLOWED BY APPROXIMATELY 350
MILLION PEOPLE ACROSS THE WORLD.
B.2. FOUR CLASSES
BUDDHISM ORIGINATES FROM THE
CHINESE SOCIAL CLASSES - ALL PEOPLE IN TEACHINGS OF BUDDHA, A TEACHER WHO
CHINA WERE ASSIGNED ONE OF FOUR LIVED IN NORTHERN INDIA BETWEEN THE
SOCIAL GROUPS KNOWN AS SOCIAL MID-4TH AND MID-6TH CENTURIES.
CLASSES. THIS WAS DESIGNED IN ORDER OF BUDDHISM TEACHES MANY DIFFERENT
IMPORTANCE OF THE PARTICULAR CLASSES CONCEPTS, BUT SOME OF THE MAIN ONES
FOR THE SOCIETY INCLUDE:
 IMPERMANENCE - (THAT THE HUMAN
1. THE SHI BODY GOES THROUGH MANY STATES
 GOVERNORS OF THE REGIONS OF CHINA. AND THAT NOTHING IS FOREVER)
 LAND OWNING NOBLES- INHERITING LAND  DEPENDENT CO-ORIGINATION - (THAT
POWER AND BORN FROM NOBLE ALL EVENTS ARE LINKED IN SOME WAY
FAMILIES. AND THAT EVERYONE MUST GO
 SCHOLARS- THESE PEOPLE WERE THROUGH SUFFERING)
RESPECTED FOR THEIR KNOWLEDGE AND  EMPTINESS OR ‘SUNYATA’ - (THAT
WERE ABLE TO READ AND WRITE. EVERYTHING ORIGINATES FROM
2. THE NONG NOTHING).
 THE NONG CLASS WERE PEASANTS' ZEN
FARMERS. THEY OWNED LAND AND PAID A
LAND TAX.  ZEN IS THE JAPANESE DEVELOPMENT OF
 FARMERS WERE REQUIRED TO WORK ON THE SCHOOL OF MAHAYANA BUDDHISM
THEIR FIELD IN RETURN FOR MILITARY THAT ORIGINATED IN CHINA AS CHAN
PROTECTION. BUDDHISM. WHILE ZEN PRACTITIONERS
 NONG CLASS PRODUCED FOOD FOR THE TRACE THEIR BELIEFS TO INDIA, ITS
ENTIRE COUNTRY EMPHASIS ON THE POSSIBILITY OF
3. THE GONG - PEOPLE IN THE GONG CLASS SUDDEN ENLIGHTENMENT AND A CLOSE
WERE CRAFTSMEN AND ARTISANS. THEY CONNECTION WITH NATURE DERIVE FROM
MADE GOODS AND CRAFTS AND WERE CHINESE INFLUENCES. CHAN AND ZEN,
CONSIDERED “LABORERS.” THEY DID NOT WHICH MEAN “MEDITATION,” EMPHASIZE
OWN ANY LAND INDIVIDUAL MEDITATIVE PRACTICE TO
4. THE SHANG - PEOPLE IN THE SHANG ACHIEVE SELF-REALIZATION AND,
CLASS WERE TRADERS AND MERCHANTS. THEREBY, ENLIGHTENMENT. RATHER
THESE PEOPLE TRANSPORTED AND THAN RELY ON POWERFUL DEITIES, ZEN
TRADED GOODS. SHANG PEOPLE DID NOT STRESSES THE IMPORTANCE OF THE
PRODUCED ANYTHING. ROLE OF A TEACHER, WITH WHOM A
DISCIPLE HAS A HEART-MIND
CONNECTION. THIS ALLOWS THE
TEACHER TO OFFER THE STUDENT
HELPFUL ASSISTANCE IN HIS SPIRITUAL
DEVELOPMENT.
 ZEN ALSO VALUES INTUITION INSTEAD OF
HABITUAL, LOGICAL THINKING AND
DEVELOPED EXPRESSIONISTIC AND
2. JAPAN SUGGESTIVE (RATHER THAN EXPLICIT
AND DESCRIPTIVE) PAINTING STYLES AND
A. PHILOSOPHIES POETIC FORMS AS WELL AS ILLOGICAL
CONUNDRUMS (KOAN) TO STIMULATE
A.1. BUDDHISM ONE' INTUITION. WHILE ZEN WAS FIRST
 INTRODUCED INTO JAPAN SEVERAL 5. RIGHT LIVELIHOOD
CENTURIES EARLIER, IT DID NOT BECOME 6. RIGHT EFFORT
FIRMLY ESTABLISHED UNTIL THE 7. RIGHT MINDFULNESS
THIRTEENTH CENTURY, WHEN THE 8. RIGHT CONCENTRATION
WARRIOR CLASS BEGAN TO FAVOR THIS
SCHOOL OF THOUGHT. SEVERAL BRANCHES OF BUDDHISM:

BUDDHA  THERAVADA BUDHISM - THE OLDEST

FORM OF BUDDHISM, THERAVADA
 THE GOLDEN BUDDHA, OFFICIALLY TITLED PHRA BUDDHISM EMPHASIZES THE DIFFERENCE
PHUTTHA MAHA SUWAN PATIMAKON, IS THE BETWEEN MONKS’ AUTHORITY AND
WORLD’S BIGGEST SOLID GOLD STATUE. IT IS PRACTICE AND LAY PEOPLES. THE “OLD
LOCATED IN THE TEMPLE OF WAT TRAIMIT, SCHOOL” CONSERVES THE TRADITIONS
BANGKOK. BY CHIRAG GUPTA. AND EMPHASIZES MEDITATION AND THE
 BUDDHA (“ENLIGHTENED ONE”) IS AN ALL- GOAL OF ENLIGHTENMENT. IT IS THE
KNOWING BEING WHO HAS REACHED THAT PREDOMINATE SCHOOL OF BUDDHISM IN
PERFECT STATE OF TRANSCENDENT SOUTHEAST ASIAN COUNTRIES SUCH AS
KNOWLEDGE IN WHICH THE FIRES OF GREED, MYANMAR, CAMBODIA, SRI LANKA, LAOS
HATE, AND DELUSION ARE QUENCHED AND, AND THAILAND.THOSE WHO ATTAIN
UPON PASSING INTO NIRVANA (“BLOWING OUT, ENLIGHTENMENT ARE EQUAL TO THE
TO BECOME EXTINGUISHED”), IS NEVER SUBJECT BUDDHA, WHO IS NOT REGARDED AS A
TO REBIRTH AGAIN. GOD.
 MAHAYANA BUDDHISM - THE SECOND-
GAUTAMA - ONE OF THE FIVE LARGEST OLDEST FORM OF BUDDHISM REFORMERS
RELIGIONS OF THE WORLD, BUDDHISM IS CALLED THEMSELVES THE “GREATER
BASED ON THE TEACHINGS OF SIDDHARTHA VEHICLE” (MAHAYANA), AND THEY
GAUTAMA, WHO LIVED IN INDIA IN THE FIFTH LABELED THE TRADITIONALISTS THE
AND SIXTH CENTURIES B.C. HE GAVE UP A “LESSER VEHICLE” (THERAVADA)., IT
LIFE OF ROYALTY TO SEEK TRUTH, OFFERS GRADATIONS OF BUDDHAHOOD—
EVENTUALLY ATTAINED ENLIGHTENMENT IN BODHISATTVAS—TO MORE PEOPLE
(NIRVANA), AND WAS PROCLAIMED THE INSTEAD OF CONCENTRATING AUTHORITY
BUDDHA, THE AWAKENED ONE. AMONG MONKS. IT EMPHASIZES
COMPASSION AND THE BELIEF THAT ALL
4 NOBLE TRUTHS:
BEINGS HAVE THE POTENTIAL TO BECOME
1. LIFE IS SUFFERING (DUKKHA) A BUDDHA. IT IS THE PREDOMINATE
2. CRAVING = SUFFERING (SAMUDAYA) SCHOOL IN CHINA, JAPAN, KOREA AND
3. WE CAN ESCAPE (NIRODHA) VIETNAM.
4. NOBLE EIGHTFOLD PATH (MAGGA)  TIBETAN BUDDHISM - THE DALAI LAMA IS
THE LEADER OF TIBETAN BUDDHISTS,
8-FOLD PATHS: WHO WERE FORCED INTO EXILE IN INDIA
WHEN THE CHINESE OCCUPIED TIBET IN
1. RIGHT VIEW 1959. TIBETAN BUDDHISM IS BASED ON
2. RIGHT INTENT MAHAYANA TEACHINGS, AND ITS
3. RIGHT SPEECH FOLLOWERS STILL CAMPAIGN TO RETURN
4. RIGHT ACTION TO TIBET.
 DO NOT HARM LIVING CREATURES  ZEN BUDDHISM - A COMBINATION OF
 DO NOT STEAL MAHAYANA BUDDHISM AND TAOISM, IT
 DO NOT ENGAGE IN SEXUAL HAS ROOTS IN CHINA, MOVED INTO KOREA
MISCONDUCT AND JAPAN AND BECAME POPULAR IN THE
 DO NOT LIE OR HARM PEOPLE WITH WEST. ZEN TEACHES THAT EVERYONE IS
WORDS A BUDDHA, AND EACH PERSON CAN
 DO NOT TAKE INTOXICATION
SUBSTANCES
 DISCOVER THAT THROUGH ZEN ISLANDS OF JAPAN AND GIVEN BIRTH TO
PRACTICE. MANY OF THE OTHER SHINTO GODS OR
KAMI.
A.2. SHINTOISM  INARI - INARI, IN JAPANESE MYTHOLOGY,
GOD PRIMARILY KNOWN AS THE
 SHINTO (JAPANESE, “THE WAY OF THE
PROTECTOR OF RICE CULTIVATION. THE
GODS”), AN ANCIENT JAPANESE CULT AND
GOD ALSO FURTHERS PROSPERITY AND
RELIGION, ORIGINATING IN PREHISTORIC
IS WORSHIPED PARTICULARLY BY
TIMES, AND OCCUPYING AN IMPORTANT
MERCHANTS AND TRADESMEN, IS THE
NATIONAL POSITION FOR LONG PERIODS
PATRON DEITY OF SWORDSMITHS AND IS
IN THE HISTORY OF JAPAN,
ASSOCIATED WITH BROTHELS AND
PARTICULARLY IN RECENT TIMES.
ENTERTAINERS.
 THE MANY PRACTICES, ATTITUDES, AND
 HACHIMAN - HACHIMAN, (JAPANESE:
INSTITUTIONS THAT HAVE DEVELOPED TO
EIGHT BANNERS) ONE OF THE MOST
MAKE UP SHINTO REVOLVE AROUND THE
POPULAR SHINTO DEITIES OF JAPAN; THE
JAPANESE LAND AND SEASONS AND
PATRON DEITY OF THE MINAMOTO CLAN
THEIR RELATIONSHIP WITH THE HUMAN
AND OF WARRIORS IN GENERAL; OFTEN
INHABITANTS.
REFERRED TO AS THE GOD OF WAR.
 "SHINTO GODS" ARE CALLED KAMI - THEY HACHIMAN IS COMMONLY REGARDED AS
ARE SACRED SPIRITS WHICH TAKE THE THE DEIFICATION OF ŌJIN, THE 15TH
FORM OF THINGS AND CONCEPTS EMPEROR OF JAPAN.
IMPORTANT TO LIFE, SUCH AS WIND, RAIN,
 TENJIN - IN THE SHINTO RELIGION OF
MOUNTAINS, TREES, RIVERS AND
JAPAN, TENJIN IS THE PATRON KAMI
FERTILITY. HUMANS BECOME KAMI AFTER
(DEITY) OF ACADEMICS, SCHOLARSHIP, OF
THEY DIE AND ARE REVERED BY THEIR
LEARNING, AND OF THE INTELLIGENTSIA.
FAMILIES AS ANCESTRAL KAMI.
TENJIN IS THE DEIFICATION OF
 SHINTO CREATIONS TELL STORIES OF THE SUGAWARA NO MICHIZANE (845–903), THE
HISTORY AND LIVES OF THE “KAMI” FAMOUS SCHOLAR, POET AND POLITICIAN
(DEITIES). AMONG THEM WAS A DIVINE OF THE HEIAN PERIOD. TEN MEANS SKY
COUPLE, IZANAGI-NO-MIKOTO AND AND JIN MEANS GOD OR DEITY.
IZINAMI-NO-MIKOTO, WHO GAVE BIRTH TO
 RAIJIN - THE JAPANESE GOD OF
THE JAPANESE ISLANDS. THEIR CHILDREN
THUNDER, LIGHTNING AND STORMS. HE
BECAME THE DEITIES OF THE VARIOUS
USUALLY DEPICTED HOLDING HAMMERS
JAPANESE CLANS. AMATERASU OMIKAMI
SURROUNDED BY DRUMS. HE OFTEN HAS
(SUN GODDESS) WAS ONE OF THEIR
3 FINGERS ON EACH HAND
DAUGHTERS.
REPRESENTING THE PAST, PRESENT AND
 AMATERASU OMIKAMI - AMATERASU FUTURE.
OMIKAMI ('THE GREAT DIVINITY
 FUJIN - THE JAPANESE GOD OF WIND. HE
ILLUMINATING HEAVEN') IS THE SUN
IS DEPICTED HOLDING A BAG OF WINDS.
GODDESS, THE MOST IMPORTANT DEITY
FUJIN USUALLY HAS A MESSY
OF THE SHINTO RELIGION AND RULER OF
APPEARANCE ANG WILD HAIR FROM ALL
TAKAMA NO HARA (THE HIGH CELESTIAL
THE WIND. HE USUALLY HAS 4 FINGERS
PLAIN), THE DOMAIN OF THE KAMI OR
ON EACH HAND – ONE FOR EACH
SPIRITS. THE MOST IMPORTANT SHINTO
DIRECTION.
SHRINE IN JAPAN, THE ISE GRAND SHRINE
 BENZAITEN - BENZAITEN IS THE GODDESS
OR JINGU, IS DEDICATED TO THE
OF LOVE AND LUCK, A FIGURE OF MUCH
GODDESS.
POPULARITY AND MEANING ACROSS
 IZANAMI AND IZANAGI - IZANAMI (‘SHE
JAPAN. A MANIFESTATION OF THE INDIAN
WHO INVITES’) AND IZANAGI (‘HE WHO
GODDESS SARASVATI, BENZAITEN HAS
INVITES’) ARE THE PRIMORDIAL GODS OF
ADAPTED ACROSS LANDSCAPES,
THE SHINTO RELIGION WHO ARE
LOCATIONS, AND TIME PERIODS,
BELIEVED TO HAVE CREATED THE
BECOMING A CHIEF SYMBOL OF THE WAY
 JAPANESE CULTURE HAS COMBINED 3. SECT SHINTO - SECT SHINTO IS MADE OF
ELEMENTS FROM VARIOUS RELIGIOUS 13 GROUPS WHICH WERE FORMED
TRADITIONS. DURING THE 19TH CENTURY AND HAVE NO
SHRINES; THE SECTS INCLUDE MOUNTAIN-
SHINTO BELIEFS WORSHIPPING, FAITH-HEALING,
PURIFICATION, CONFUCIAN, AND REVIVAL
 ABOUT 84% OF THE POPULATION OF SHINTO.
JAPAN FOLLOW TWO RELIGIONS: SHINTO 4. FOLK SHINTO - FOLK SHINTO INCLUDES
AND BUDDHISM. AS IN MUCH OF ASIA, THE FOLK BELIEFS IN DEITIES AND
CHRISTIANITY IS VERY MUCH A MINORITY SPIRITS; PRACTICES INCLUDE DIVINATION,
RELIGION. FEWER THAN 1% JAPANESE SPIRIT POSSESSION, AND SHAMANIC
ADULTS ARE CHRISTIANS. HEALING.
 SHINTO IS AN OPTIMISTIC FAITH, AS
HUMANS ARE THOUGHT TO BE SHINTO PRACTICES
FUNDAMENTALLY GOOD, AND EVIL IS
BELIEVED TO BE CAUSED BY EVIL SPIRITS.  SHRINE IS DEDICATED TO A SPECIFIC
THERE IS NO ABSOLUTE RIGHT AND KAMI WHO HAS A DIVINE PERSONALITY
WRONG, AND NOBODY IS PERFECT. AND RESPONDS TO SINCERE PRAYERS OF
 A SHRINE (JINJA) IS A SACRED PLACE THE FAITHFUL.
WHERE KAMI LIVE, AND WHICH SHOW THE  SHRINE CEREMONIES, WHICH INCLUDE
POWER AND NATURE OF THE KAMI. IT’S CLEANSING, OFFERINGS, PRAYERS, AND
CONVENTIONAL IN JAPAN TO REFER TO DANCES ARE DIRECTED TO THE KAMI.
SHINTO SHRINES AND BUDDHIST TEMPLES  FOLLOWERS ARE EXPECTED TO VISIT
– BUT SHINTO SHRINES ACTUALLY, ARE SHINTO SHRINES AT THE TIMES OF
TEMPLES, DESPITE NOT USING THAT VARIOUS LIFE PASSAGES.
NAME.  ORIGAMI (“PAPER OF THE SPIRITS”): A
 JAPANESE SEE SHRINES AS BOTH JAPANESE FOLK ART IN WHICH PAPER
RESTFUL PLACES FILLED WITH A SENSE FOLDED INTO BEAUTIFUL SHAPES. THEY
OF THE SACRED, AND AS THE SOURCE OF ARE OFTEN SEEN AROUND SHINTO
THEIR SPIRITUAL VITALITY – THEY SHRINES.
REGARD THEM AS THEIR SPIRITUAL  MAMORI ARE CHARMS WORN AS AN AID IN
HOME, AND OFTEN ATTEND THE SAME HEALING AND PROTECTION. THEY COME
SHRINE REGULARLY THROUGHOUT THEIR IN MANY DIFFERENT FORMS FOR VARIOUS
LIVES. PURPOSES.
 VARIOUS SYMBOLIC STRUCTURES, SUCH  AN ALTAR, THE ‘KAMI-DANA’(SHELF OF
AS TORII GATES AND SHIMENAWA ROPES, GODS), IS GIVEN A CENTRAL PLACE IN
ARE USED TO SEPARATE THE SHRINE MAY HOMES.
FROM THE REST OF THE WORLD.
 PEOPLE VISIT SHRINES AT THEIR 4 AFFIRMATIONS IN SHINTO:
CONVENIENCE. SOME MAY GO TO THE
1. TRADITION AND THE FAMILY -
SHRINES ON THE 1ST AND 15TH OF EACH
UNDERSTANDING THAT FAMILY IS THE
MONTH AND ON THE OCCASIONS OF
FOUNDATION FOR PRESERVING
RITES OR FESTIVALS (MATSURI), WHICH
TRADITIONS
TAKE PLACE SEVERAL TIMES A YEAR.
2. LOVE OF NATURE - HOLDING NATURE
SACRED
4 TYPES OF SHINTO:
3. PHYSICAL CLEANLINESS - CLEANLINESS
1. STATE SHINTO - STATE SHINTO CAME IS GODLINESS IN JAPAN, HENCE THE
INTO EXISTENCE AFTER THE MEIJI JAPANESE CONCERN WITH TAKING
RESTORATION, AND WAS MEANT TO BE A BATHS, WASHING THEIR HANDS OFTEN,
PURIFIED FORM. RINSING OUT THEIR MOUTHS. ONE MUST
2. SHRINE SHINTO - SHRINE SHINTO IS THE BE CLEAN IN THE PRESENCE OF THE
OLDEST AND MOST PREVALENT KIND.
 SPIRITS. SOMETHING THAT IS NOT CLEAN GOVERNMENT OF JAPAN WITH HIMSELF
IS UGLY. AS THE SHŌGUN. HOWEVER, IEYASU WAS
4. MATSURI - WORSHIPPING AND HONORING ESPECIALLY WARY OF SOCIAL MOBILITY
GODS AND ANCESTRAL SPIRITS. GIVEN THAT TOYOTOMI HIDEYOSHI, ONE
FESTIVALS IN WHICH WORSHIP AND OF HIS PEERS AND A KAMPAKU (IMPERIAL
HONOR IS GIVEN TO THE KAMI. REGENT) WHOM HE REPLACED, WAS
BORN INTO A LOW CASTE AND ROSE TO
SHINTO TEXTS: BECOME JAPAN'S MOST POWERFUL
POLITICAL FIGURE OF THE TIME. THE
 THE KOJIKI - (RECORD OF ANCIENT TOKUGAWA CLAN SOUGHT TO ERADICATE
MATTERS) ANY POTENTIAL OPPOSITION ACROSS
 THE ROKKOKUSHI - (SIX NATIONAL JAPANESE SOCIETY FROM TOP-TO-
HISTORIES) BOTTOM TO CONSOLIDATE THEIR RULE.
 THE SHOKO NINONGI AND ITS NIHON  TOKUGAWA CLASS SYSTEM - THE
SHOKI - (CONTINUING CHRONICLES OF TOKUGAWA INTRODUCED A SYSTEM OF
JAPAN) STRICT SOCIAL STRATIFICATION,
 THE JINNO SHOTOKI - (A STUDY OF ORGANIZING THE MAJORITY OF JAPAN'S
SHINTO AND JAPANESE POLITICS AND SOCIAL STRUCTURE INTO A HIERARCHY
HISTORY) OF SOCIAL CLASSES. JAPANESE PEOPLE
WERE ASSIGNED A HEREDITARY CLASS
NUMBER OF ADHERENTS - ESTIMATES OF BASED ON THEIR PROFESSION, WHICH
THE NUMBER OF ADHERENTS ARE WOULD BE DIRECTLY INHERITED BY THEIR
HOPELESSLY UNRELIABLE. SOME SOURCES CHILDREN, AND THESE CLASSES WERE
GIVE NUMBERS IN THE RANGE OF 2.8 TO 3.2 THEMSELVES STRATIFIED WITH THEIR
MILLION. ONE STATES. 40% OF JAPANESE OWN HIERARCHIES.
ADULTS FOLLOW SHINTO; THAT WOULD
ACCOUNT FOR ABOUT 50 MILLION B.1. SAMURAI
ADHERENTS. OTHERS STATE THAT ABOUT
 FEUDAL JAPANESE SOCIETY HAD SOME
86% OF JAPANESE ADULTS FOLLOW A
FAMOUS NINJAS AND WAS DOMINATED BY
COMBINATION OF SHINTO AND BUDDHISM;
THE SAMURAI WARRIOR CLASS.
THAT WOULD PUT THE NUMBER OF
ALTHOUGH THEY MADE UP ONLY ABOUT
FOLLOWERS OF SHINTO AT 107 MILLION. IN
10 PERCENT OF THE POPULATION,
2019, THE NUMBER OF RELIGIOUS
SAMURAI AND THEIR DAIMYO LORDS
ADHERENTS AFFILIATED WITH SHINTOISM IN
WIELDED ENORMOUS POWER.
JAPAN AMOUNTED TO CLOSE TO 89 MILLION
 THERE ARE MANY TYPES OF JAPANESE
PEOPLE. THIS MARKED A DECREASE OF
SWORDS THAT DIFFER BY SIZE, SHAPE,
SHINTOISTS COMPARED TO AROUND 102.8
THE FIELD OF APPLICATION, AND METHOD
MILLION PEOPLE IN 2010. AND IN 2020 AS
OF MANUFACTURE. SOME OF THE MORE
MANY AS 80% OF THE POPULACE FOLLOW
COMMONLY KNOWN TYPES OF JAPANESE
SHINTO RITUALS TO SOME DEGREE,
SWORDS ARE THE KATANA, TSURUGI,
WORSHIPING ANCESTORS AND SPIRITS AT
WAKIZASHI, ODACHI, AND TACHI.
DOMESTIC ALTARS AND PUBLIC SHRINES.
 RIGHTEOUSNESS (義 GI)
 LOYALTY (忠義 CHŪGI)
B. SOCIAL STRATIFICATION  HONOR (名誉 MEIYO)
 TOKUGAWA IEYASU OF THE TOKUGAWA  RESPECT (礼 REI)
CLAN AND HIS EASTERN ARMY EMERGED  HONESTY ( 誠 SEI)
VICTORIOUS AFTER THE BATTLE OF  COURAGE (勇 YŪ)
SEKIGAHARA IN 1600, DEFEATING THE  CONSISTENCY (誠 MAKOTO)
WESTERN ARMY OF TOYOTOMI HIDEYORI,
ENDING THE SENGOKU CIVIL WARS. B.2. FARMERS - JUST BELOW THE SAMURAI
IEYASU FOUNDED THE TOKUGAWA ON THE SOCIAL LADDER WERE THE FARMERS
SHOGUNATE AS A NEW FEUDAL AND PEASANTS. ACCORDING TO CONFUCIAN
IDEALS, FARMERS WERE SUPERIOR TO
ARTISANS AND MERCHANTS BECAUSE THEY 1. EMERGENCE OF WARRIOR
PRODUCED THE FOOD THAT ALL THE OTHER ORGANIZATIONS
CLASSES DEPENDED UPON. ALTHOUGH  Warrior Organization is prevalent before, its
TECHNICALLY THEY WERE CONSIDERED AN purpose is to maintain peace, order, and protect
HONORED CLASS, FARMERS LIVED UNDER A in any invaders most especially during trading.
CRUSHING TAX BURDEN FOR MUCH OF THE  The warrior has this mindset, “You won’t quit
FEUDAL ERA. instead you will do whatever it takes to win a
fight or to complete mission”. Warrior also has
B.3. ARTISANS
war traits including strength, confidence,
 ARTISANS PRODUCED MANY BEAUTIFUL discipline, aggressiveness, activeness, and
AND NECESSARY GOODS, SUCH AS bravery.
CLOTHES, COOKING UTENSILS, AND
WOODBLOCK PRINTS, THEY WERE A. HOME AND CULTURE OF STEPPE AND
CONSIDERED LESS IMPORTANT THAN DESERT PEOPLE
FARMERS. EVEN SKILLED SAMURAI
STEPPE
SWORD MAKERS AND BOATWRIGHTS
BELONGED TO THIS THIRD TIER OF  likely originates from Russian term, “step”, used
SOCIETY IN FEUDAL JAPAN to describe expansive, treeless, areas found in
 UNDER THE WAVE OFF KANAGAWA Europe and Asia
(KANAGAWA OKI NAMI URA), ALSO KNOWN  geographically, steppe is a dry grassland with
AS THE GREAT WAVE.... MADE BY AN temperate climate
ARTISAN KATSUSHIKA HOKUSAI, HE IS  it is different from prairie because it is typically
BEST KNOWN FOR THE WOODBLOCK populated by short grasses and few trees, while
PRINT SERIES AND AN APPRENTICE WOOD prairie contains tall grasses
CARVER AT YOUNG AGE OF 14  Its physical features are not vast expanse
B.4 MERCHANT - THE BOTTOM RUNG OF uniform of grassland; they are dotted with fertile
FEUDAL JAPANESE SOCIETY WAS OCCUPIED farming areas, often on banks of large rivers,
BY MERCHANTS, WHICH INCLUDED BOTH lake shores, or in oases in desert region
TRAVELING TRADERS AND SHOPKEEPERS.  Villages, towns, and even famous cities (like
MERCHANTS WERE OFTEN OSTRACIZED AS Samarkand) could grow up and developed
"PARASITES" WHO PROFITED FROM THE which as node in long-distance trade networks
LABOR OF THE MORE PRODUCTIVE PEASANT EURASIAN STEPPE/THE GREAT STEPPE -
AND ARTISAN CLASSES. NOT ONLY DID found in Eastern Europe and Central Asia, and
MERCHANTS LIVE IN A SEPARATE SECTION neighboring countries stretching from Ukraine in
OF EACH CITY, BUT THE HIGHER CLASSES west through Russia, Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan,
WERE FORBIDDEN TO MIX WITH THEM and Uzbekistan to Altai, Koppet Dag and Tian Shan
EXCEPT WHEN CONDUCTING BUSINESS. ranges in China
OUTCASTS - OUTCASTS CONSISTED OF THE CENTRAL ASIAN STEPPE
LOWEST SOCIAL CLASSES IN ANCIENT JAPAN
BUT WERE NOT CONSIDERED PART OF THE  The Central Asian steppe stretches from
SOCIAL HIERARCHY. HININ WERE FORCED TO Mongolia and the Great Wall of China in the
DO "POLLUTING" ACTIVITIES SUCH AS east to Hungary and the Danube River in the
BEGGING, STREET PERFORMING, ANIMAL west. It is bounded by the taiga forest of Russia
SKINNING, AND THEY BURIED THE BODIES OF to the north and by desert and mountains to the
PEOPLE WHO HAD BEEN EXECUTED. south.
 The nomadic lifestyle of the tribes prevented
civilization (urban life) from ever developing in
Steppe region (prior to modern age).
 Horse as the most important animal for Steppe
V. CIVILIZATIONS IN NORTH ASIA life, used for both transportation and combat —
 Steppe tribes achieved domestication of horse depends. Sedentary people search for sources
and innovation of horseback riding. of water to settle by.
 Camel herders have held power in Near East
SEIDENSTRASSE OR SILK ROADS
for more than a thousand years. Large tribes of
 stretched from China to Korea and Japan in the camel nomads in Syrian and Arabian Deserts
east and connected China through Central Asia dominate other who live there.
to India in the south and to Turkey and Italy in  They have herds of animals which are adapted
the west. to living in desert conditions such as camels.
 Although the trade network is popularly known  Their tents are built to allow air to circulate
as the Silk Road, other historians prefer the within them and keeping them cool.
term Silk Routes since it better portrays the  Animal hair is used to insulate them, to keep
numerous routes traveled by traders. the tent cool during day and warmer at night.

DESERT DIFFERENCE BETWEEN STEPPE AND DESERT

PEOPLE:
 Desertus (Latin) - abandoned or lying in waste
 resulted from lack of precipitation results in  Deserts do not receive much rainfall as
particularly arid climate w/ little vegetation to compared to steppes.
help protect ground and surface from  A desert is a home to some well-adapted and
weathering and erosion unusual plants whereas steppes have long
 art of wider class region (dry lands) grass and scrubs.
GEOGRAPHIC FEATURES:  The steppe region is mostly covered with grass
 includes only sand/rocks and gravel and scrubs while the desert region has sand
 vegetation is diverse but scare and cactus plants scattered across the entire
 despite sand dunes appearing as hills, lie of area.
land is flat  Since steppes are semi-arid regions, they have
fewer moisture deficits as compared to deserts.
OASIS - water-rich ecosystem found in desert and
is fed by underwater streams and often occurs in CULTURE OF STEPPE AND DESERT PEOPLE
low enough area so that water table can be tapped.
 Historically, thin scattered population lived in
MID-LATITUDE STPPE small nomadic groups creating cattle and ship
across vast steps their settlements were
 Mid-latitude steppes lie in outer regions of mid- tempted encampment which they moved from
latitude deserts. Unlike desert having rare to no time-to-time herds moved on grassy step is
vegetation, mid-latitude steppe has little perfect environment to raise animals.
vegetation and extremely low precipitation and  One of Mongolia’s main industries is still
humidity levels in its regions. herding/raising animals such cattle goats and
 Usually, mid-latitude steppe region in Asia, horses which are used for meat, milk, wool
North America, and South America is found on products.
leeward side of mountain range.
 Some mid-latitude deserts found in Northern SOME CHARACTERISTICS OF NOMADS:
Hemisphere include Gobi Desert, Taklamakan  sheep, camel, yak, and goats are most
Desert, Greater Barsuki Desert, Aral Karakum commonly reared by nomadic herders as they
Desert, Kyzylkum Desert, Aralkum Desert, and provide milk, meat, wool, hides, and other
Ustyurt Desert in Asia. products
BEDOUINS  can form clans (group of people having
common ancestor)
 originated from word Bedu (someone living in  sometimes attack villages to expand and
open) enlarge their territories
 Nomads of desert  In history of trans-Eurasian trade and cultural
 Nomads lead their herds in constant search of exchange, nomads provided temporary
grass and water on which their very existence accommodation, security, stabling, and fodder
 animals of merchant and blacksmiths for of Europe, including Germany and France.
making horseshoes, wells, and markets for Attila’s army became so powerful that both
exchanging goods that result of they survived Western and Eastern Roman Empires regularly
long. paid tribute to keep these warriors from
 Nomadism arose in response to ecological and attacking and plundering Roman provinces.
climate factors which is food and water  Today, the name “Hun” is synonymous with any
resources. barbaric, uncouth and destructive person, and
 In present day, there are different nomadic the term conjures up images of mounted
groups that practice diverse types of warriors involved in acts of abject cruelty,
stockbreeding and migration patterns. They brutality and bellicosity.
even belong to different religion, speaks
THE ORIGINS OF HUNS
different language, and having different
traditions, culture, and beliefs.  According to World History Encyclopedia, the
Roman historian Tacitus is one of the first
B. MILITARY ADVANTAGES OF THE Western writers to mention the Huns. Writing in
STEPPE PEOPLE the latter part of the first century A.D., Tacitus
described them as originating near the Caspian
STEPPE WARRIOR
Sea, in what is now Kazakhstan.
 nomads who moved from one settlement to  Tacitus called them the “Hunnoi,” though it is
next to accommodate their pastoral means of not known what the Huns called themselves as
subsistence. they did not possess a written language.
 Steppe nomads created number of empires that Tacitus did not distinguish the Huns much from
extracted training rights/tribute from their the other tribes in the region, nor did he
neighbors and sometimes conquered. Such categorize them as particularly bellicose.
empires had several features in common.  Most scholars today suggest the Huns came
 Over the centuries, steppe nomads interacted from Asia. A 2018 study published in the journal
with neighboring sedentary societies through Nature found that, genetically, the Huns were a
raiding, trading, and conquest. The horse mixture of East Asian and West Eurasian
domestication gave nomads mobility and people. Specifically, the authors' conclusions
military advantage for a millennium and half. strongly suggest that the Huns were descended
 Steppe tributed held great military advantage from Xiongnu people, themselves a
over settled cultures, they could easily maintain heterogeneous mixture of various East Asian
great herds of horses; settled people, on the groups, and that as they moved westward, they
other hand, were forced to incur major expense incorporated West Eurasian people, such as
of feeding horses with farmed grain. the Scythians.
 The military advantage of nomadism became
HISTORICAL INTRODUCTION
apparent even before speed and strength has
been fully harnessed for military purposes.  Early in the first century A.D., China’s growing
weakness allowed the Hsiung-nu to regain their
2. THE HUNS OR HSUING NUS independence; by A.D. 48, however, eight of
the Hsiung-nu tribes, having broken away, were
THE HUNS
once more subjected to Chinese rule.
 Nomadic warriors, likely from Central Asia. Best  The Hsiung-nu not only developed their society
known for invading and terrorizing Europe in 4th in Mongolia and the neighboring regions of
and 5th century AD and hastening the downfall southern Siberia over the centuries but carried
of Western Roman Empire out raids and military expeditions in various
 Under their brilliant military leader Attila (AD directions.
406-453), known by Christians of the time as  Referring to them as Huns, the Roman historian
“the scourge of God”, the Huns carved out huge Ammianus Marcellinus (XXXI, 3.1) describes
empire that encompassed large swathes of how ‘the Huns killed and plundered [these
present-day Russia, Hungary, and other parts tribes] and joined the survivors to themselves in
a treaty of alliance’. The Huns were nomadic
 horsemen who played an important part in the their foes and kept them on the run. They were
‘great migration of people.’ expert archers who used reflex bows made of
seasoned birch, bone and glue. Their arrows
HUNS’ IN LIFE
could strike a man 80 yards away and seldom
 In Ammianus Marcellinus’ work of later Roman missed their mark.
history, called Res Gestae (“Things Done”),  They skillfully lassoed their enemies on the
which covers the period from A.D. 96 to A.D. battlefield, brutally tearing them off their horses
378, Ammianus characterized the Huns as “a and dragging them to a violent death. They also
race savage beyond all parallel,” and stated used battering rams to break through Roman
that their place of origin was “beyond the sea of defense walls.
Azov, on the border of the Frozen Ocean.”  But the Huns’ main weapon was fear. It’s
 The Huns were portrayed as stereotypical reported that Hun parents placed binders on
“barbarians” with scarred faces and large body their children’s heads, which gradually
sizes, resembling stumpy bridge posts. The deformed their skulls and gave them a
Huns were equestrian masters who reportedly menacing appearance. The Huns killed men,
revered horses and sometimes slept on women and children alike and decimated
horseback. They learned horsemanship as almost everything and everyone in their path.
early as age three and, according to legend, They looted and plundered and seldom took
their faces were cut at a young age with a prisoners; however, when they did, they
sword to teach them to endure pain. enslaved them.
 Ammianus described the Huns as almost  As the Huns moved into Europe, they soon
animal-like. Ammianus, however, praised the encountered the Ostrogoths, the Eastern
Huns' equestrian skills, and attributed those branch of the Gothic nation, some of whom
skills to a life spent in the saddle. were settled as far-east as the northern part of
the Black Sea. The two opposing groups
HUNS’ ART AND CULTURE clashed in open warfare, but the Ostrogoths
 According to Ammianus, they were nomadic were defeated, Mathisen said, and many of the
surviving Gothic warriors were conscripted into
animal herders and no one in their country ever
the Huns’ army.
plows a field or touches a plow-handle.
 As the Huns continued to move westward, they
 A biochemical analysis of bones and teeth from
encountered the Visigoths, the Western branch
skeletal populations in fifth-century Hungary
of the Gothic nation, who were settled in what is
suggests that some Huns underwent a shift in
now Romania.
diet, indicating a change from a predominantly
nomadic diet (milk, meat and millet) to a  Like their Eastern brethren, the Visigoths were
sedentary agricultural diet (wheat, vegetables no match for the skilled Hun warriors; many
and a modicum of meat). Visigoths were killed, while others fled
 One Roman writer, whose work stands in westward and southward across the Danube
River into both the territories of the Western
contrast to Ammianus' depictions of the Huns
and Eastern Roman empires.
as crude barbarians, is the fifth-century
Byzantine historian Priscus, who, along with  This westward movement of Hunnish peoples
another diplomat named Maximus, visited the initiated what historians call the “Great
court of Attila in A.D. 448. He described Attila's Migration” — a mass movement of Germanic
residence as splendid. peoples into Roman territory that occurred
 Priscus and Maximus exchanged gifts with between roughly A.D. 376 and 476. The Great
Migration had a major impact on European
Attila's wife Kreka, who is described as reclining
history: It played an important role in the
on a soft couch.
Germanization of the Roman army and,
HUNS IN BATTLE ultimately, the collapse of the Western Roman
Empire — and later, in the formation of the
 The Huns took a unique approach to warfare. medieval kingdoms of Europe, according to
They moved fast and swiftly on the battlefield Britannica.
and fought in seeming disarray, which confused
 The presence of the Huns on the northern and  Acquired the title of Genghis Khan which
eastern borders inspired fear and panic among means “Universal Ruler” after he unified the
the Romans. That fear was well founded: Mongol tribes.
Between A.D. 395 and 398, the Huns launched
several attacks into Roman territory, A. THE MILITARY CAREER OF GENGHIS
overrunning the Eastern Roman provinces of KHAN
Thrace and Syria. The Huns did not remain in  At young age, he became part of the tribe and
these areas, however; after plundering these was a descendant of Khabul Khan, who is
provinces, they returned north of the Danube. A responsible for uniting Mongol against the Jin
few years later, in A.D. 406, a Hun leader (Chin) Dynasty of Northern China in early
named Uldin launched a second raid into 1100s.
Thrace, according to World History  His mother, Hoelun, taught him the depressing
Encyclopedia. reality of living in Mongol tribal society, while his
 A significant rift came after A.D. 420, when the father, Yesugei, a chieftain of their tribe called
Huns began to flex their power by demanding “Borjigin Tribe”.
the Romans pay them in gold in exchange for  At age of 9, his father was poisoned and killed
not raiding and plundering Roman provinces. by rival tribe and wanted to claim the position
The second major rift in the relationship came as chieftain of the tribe. He eventually killed his
in A.D. 434, when Rua, an influential Hunnish half-sibling, Bekhter, making him the head of
king who had succeeded in uniting many of the the family.
Hunnish tribes into a single nation, died and  At age of 16, he married Borte, creating an
was succeeded by his two nephews, Bleda and alliance with Konkirat tribe where Borte is from.
Attila.  When he was about 20, he was raid and
 Using this method, Attila consolidated a large kidnapped by former family ally, the Taichi’uts,
empire that he kept intact solely by the force of and temporarily became enslaved.
his own personality. He was a brilliant military  When he escaped, he started to rise to power
leader who inspired his armies. At the height of by building large army of more than 20,000
Attila's power, his empire stretched from men.
Mongolia to modern-day France, according to  Through combination of outstanding military
World History Encyclopedia. tactics and merciless brutality, he avenged his
father’s murder by disseminating the Tatar army
3. THE MONGOLS (killing every Tatar male who was above 3ft
 Founded by Genghis Khan in 1206 tall).
 Originating from the grassroots of Mongol  Defeated the Taichi’uts tribe by series of
Stepped land in Central Asia attacks and boiling the chiefs alive
 By the late 13th century, it expanded from  1206 - He defeated the powerful Naiman tribe,
Pacific Ocean in east to Danube River and resulting from having full control of Central and
shore of Persian Gulf in west Eastern Mongolia
 Covered 23 million sq. km. of territory, making it  The success of Mongol army credited by
the largest contiguous land empire in world Temujin’s tactics such as understand his
history enemies’ motivation, spying, and easy to learn
GENGHIS KHAN about technologies.
 The trained Mongol army about 80,000 fighters
 He was also known as “Temujin” was born on created a signaling system which is smoke and
1162 in the city of Khentii Aimag on the banks burning torches.
of Onon river in Mongolia.  Sound of large drums command “Charge” and
 There are many opinions of when he was born further orders were shown with flag signals.
because there is no accurate written history of  Mongol army was fully equipped of weapons
the Mongols. A famous Mongolian historian and such as bow, arrows, shield, dagger, and lasso.
scientist fixed the date birth. They also have waterproof saddlebag carrying
 food, clothes, and tools. Very notorious and  1248-1251 - Guyuk dies, and his widow, Ogul-
devastating with their attacks Gaimish, become temporary ruler for 3 years
 After series of victories over rivals of Mongol  Mongke is elected as great Khan in 1251 and
tribe, other tribal leaders agree to peace and became the last Great Khan to base in his
gave Temujin the title of “Genghis Khan” capital in Karakorum, Central Mongolia
(Universal Ruler)  Baghdad (Iraq) and Syria taken over by Mongol
army in 1258-1259 and Mongke dies during
B. EXPANSION OF THE MONGOL EMPIRE siege in Sichuan, China
 It is believed that 30 million or more people died  1260 - Mongol failed to conquer Egypt. Kublai,
during the Mongol conquests. Mongke’s brother, is elected as Great Khan and
 After unifying the Mongol tribes, the empire move to empire’s capital (now, Beijing)
expanded via numerous conquests over  1294 - Kublai Khan dies and Mongol Empire
continental Eurasia, beginning with the began to dispute
conquest of Western Xi Xia in North China and  1360-1370 - Yuan Dynasty falls, overthrown by
the from 1205 - 1209 and into the Khwarazmian Chinese rebel leader who established Ming
Empire Territories Dynasty, and Mongols are driven out of Beijing
 The fall of Beijing in 1215 marked the loss of all  KUBLAI KHAN - Known as the Chinese
territory in the north of Huang He (Yellow River) Emperor of Yuan Dynasty
and ended with an allegiance.
 1218 - Khara-Khitai state in East Turkistan was
absorbed into empire
 1219 - Khan assassinates Muslims that led to
war in West Turkistan until 1225. C. IMPACT OF MONGOL INVASION
 1220-1221 - Urgench (South-Central
POISITIVE:
Uzbekistan) were taken by Mongol armies
 1223, Mongol troops penetrate into Southern  established single political identity
Russia and raid cities in Crimea  Pax Mongolica
 1226-1227 - destructive campaign was  increased cultural exchange and trade
launched to Xi Xia because the Xi Xia King  became biggest and strongest societies in
refused to assist Mongols in their expedition history
against Khwarezm (Land of Turkmenistan,
Uzbekistan and Kazakhstan today) NEGATIVE:
 1227 - Genghis Khan died and lead to increase
 merciless brutality and deaths
urge of Mongol army to continue their merciless
 destructions of cities, town, and looting
campaign. His son, Ogodei, was chosen to lead
the empire.  spread deadly diseases (Black Plague)
 1231 - Mongols defeated Khwarazm-Shah  wiped out 1/3 of Europe’s population
Dynasty of Central Asia
 1237-1238 - western part of the empire
4. THE OTTOMAN TURKS
destroyed bulgars in Western Europe
 “Uthman” which is Arabic for Osman
 1240 - Batu, Genghis’s grandson, continue the
campaign of Western empire (Golden Horde)  Osman I is the founder the Empire and of the
and took over Kyiv ruling House of Osman (also known as the
Ottoman dynasty).
 1241 - Ogodei dies, and Mongol leaders cease
their campaign in Europe and Near east so they ORIGIN OF THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE
can be present when Ogodei will be replaced
by new supreme leader  1229 AD - The history of the Ottoman Empire
 1242-1246 - Torogene, Ogodei’s wife, rules the begins with Osman I.
empire and her son, Guyul, becomes the Great  1326 - Osman and his son Orhan started
Khan conquering and expanded the territory to the
Northwest and captured Bursa.
 1387 - The Ottoman Turks continued their TIMUR - Timur (Emir Timur). Born April 9, 1336, in
expansion. Hoja Ilghar (Uzbekistan). Died on February 18,
 1389 - They took over Kosovo 1405 in Otrar (Kazakhstan)
 1396 - Stop the advance of the Ottoman Turks EARLY LIFE AND RISE TO POWER
 1389 AND 1402 - Sultan Bayezid I who doubled
the Ottoman’s land earning, “Thunderbolt”, He  Timur was born around 1336 near Samarkand
was later defeated and captured in the battle of which is a region in Central Asia.
Ankara by Timur.  He was born into the bodiless tribe.
 Timur grew up in a time when Mongol held
OTTOMAN INTERREGNUM - Mehmed I who
lands were in particular disarray. Ilkhanate,
finally emerged out of the chaos and restored the
Persia and Mesopotamia cease to exist in the
Ottoman’s power.
1330s.
 1430 AND 1450 - Murad II was the one to  Timur was raised in western Chagatai Khanate
recover the lands that were lost in the battle of which was wracked with conflict and lack of rule
Ankara. of law.
 MAY 29, 1453 - Mehmed the conqueror was  Western Chagatai was so weak that it was
the one to solve the Constantinople issue. invaded by the Eastern Chagatai Khanate also
Mehmed the conqueror renamed the city as known as Moghulistan
Istanbul. Istanbul is the new capital of Ottoman  Timur was made chief of the bodiless tribe
Empire.  He gets the name Tamerlane or Timur the lame
 1453-1481 - Sultan Mehmed ruled the ottoman  Together with his brother-in-law Hussain, Timur
empire. gained control of Transoxiana.
THE CONQUEST BEGIN
THE RISE OF THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE
 First, His wife needs to die that’s going to allow
 15TH AND 16TH CENTURY - Ottoman Empire him to attack Hussein
had its greatest conquests and expansions.  In 1370, Timur beseiged and killed his brother-
 1517 - Ottoman Empire conquered Egypt, in-law Hussein at Bahlk.
Syria, Arabia, and Palestine in a very short  So, he spent the 1370s consolidating his power
period. in Central Asia by weakening neighboring
 1520-1566 - The Ottoman Empire reached its states and reducing them to vassalage.
peak in glory and dominion.  He couldn’t be the khan and settled as an
 1526 - He established the Ottoman’s rule. “Amir”.
THE FALL OF THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE EXPANDED INTO PERSIA
 1600 - The Ottoman Empire started to decline,  Timur focused on Persia when the city refused
with its armies scattered across its vast lands to surrender, he destroyed the city.
 1912 AND 1913 - Ottoman Empire lost almost  He was able to take over all of Persia as well
all its European territories. over running Georgia, Azerbaijan, Armenia and
 1914 - The Ottoman Empire entered World War Mesopotamia.
I on the side of the central Powers and they  In 1387, the city of Isfahan surrendered in a
were defeated in October 1918 good fashion.
 1922 - The title of the Sultan was officially  Timur massacred the citizens erecting a
eliminated. pyramid of skulls which consisted of twenty-
 OCTOBER 29, 1923 - Remaining lands of the eight towers with 15,000 heads each.
Empire became the Republic of Turkey  In the first half of the 1390s, Timur had to deal
with one of his most troubling foes,
A. TAMARLENE AND HIS ACHIEVEMENTS Tohktamysh.
 In 3091, Two times Timur had to invade
Tohktamysh realm.
 In 1395, Timur won one time decisively. He  After three decades of conquest was finally laid
then, the second time would be the last time his to rest in his native Samarkand.
former protégé would cause him trouble.  His body was embalmed, laid in an ebony coffin
 In the same year he conquered also Moscow. and
 buried in a tomb called “Gūr-e Amīr”.
INDIA CAMPAIGN

 Timur cross the Indus River and conquered 5. RUSSIA

Delhi.  Capital: Moscow
 Timur ordered his men to build trenches as to  Location: Eastern Europe and Northern Asia
block the war elephants charge. he then  Russia is a contiguous transcontinental country
loaded camels with wood and hay. Transcontinental country - located in more than
 Before he reached Delhi, He was forced to one continent
execute 100,000 captives that taken the journey  World’s largest country (twice the size of
to slow down. Canada)
 Timur entered the city and the battle begin.  Formerly belong to Union of Soviet Socialist
 Timur then ordered a massacre and leave their Republics (USSR)
bodies as food for the birds.  Moscow belongs to European Russia, Siberia
 Delhi was destroyed. belong to Asian Russia

MIDDLE EAST CAMPAIGN URAL MOUNTAINS

 He restored his authority over the caucasus  Long and narrow spine across Western Russia,
region forming natural division between Europe and
 In Syria he was to fight the first of the two Asia
dominant Middle Eastern powers — The Egypt  Resulted from continental collisions between
and Syria. 250 and 300 million years ago
 He took the two principal cities Aleppo and  Extremely rich in minerals
Damascus
TUNDRAS
 He flattered by flood, ensuring that all of its
buildings were destroyed and massacred  Treeless regions located in Arctic and mountain
20,000 people. tops, where climate is cold and windy
 Timur was trading insulting letters with his  One of Earth's coldest, harshest biomes —
biggest rival Sultan Bayezid. having the temperature of -34 to -6 degree
 In 1402, The tension culminated in the Battle of Celsius
Ankara when Beyazid had to relieve his siege  Organisms living in this kind of region is prone
of Constantinople. to environmental stresses brought by global
 Timur decisively defeated his rival. warming
 Bayezid was captured and placed in a cage  Arctic Tundra - located in Northern part of
eventually dying in captivity. Russia
 Timur would successfully besiege Smyrna.  Cape Chelyuskin - The northernmost point of
 He went home home to some archon to enjoy the mainland of Asia
his spoils of war.
START OF THE CIVILIZATION
TIMUR’S DEATH
1ST MILLENNIUM
 He planned to conquer the Golden Horde. The
 Slavic nomadic tribes populated the region,
Ilkhanate and the Chagatai.
some were Magyars, Goths, Huns, and Avars
 In 1404, He decided that was his next goal, so
 Vikings led the Slavs. Russian scholars claimed
he set out in December of that year.
that the Viking attacked the Slavs
 He fell ill during cold winter. And he so died in
1405. RURIK DYANSTY

 Lasted for 700 years

 Started by Varangian Prince Rurik that ruled  Started to centralize administration under
Novgorod Muscovite rule
 Muscovite Rule - full sovereignty of Muscovy
862 - KIEVAN RUS
over Russian lands to unite under one ruler
 Rus - Old Norse word, “men who row”  Muscovy - grand principality of Moscow
 First East Slavic state
1547-1584 – IVAN IV (THE TERRIBLE)
 Considered founded by Oleg, Viking Prince of
Novgorod and son of Prince Rurik  Grandson of Ivan the Great
 Now, countries of Russia, Belarus, and Ukraine  First Czar of Russia — known for being cruel
 Kiev became its capital after 20 years and ruthless
 East Slavic Tribe - claimed as cultural ancestor  Established reforms and expanded Muscovite
of Russians, Belarusians, and Ukranians territory into Siberia through military means
 Formed Oprichnina — state policy implemented
980-1015 – PRINCE VLADIMIR THE GREAT
in Russia between 1565 and 1572 that include
 Ruled Rurik Dynasty — came from Rurik’s mass repression of boyars (Russian aristocrats)
lineage ROMANOV DYNASTY - Lasted for 300 years
 Canonized in 13th century → St. Vladimir
 Spread the conversion of Paganism to 1613 – MICHAEL ROMANOV
Christianity
 Founded Romanov Dynasty
 Married the daughter of the Byzantine emperor,
 Coronated as new Czar at age of 16 after being
resulting to deepen relationship between two
elected by Zemsky Sobor (Assembly of Land),
civilizations
years after unrests, famine, civil war, and
1019-1054 – YAROSLAV THE WISE invasions

 Vladimir’s son and successor

 Established written code of law 1689-1725 – PETER I (THE GREAT)
 Considered as one of the country’s greatest
 RUSSKAYA PRADAVA (RUSSIAN JUSTICE)
statesmen
 Written code based on Old Slavic Customs
 Russian Empire was founded in 1721 when
and Byzantine Law Russian Senate gave him the Emperor title
 Concept of Equality did not exist — crimes  Modernized military — founded Russian Navy
and punishment depend on social status  Reorganized government
 Kiev became center of politics and culture in  Abolished Boyar Council and established
Eastern Europe decree making Senate as Supreme Organ
of the State
1237-1240 (MONGOL INVASION) - Mongols
 Sponsored secular schools
invaded and ruled Kievan Rus until 1480
 Founded Russian Academy of Sciences
BATU KHAN  Northern War (1700 - 1721) - military conflict
between Russia, Denmark-Norway, and
 Genghis Khan’s grandson Saxony-Poland vs Sweden in Baltic Area
 Founder of Golden Horde
 Led the invasion in Europe including Kievan 1762 – CATHERINE II (THE GREAT)
Rus  Russia’s longest-ruler female leader (30+
years)
1480-1505 – IVAN III (THE GREAT)  Her reign marks Russia’s enlightenment era
 Educational Reforms
 Ruled and freed Russia from the Mongols
 Full participation in political life and cultural
 Expanded the territory inherited from his father, life of Europe
Vasily II, and successfully led military  Reorganization of administration
campaigns against the Tatars in the South and
East region 1853-1856 – NICHOLAS I
 His regime was militaristic and bureaucratic
 Was defeated in Crimean War
 CRIMEAN WAR 1939
 Russia vs Ottoman Empire with Britain and  World War II began
France  Pact between Joseph Stalin and Adolf Hitler
 Rose due to conflict of great powers in was made — Russia invaded Poland, Romania,
Middle East, caused by Russians Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, and Finland
demanding to exercise the Orthodox  Germany betrayed and broke the agreement by
subjects of Ottoman Sultan invading Russia in 1941

1861 – ALEXANDER II 1946 - Cold War between US and Russia

 Nicholas I’s son and successor
 Initiated Emancipation Reform that resulted to 1985 – MIKHAIL GORBACHEV
abolishment of serfdom and allowing peasants  Mikhail Gorbachev elected as General
to gain freedom and purchase land Secretary of the US
 Other notable reforms included universal  Reform efforts include Perestroika
military service strengthening Russia’s border, (Restructuring Russia’s economy), Glasnost
and promoting self-government (Greater Openness), and Summit talks with US
 Sold Alaska and Aleutian Islands to United President Ronald Reagan to end Cold War
States  Gorbachev elected as President, ended Cold
War peacefully — resulted to being awarded by
20TH CENTURY Nobel Peace Prize

1914 - Russia entered World War I to defend 1986 (CHERNOBYL DISASTER) - world’s worst
Serbia against Austria-Hungary nuclear plant accident

1917 RUSSIAN REVOLUTION 1991 – BORIN YELTSIN

 Violent revolution that ended Romanov Dynasty  Borin Yeltsin won Russia’s first popular
and Russian Imperial Rule presidential election – urged democracy
 Caused by corruption and inefficiency in  USSR came to an end on Dec 25 of the said
imperial government, defeat of Russia in the year due to failure of community party coup,
Russo-Japanese War in 1905, and defeat in Gorbachev also resigns
World War I that created damaged in their  Russia formed Commonwealth of Independent
economy States
 Bolsheviks took power and became Communist  Yeltsin began lifting communist-imposed price
Party of Soviet Union controls and reforms
 They also won in the civil war against the
Whites (anti-Bolsheviks)
VLADIMIR LENIN
 Founded Bolsheviks — All-Russian 21ST CENTURY
Communists Party
 Led the Russian Revolution 2000s
 Founded Union of the Soviet Society Republics  Vladimir Putin won the 2000 Presidential
(USSR) in 1922 Election in landslide, finished his term in 2008
 Leninism - political ideology inspired by Karl and run again in 2012 where he was re-elected
Marx’s Communist worldview again and the incumbent President of Russia in
modern-day
1929-1953 – JOSEPH STALIN
 Became Russia’s dictator 2020 CONSTITUTIONAL AMENDMENT - -
allowed Vladimir Putin to remain for two more term
 Transformed Russia from peasant society to
militarized and industrialized
RUSSO-UKRANIAN WAR/INVASION - started in
 Teamed with the Allied Forces to defeat
2014 and escalated in 2022
Germany in World War II
 Great Purge - happened in 1930s where CONTRIBUTIONS:
750,000 people killed to eliminate the
 Vodka
opposition
 Caviar
 Sputnik V
 Sputnik I