Mech LND 2019R2 EN LE01

Module 01: Introduction
ANSYS Mechanical Linear and

Nonlinear Dynamics
Release 2019 R2
1 © 2019 ANSYS, Inc.

Welcome!
• Welcome to ANSYS Mechanical Linear and Nonlinear Dynamics.

• This course covers the use of ANSYS Mechanical to perform several different types of
dynamic analyses. It is intended for users who already have experience performing
analysis in ANSYS Mechanical.
• Objectives:
‐ General understanding of the different types of dynamic analyses available in ANSYS Mechanical.
‐ Understanding of procedures for performing each type of dynamic simulation, including modal,
harmonic, random vibration, response spectrum, and transient structural analyses.
• Prerequisites:
‐ ANSYS Mechanical Getting Started

Module 01 Learning Outcomes
• After completing this module, you will:

‐ Understand the difference among the types of dynamic analyses available in ANSYS
Mechanical.
‐ Be able to recognize the type of dynamic analysis associated with various types of
excitation inputs.
‐ Have a fundamental knowledge of the underlying equation used when performing
dynamic simulations.

Module 01 Topics
A. Definition & Purpose

B. Types of Dynamic Analyses
‐ Modal Analysis
‐ Harmonic Analysis
‐ Response Spectrum Analysis
‐ Random Vibration Analysis
‐ Transient Analysis
C. General Equation of Motion
D. Basic Concepts and Terminology

A. Definition & Purpose
Static Structural Analysis:

Might ensure that the design will withstand steady-state loading conditions, but it may not
be sufficient, especially if the load varies with time.
Dynamic Structural Analysis:
• Used to determine the behavior of structures subjected to loads that vary with time or
frequency.
• Inertia, and possibly damping, of the structure play an important role.
• Dynamics also includes the study of free vibrations, i.e., the oscillations of a structure
after the force causing the motion has been removed.

…. Definition & Purpose
It is crucial to understand the vibration Vibration characteristics!

characteristics (free vibration analysis) of a
system:
The famous Tacoma Narrows bridge
(Galloping Gertie) collapsed under steady
wind loads during a 42-mph windstorm on
November 7, 1940, just four months after
construction.

…. Definition & Purpose
• A dynamic analysis usually takes into account one or more of the following:
‐ free vibrations
➢ natural vibration frequencies and shapes
‐ forced vibrations
➢ e.g. crank shafts, other rotating machinery
‐ seismic/shock loads
➢ e.g. earthquake, blast
‐ random vibrations
➢ e.g. rocket launch, road transport
‐ general time-varying loads
➢ e.g. car crash, hammer blow
• Each situation is handled by a specific type of dynamic analysis.

B. Types of Dynamic Analyses
• Modal Analysis
Modal analysis is used to determine a structure’s vibration characteristics, i.e., natural
frequencies and mode shapes.
Consider the following examples:
‐ An automobile tailpipe assembly could shake apart if its natural frequency matched that of the
engine. How can you avoid this?
‐ A turbine blade under stress (centrifugal forces) shows different dynamic behavior. How can
you account for it?

…. Types of Dynamic Analyses
• Harmonic Analysis
The harmonic-response analysis is used to determine a structure’s response to steady,
harmonic (sinusoidally varying) loads.
Rotating machines exert steady, alternating forces on bearings and support structures.
These forces cause different deflections and stresses depending on the speed of rotation.
F(t)

• Response Spectrum Analysis

A response-spectrum analysis can be used to determine how a component responds to
earthquakes.
Skyscrapers, power-plant cooling towers, and other structures must withstand multiple
short-duration transient shock/impact loadings, common in seismic events.
10 © 2019 ANSYS, Inc.

• Random Vibration Analysis

A random-vibration analysis can be used to determine how a component responds to
random vibrations.
Spacecraft and aircraft components must withstand random loading of varying frequencies
for a sustained time period.
11 © 2019 ANSYS, Inc.

• Transient Analysis
A transient analysis can be used to calculate a structure’s response to time-varying loads.
Consider the following examples:
‐ An automobile fender should be able to withstand low-speed impact, but deform under higher-
speed impact.
‐ A tennis racket frame should be designed to resist the impact of a tennis ball and yet flex
somewhat.
12 © 2019 ANSYS, Inc.

Choosing the appropriate type of dynamic analysis depends on the type of input available
and the type of output desired.
Type Input Output Nonlinearity

Modal o none o natural frequencies and corresponding mode shapes o No
o stress/strain profile
Harmonic o sinusoidally-varying excitations o sinusoidally-varying response at each frequency o No

across a range of frequencies o min/max response over frequency range
(“sine sweep”)
Spectrum o spectrum representing the o maximum response if the model were subjected to o No
response to a specific time history the time history
(Amplitude/Hz)
Random o Power spectrum representing o probability distribution of response o No
probability distribution of
excitation (PSD, Amplitude2/Hz)
Transient o time-varying loads (seconds, ms) o time-varying response o Yes
13 © 2019 ANSYS, Inc.

Below are three general categories (Shock, Free Vibration, and Vibration) that we often hear of referring to
Dynamics, along with typical keywords. We can usually determine the proper ANSYS analysis from these
keywords…
G’s, G-Loads, Static

RMS G’s Analysis Resonance, Modes,
Shock Free Natural Frequency, Modal
Fundamental Frequency,
Drop Test, Rail Transient Vibration Mode Shapes Analysis
Impact, Drop Shock,
30ms Half Sine Analysis
Earthquake, Seismic, SRSS, Response

Spectrum, Response Spectrum
Spectrum
Analysis
Sine Sweep, Frequency Harmonic

Vibration Sweep, Rotating
Imbalance Analysis
Random Vibe, PSD, ASD, Random

Spectral Density,
Accelerated Long Life Vibration Analysis
14 © 2019 ANSYS, Inc.

C. General Equation of Motion
• The non-linear governing equation for the Transient Dynamic Analysis is:
u
Finertia Fdamping Fstiffness Fapplied
         
M u+ C u+ K (u )u = F (t )
[M]: is structural mass matrix 𝒖ሷ : is nodal acceleration vector

[C]: is structural damping matrix 𝒖ሶ : is nodal velocity vector
[K]: is structural stiffness matrix {u}: is nodal displacement vector
{F}: is the load vector (t): is time
15 © 2019 ANSYS, Inc.

…. General Equation of Motion
Finertia Fdamping Fstiffness Fapplied

         
M u+ C u+ K (u )u = F (t )
Nonlinearity
• Sources of Nonlinearity
‐ large deflection
‐ nonlinear contact
‐ material nonlinearity
• Nonlinearity is allowed only in a full transient analysis.
16 © 2019 ANSYS, Inc.

D. Basic Concepts and Terminology
Free Vibration:
takes place when a system oscillates in the absence of external forces.
Natural Frequency:
a system under free vibration will vibrate at one or more of its natural frequencies. A
natural frequency is a property of the dynamic system established by its mass and
stiffness distribution.
Forced Vibration:
vibration that takes place under external forces.
17 © 2019 ANSYS, Inc.

…. Basic Concepts and Terminology
Resonance:
in forced vibration, when the force is oscillatory, the system is forced to oscillate at the
excitation frequency. If the frequency of excitation coincides with one or more of the
natural frequencies, resonance occurs.
Damping:
is an energy-dissipation mechanism that causes vibrations to diminish over time and
eventually stop. If damping is small, it has very small influence on the natural
frequencies.
18 © 2019 ANSYS, Inc.

Workshop 01.1: Flywheel
19 © 2019 ANSYS, Inc.

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Module 01: Introduction

ANSYS Mechanical Linear and

1 © 2019 ANSYS, Inc.

• Welcome to ANSYS Mechanical Linear and Nonlinear Dynamics.

2 © 2019 ANSYS, Inc.

• After completing this module, you will:

3 © 2019 ANSYS, Inc.

A. Definition & Purpose

4 © 2019 ANSYS, Inc.

Static Structural Analysis:

5 © 2019 ANSYS, Inc.

It is crucial to understand the vibration Vibration characteristics!

6 © 2019 ANSYS, Inc.

7 © 2019 ANSYS, Inc.

8 © 2019 ANSYS, Inc.

9 © 2019 ANSYS, Inc.

• Response Spectrum Analysis

10 © 2019 ANSYS, Inc.

• Random Vibration Analysis

11 © 2019 ANSYS, Inc.

12 © 2019 ANSYS, Inc.

Type Input Output Nonlinearity

Harmonic o sinusoidally-varying excitations o sinusoidally-varying response at each frequency o No

13 © 2019 ANSYS, Inc.

G’s, G-Loads, Static

Earthquake, Seismic, SRSS, Response

Sine Sweep, Frequency Harmonic

Random Vibe, PSD, ASD, Random

14 © 2019 ANSYS, Inc.

[M]: is structural mass matrix 𝒖ሷ : is nodal acceleration vector

15 © 2019 ANSYS, Inc.

Finertia Fdamping Fstiffness Fapplied

• Nonlinearity is allowed only in a full transient analysis.

16 © 2019 ANSYS, Inc.

17 © 2019 ANSYS, Inc.

18 © 2019 ANSYS, Inc.

19 © 2019 ANSYS, Inc.

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