Internal Assignment

Course: Essentials of IT

Ans.1. MS Excel is an application developed by the Microsoft. It is a spreadsheet

application which stores data into rows and columns and allows a user to store, analyse
and visualise data in graphical presentation. Excel is specifically made to arrange data in a
tabular manner.
Excel contains various tools to organise even complex data in an understanding
manner. One such tool is ‗Charts‘ in excel.

A Chart, as the name suggests, is a tool that is used to present data into a graphical
manner to the viewers. It contains variety of in-built charts for understanding data in
different perspectives. Usually, Excel provides a total of 17 charts.
Following are the some types of charts available in excel:-

1. Column Chart
The data in a column chart is represented on the horizontal axis for category and
values along the vertical axis. The columns are parallel to vertical axis. It shows
comparisons between individual items. To plot the data, first, data or values are
arranged in columns or rows on a worksheet which is then plotted in a column chart.

Image Source: https://cs.wingarc.com/manual/svf/svf9.2_Flare/en/swd92user/p46434272/p46434308/p46434310.html

2. Bar Chart
The bar chart is same as column chart. The only difference is that category is
represented on the vertical axis and the values on the horizontal axis, which means
the bars will be represented horizontally parallel to horizontal axis. Again to plot
data, first arrange in columns or rows on a worksheet then plot a bar chart.
 Bar chart is considered over column chart when the axis labels are long and values
are durations.

Image Source: https://www.smartsheet.com/bar-charting-excel-bar-graph

3. Line Chart
In a line chart, the category lies on the horizontal axis and all values lie on the
vertical axis. Line charts can show data continuously over time. It is used to show the
data as in equal intervals, like days, weeks, months, quarters, or fiscal years.

Image Source: https://www.smartsheet.com/line-graphs-line-charts-excel

4. Pie Chart
Pie charts, as the name suggest are in the form of a pie. The data in a pie chart are
shown in percentage of the whole pie. It shows the size of items in one data series,
showing a proportion for something. A pie chart can show parts for seven
categories only. It does not store the value ‗zero‘ nor any negative value. To plot a
pie chart, data is arranged in one column or row on a worksheet then plotted in a
pie chart.
 Image Source: https://best-excel-tutorial.com/59-tips-and-tricks/174-exploding-pie-chart-excel

5. Area Chart
Area chart shows the relationship of parts in a whole. Area chart looks like a line
chart where the parts of data are separated by line and are filled with different
colours. It is used to show the relationship between the different parts, over a time.
To plot an area chart, data is arranged in one column or row on a worksheet then
plotted in a pie chart.

Image source: https://trumpexcel.com/area-chart/

Some other charts available in MS Excel 2019 are:-

6. Surface Chart

7. Radar Chart

8. XY (Scatter) Chart

9. Map Chart
 10. Stock Chart

11. Treemap Chart

12. Sunburst Chart

13. Histogram Chart

14. Box and Whisker Chart

15. Waterfall Chart

16. Funnel Chart

17. Combo Chart

A Chart is an important component in MS Excel. The use of charts can benefit a user
in many ways. It is a tool that helps to create and analyse a visual representation of a large
data in a graphical way in less time. One can use different types of charts specifically
according to one‘s own requirement for different kinds of data. Using charts can help user
to understand the data in a more easy way and to get a clear picture of information in
hand.
.

Below is the pie chart for percentage share of each ice-cream flavour –

Ice-Cream Flavour

25% 24% Butterscotch

Chocolate
Strawberry
Vanilla

24% 27%

Ans. 2. If we have a worksheet with thousands of rows and columns of data then
definitely it would be difficult to see patterns and analyse such big form of information.
Therefore, similar to charts, conditional formatting provides a better way to visualize
data in cells and make worksheets easier to understand.
Conditional formatting as the name suggests, allows you to apply formatting—such
as colours, shades, and data bars to one or more cells based on different conditions of
values. There are inbuilt as well as custom conditional formatting rules available to sort
data in an understanding way.

Below are the representations of the questions mentioned: –

ans (a) There were 4 people who met their sale goal as yes and belong to the region
North.

ans (b) There are 3 people whose quantity values are greater than 300.

ans (c) Colour Scales is that tool of conditional formatting which arrange the cells in an
order of colour shades according to minimum, average and maximum values.

It indicates the weightage of values with respect to the colour combination.

Usually the minimum values are shaded with light or warm colours, average with medium
colours and maximum with dark colours.

Below is the representation of Item weight with respect to colour scale.

ans (d) NULL

There is no representation of highlighted cells as no items were manufactured in the last

week.

ans (e) Today‘s date, 14/08/2020, has been highlighted below as mentioned.

Following are observations for the mentioned table –

 There are four people who belong to region North, four people belong to East, five
people belong to West and two people belong to the region South.

 10 out of 15 people have met their sale goal, whereas, 5 people have not met their
sale goals yet.

Ans. 3. a. Following is the graph depicting sales and advertising expenditure for the
mentioned organisation –
 Advertising and sales are important tools of marketing which plays a role under
influencing and attracting the attention of the customer and leads in growth of the
company. Advertising and sales affects the purchase decisions of customers

Analysis for the above data:-

 The variables in the above data, sales and advertising expenditure as observed,
has a ‗strong relationship’ as the points on the scatter plot are very close to the
trend line and we can also notice a ‗positive relationship’ as just by noticing the
graph one can see that the points tend to be showing an upward trend.
 Therefore there is an increase in the sales with an increase in advertising expense.
This means increased Advertising has increased the ‗sales‘ of the organisation.
 Thus the figures as in results are positive for the company.

Ans. 3. b. The terms ‗data‘ and ‗information‘ may look similar in meaning. However there
is a wide range of difference between both words.

Data can be a single word, number, symbol or any other character, put altogether in
parts or in individual pieces that can barely mean anything on its own or to a person. A
data is actually the raw list of details which is processed to form the information and is
defined as ―facts and figures‖ in simple.
Whereas information can be defined as data formed into something meaningful, which can
be used by a person in some or other way. An organised data is what called information,
which is easily understood more than data.

Let us understand the difference between ‗data‘ and ‗information‘ in a structured way –
 Basis Data Information

Data is a single unit and is raw. It alone Information carries a logical

Meaning
doesn't have any meaning. meaning.

Form Data is in the form of numbers, texts, Information is formed from

symbols, or set of characters. Thoughts and suggestions

Purpose Data does not have any specific Information carries a purpose
purpose. specific to the requirements
and expectations by
The data collected, may or may not be interpreting data.
useful as it was never designed for any
specific need.

Information is important of its

Importance Data alone has no importance.
own.

Dependence Data depends upon the sources for Information depends upon
collecting data based on observations data.
. and records and never on the
Information.

Knowledge Data can be defined as low-level It is a second level knowledge.

level knowledge.

Decision Data can't be used for decision making Information is widely used for
making as it is not in a structured manner decision making.

Therefore, both terms are closely related but not similar.

A database is a collective form of data formed into information that is organized in a

structured manner which can be accessed, managed and updated easily. It shows data
arranged into tables, rows, columns, and index to make it easier to handle related
information.
The main purpose of the database is to operate a large amount of information by storing,
retrieving, and managing data.
There are database handlers that create software programs to maintain a database
in such a way that only one set of access can provide information to all the users. Such a
software is called, Database Management System (DBMS)
A Database Management System (DBMS) allows a user to store and access data with a
security approach. It allows users to create their own databases according to their
requirement.

Database Management System has the following advantages:-

  It offers various techniques to store and access data.
 DBMS helps in efficient handling of the needs of variety of users using the same
data.
 It specifies a constant procedure for storing and organising data
 Safety of details of data representation and storage in system.
 DBMS contains various useful functions to store and access data efficiently.
 It schedules synchronized access to the data in such a way that only one user can
access the same data at a particular time
 Supports multiple kinds of data
 Allows sharing of data in a systematic way.

Hence, DBMS is a software that contains tools for creating, saving and manipulating
complicated forms of data systematically, specifically used by the users for data handling.
If one has to protect its complicated data from crashes, then the solution is to get a DBMS.