DIAGRAMATIC AND GRAPHICAL

REPRESENTATION
LECTURE 4
Lecture Outline
1. Diagrams
✓ 1D diagrams
✓ 2D diagrams
✓ 3D diagrams
✓ Pictograms and cartograms
2. Graphs
✓ Histogram
✓ Frequency polygon
✓ Frequency curve
✓ Ogive
✓ Lorentz curve
 DIAGRAMS
DEFINITION
› a visual form for presentation of statistical
data, highlighting their basic facts and
relationship
 DIAGRAMS
SIGNIFICANCE
› They are attractive and impressive
› They make data simple and intelligible
› They make comparison possible
› They save time and labor
› They have universal utility
› They give more information
› They have a great memorizing effect
 DIAGRAMS
GENERAL RULES FOR CONSTRUCTING DIAGRAMS
› A diagram should be neatly drawn and
attractive.
 DIAGRAMS
GENERAL RULES FOR CONSTRUCTING DIAGRAMS
› The measurements of geometrical figures
used in diagram should be accurate and
proportional.
 DIAGRAMS
GENERAL RULES FOR CONSTRUCTING DIAGRAMS
› The size of the diagrams should match the size
of the paper.
 DIAGRAMS
GENERAL RULES FOR CONSTRUCTING DIAGRAMS
› Every diagram must have a suitable but short
heading.
 DIAGRAMS
GENERAL RULES FOR CONSTRUCTING DIAGRAMS
› The scale should be mentioned in the
diagram.
 DIAGRAMS
GENERAL RULES FOR CONSTRUCTING DIAGRAMS
› Diagrams should be neatly as well as
accurately drawn with the help of drawing
instruments.
 DIAGRAMS
GENERAL RULES FOR CONSTRUCTING DIAGRAMS
› Index must be given for identification so that
the reader can easily make out the meaning of
the diagram.
 DIAGRAMS
GENERAL RULES FOR CONSTRUCTING DIAGRAMS
› Footnote must be given at the bottom of the
diagram.
 DIAGRAMS
GENERAL RULES FOR CONSTRUCTING DIAGRAMS
› Economy in cost and energy should be
exercised in drawing diagram.
 DIAGRAMS
TYPES OF DIAGRAMS
1. One-dimensional diagrams
2. Two-dimensional diagrams
3. Three-dimensional diagrams
4. Pictograms and Cartograms
 DIAGRAMS
1. One-dimensional diagrams
– only length is taken in account.
1.1 Line Diagram
1.2 Simple Diagram
1.3 Multiple Bar Diagram
1.4 Sub-divided Bar Diagram
1.5 Percentage Bar Diagram
 DIAGRAMS
1.1 Line Diagram
- Vertical line for each item according to the scale.
- Distance between line is uniform.
- Makes comparison easy.
- Less attractive.
 DIAGRAMS
1.1 Line Diagram
Example:
 DIAGRAMS
1.1 Line Diagram
Example:
 DIAGRAMS
1.2 Simple Bar Diagram
- Can be drawn either on horizontal or vertical base.
- Bars must be uniform in width.
- Space between bars must be equal.
- Scale is determined on the basis of the highest value
in the series.
- Bars can be colored.
- Can present only one classification or one category
of data
 DIAGRAMS
1.2 Simple Bar Diagram
Example:
 DIAGRAMS
1.2 Simple Bar Diagram
Example:
 DIAGRAMS
1.3 Multiple Bar Diagram
- Used for comparing 2 or more sets of data.
- Bars are constructed side by side and of the same
width.
- Bars are distinct from each other (colored, shaded,
dotted).
- Index is also prepared for identification of the bars.
 DIAGRAMS
1.3 Multiple Bar Diagram
Example:
 DIAGRAMS
1.3 Multiple Bar Diagram
Example:
 DIAGRAMS
1.4 Subdivided Bar Diagram
- The bar is sub-divided into various parts.
- Also called Component Bar diagrams.
- Subdivisions are distinguished by different colors,
shades, or markings.
- All the parts do not have a common base.
- The bars have different heights.
 DIAGRAMS
1.4 Subdivided Bar Diagram
Example:
 DIAGRAMS
1.4 Subdivided Bar Diagram
Example:
 DIAGRAMS
1.5 Percentage Bar Diagram
- Another form of Component Bar diagram.
- Components are not the actual values but
percentages of the whole.
- Bars are of equal heights.
- More appealing than sub-divided bar diagram.
 DIAGRAMS
1.5 Percentage Bar Diagram
Example:
 DIAGRAMS
1.5 Percentage Bar Diagram
Example:
 DIAGRAMS
2. Two-dimensional diagrams
– length and breadth have both to be taken into
account
– also called area diagrams or surface diagrams
2.1 Rectangles
2.2 Squares
2.3 Circles or Pie-diagrams
 DIAGRAMS
2.1 Rectangles
– represent the relative magnitude of two or more
values
– area of the rectangles are kept in proportion to
the values
– placed side by side for comparison
– subdivision is according to percentages of the
various components
 DIAGRAMS
2.1 Rectangles
Example:
 DIAGRAMS
2.1 Rectangles
Example:
 DIAGRAMS
2.2 Squares
– take the square root of the values of various item
– select a suitable scale to draw the squares
 DIAGRAMS
2.2 Squares
Example:
 DIAGRAMS
2.2 Squares
Example:
 DIAGRAMS
2.3 Pie Diagram or Circular Diagram
– both the total and the component parts or sectors can be
shown
– area of a circle is proportional to the square of its radius
– pie diagrams should be used on a percentage basis
 DIAGRAMS
2.3 Pie Diagram or Circular Diagram
Example:
 DIAGRAMS
2.3 Pie Diagram or Circular Diagram
Example:
 DIAGRAMS
3. Three-dimensional diagrams
– also known as volume diagram, consist of cubes,
cylinders, spheres, etc.
– length, width and height have to be taken into
account
– side of a cube is drawn in proportion to the cube
root of the magnitude of data
 DIAGRAMS
3. Three-dimensional diagrams
Example:
 DIAGRAMS
3. Three-dimensional diagrams
Example:
 DIAGRAMS
4. Pictograms and Cartograms
– represented through a pictorial symbol that is
carefully selected (pictograms)
– statistical maps, used to give quantitative
information as a geographical basis (cartograms)
 DIAGRAMS
4. Pictograms and Cartograms
Example:
 DIAGRAMS
4. Pictograms and Cartograms
Example:
 GRAPHS
DEFINITION
› another form of visual presentation of
statistical data
 GRAPHS
Types of Graphs
1. Histogram
2. Frequency Polygon
3. Frequency Curve
4. Ogive
5. Lorentz Curve
 GRAPHS
1. Histogram
– a bar chart or graph showing the frequency of
occurrence of each value of the variable being
analyzed
– cannot be used in distribution with open-end
classes
– misleading if the distribution has unequal
intervals
 GRAPHS
1. Histogram
Example:
 GRAPHS
1. Histogram
Example:
 GRAPHS
2. Frequency Polygon
– can be formed by joining the midpoints of the top
horizontal sides of the rectangles in a histogram
by a straight line
– frequencies in a class interval are evenly
distributed throughout the class
– area of the polygon is equal to the area of the
histogram
 GRAPHS
2. Frequency Polygon
Example:
 GRAPHS
2. Frequency Polygon
Example:
 GRAPHS
3. Frequency Curve
– a smooth out frequency polygon
 GRAPHS
3. Frequency Curve
Example:
 GRAPHS
3. Frequency Curve
Example:
 GRAPHS
4. Ogives
– a plot of cumulative frequency curve
– methods: less than ogive, more than ogive
 GRAPHS
4. Ogives
Example:
 GRAPHS
4. Ogives
Example:
 GRAPHS
4. Ogives
Example:
 GRAPHS
5. Lorentz Curve
– a graphical method of studying dispersion
– introduced by Max.O.Lorenz, a great Economist
and a statistician
 GRAPHS
5. Lorentz Curve
Example:
 GRAPHS
5. Lorentz Curve
Example:
 GRAPHS
5. Lorentz Curve
Example: