Vol. 10 No.

2, 2023
https://ppjp.ulm.ac.id/journal/index.php/jpg

Assessment of Ecotourism Potential of Mangrove Park Pekalongan Central Java

and its Development Strategy

Sodikin1*, Nurismawati2, Teuku Rusman Nulhakim3, Siti Umamah Naili Muna4,

Rahmat Hidayat5
1
Program Studi Magister Studi Lingkungan Pascasarjana Universitas Terbuka
2,3
Pendidikan IPS FITK UIN Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta
4
Program Studi Matematika Fakultas Sains dan Teknologi, Universitas Terbuka
5
Program Studi Magister Administrasi Publik, Pascasarjana Universitas Terbuka
*sodikinn@ecampus.ut.ac.id

Abstract
The purpose of this study was to analyze the feasibility of mangrove forests
in the Pekalongan Mangrove Park Ecotourism Area in Pekalongan Regency,
North Pekalongan City, Central Java as a mangrove ecotourism area and
determine a development strategy. This research method used quantitative
and qualitative approaches, primary and secondary data obtained from the
results of observations, interviews and observations were used as data. The
IKW formulation is used as a data analysis technique, and the SWOTL
technique is used in the development strategy analysis. The results of the
study show that the Pekalongan Mangrove Ecotourism Park which consists
of various flora and fauna as well as natural scenery is the main attraction for
ecotourism development in Pekalongan City. Based on the results of the
suitability analysis, the Pekalongan Mangrove Ecotourism Park has proven to
be one of the areas suitable for ecotourism. This is indicated by a swamp
suitability index of 68 percent. Alternative Ecotourism Development Strategy
SO Mangrove Park Pekalongan will develop all existing groups as an
alternative eco-oriented community tourism in Pekalongan City. In the WO
Strategy of the Pekalongan City DPRD, provisions are made to maintain and
improve the mangrove swamp infrastructure for the Mangrove Ecotourism
Area in Pekalongan Park.
Keywords: Ecotourism, Mangrove Park, Pekalongan

DOI: 10.20527/jpg.v10i2.15220
Received: 26 December 2022; Accepted: 7 August 2023; Published: 28 September
2023
How to cite: Sodikin, Nurismawati, Nulhakim, T. R., Muna, S. U. N, Hidayat, R.
(2023). Assessment of Ecotourism Potential of Mangrove Park Pekalongan Central
Java and its Development Strategy. JPG (Jurnal Pendidikan Geografi), Vol. 10 No. 2.
http://dx.doi.org/10.20527/jpg.v10i2.15220
© 2023 JPG (Jurnal Pendidikan Geografi)
*Corresponding Author

1. Introduction
Currently the tourism sector is Indonesia's mainstay sector, especially in terms of
increasing foreign exchange, Indonesia as a country with a high level of biodiversity and
tourism potential, both mountain natural tourism and natural tourism in coastal areas. The

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 Sodikin, et al/ Jurnal Pendidikan Geografi 10 (2) 2023

mainstay sector of tourism in coastal areas today is the tourism sector managed from
mangrove areas or often known as mangrove ecotourism. Indonesia with its territory
which is an archipelago, so that the distribution of mangroves in Indonesia is included in
the category of mangroves with the highest area for the ASEAN region. Based on the
Indonesian mangrove map in 2021, the current mangrove area in Indonesia reaches 3.36
million ha with the largest area in Papua by 32.4%. According to Lewis (2014) mangroves
are specialized plants that can adapt to environmental conditions that are constantly
changing due to tides. In coastal and marine locations, mangroves are the most significant
life-supporting ecosystems because they function as barriers against erosion, storms, and
tsunamis, as well as by absorbing trash and preventing saltwater from entering. In
addition, mangroves serve an ecological purpose by providing food for aquatic life,
serving as breeding grounds, and nurturing a variety of creatures (Ngoma, 2020).
Mangrove ecosystems have their own characteristics and peculiarities, such as the
characteristic shape of the roots and various types of fauna associated with mangrove
ecosystems, such as birds, snakes, monitor lizards, shrimps, fish, mollusks, and crabs, as
well as epiphytic plants such as orchids, for association. Mangrove ecosystems can be
developed to improve human welfare and ecological functions, namely developing the
potential of mangrove habitats as alternative tourist destinations that are very profitable.
Mangrove ecotourism is the idea of ethical travel to locations with mangrove forests to
conserve those resources and advance human well-being. (Yoswaty, 2021). According to
Seliari (2021), the challenges for ecotourism organizers, stakeholders, and tourists
become guidelines for achieving ecotourism and sustainability goals through
environmentally friendly activities and behaviors.
Pekalongan City is one of the cities on the north coast of Central Java province. In
the north, the city is directly adjacent to the Java Sea. The real threat in the Pekalongan
Regency's coastal areas is abrasion, which is increasingly eroding the coastal areas of
Pekalongan. Based on Widada's research (2022), the average abrasion of Pekalongan City
is 3.98 m, causing coastal embankments and changes in the coastline that result in tidal
flooding, according to Miftakhudin's research (2021), tidal flooding is more massive. It
has increased significantly, amounting to 37.27% of the area. The Pekalongan City
Government, to overcome this problem, rehabilitates mangrove forests. Management of
coastal mangrove damage in Pekalongan Regency is tailored to each region. Mangrove
planting efforts in ponds and swamps are carried out by making mounds and mounds
around the coast planting with mangroves forming a triangle facing the sea, and making
breakwater (APO) to protect newly planted mangroves (Widagdo, 2014). To improve the
function and usefulness of mangrove areas, the city government developed a mangrove
ecotourism area named "mangrove park" so that the surrounding mangroves not only
protect the coast from abrasion but also receive economic benefits from environmental
services such as being an ecotourism area. This study aims to identify the potential of
mangrove areas to be used as tourist attractions and determine their development
strategies.

2. Method
This research was conducted in the Mangrove Park Ecotourism Area of Pekalongan
City, located in Kandang Panjang Village, North Pekalongan District, Pekalongan City,
Central Java Province. Astronomically, the area is located at 60 51' 29.120" South latitude

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- 1090 40' 30.116" East longitude. East longitude. The research location is shown in
Figure 1.

Figure 1. Location of Ecotourism Mangrove Park Pekalongan Central Java

For the analysis of mangrove biota and vegetation using the transect line method.
The collection of social data using interview techniques. Primary data used in this study
are data on mangr++ove thickness, mangrove density, mangrove species, mangrove biota,
location characteristics, accessibility, and visitor data. The secondary data are tidal data
and monographic data of Kandang Panjang Village. Technical data analysis to determine
the potential of mangroves as an ecotourism area includes:

A. Mangrove Thickness
Measurements were taken using Google Earth satellite imagery to obtain mangrove
thickness data. The survey technique was done by drawing a perpendicular line from the
mangrove forest at the sea border to land. The value obtained from measuring the
thickness of mangrove trees in the field is a measure of the width of mangrove trees.

B. Mangrove Density
To analyze mangrove density obtained by analyzing data on mangrove species,
population size, and diameter of mangrove trees then used to calculate the density of
species referring to (Dharmawan, 2020) as below:

𝑛𝑖
Di = (1)
𝐴
Description:
Di = Species density (ind/m2)
ni = Total number of stands of the species
A = Total area of sampling area

C. Mangrove Ecotourism Suitability Index

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To analyze the feasibility of an ecotourism area, it is built based on the significance

of each element to support activities in the area. The formulation to determine the
ecotourism suitability index refers to Yulianda (2007) as follows:

IKW= Σ [ Ni/Nmax ] x 100% (2)

Description:
IKW : Ecosystem suitability index for mangrove ecotourism
S1 : Very suitable, with a value of 80% - 100%
S2 : Suitable, with a value of 60% - < 80%
S3 : Conditionally suitable, with a value of 35% - < 60%
N : Not suitable, with a value < 35 %
Ni : Value of i-th parameter (weight x score)
N max : The maximum value of the mangrove ecotourism category.

In Table 2, there are seven assessment criteria when deciding mangrove ecotourism.

Table 2. Land suitability matrix for mangrove ecotourism development

S1 S2 S3
No Parameter B S S S N S
category category category
Mangrove
1. 5 >500 4 >200-500 3 50-200 2 >50 1
Thickness
Mangrove
2. 4 >15-25 4 >10-15 3 5-10 2 >5 1
Density
Mangrove
3. 3 >5 4 3-5 3 1-2 2 0 1
Type
Fish,
Shrimp, Fish,
Fish, one of the
Crabs, Shrimp,
4. Object Biota 3 4 3 Mollusks 1 aquatic 1
Mollusks, Crabs,
life
Reptiles, Mollusks
Birds
5. Tides 3 4 3 2 1
Area 4 3 2 1
6. 2 4 3 2 1
Characteristics conditions conditions conditions conditions
4 3 2 1
7. Accessibility 1 4 3 2 1
conditions conditions conditions conditions
Sumber: Yuliyanda (2019)

SWOT analysis was used to analyze Pekalongan Mangrove Park ecotourism's

development strategy. According to Rangkuti (2015), SWOT analysis (Strengths,
Weaknesses, Opportunities, Threats) identifies various aspects and prioritizes different
development options. This analysis is based on internal and external elements to optimize
strengths and opportunities and minimize weaknesses and dangers. After identifying
strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats, the identification is organized in a
SWOT matrix to produce four strategic opportunities in the form of SO, WO, ST, and
WT.

3. Results and Discussion

A. General Condition of Pekalongan Mangrove Park Ecotourism Area
North Pekalongan Regency, Kandang Panjang Village, and Pekalongan City are
home to the Pekalongan Mangrove Park. One of the mangrove conservation areas that
double as an ecotourism destination is Mangrove Park Pekalongan. Visitors can use

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several facilities for training, including walking routes, viewing towers, shelters, and
nursery areas. The assessment of area features in the Pekalongan Mangrove ecotourism
area is based on two criteria: the presence of exciting elements, both flora, fauna, and
physical elements, and the presence of beauty that has an attraction.

B. Mangrove Characteristics in Mangrove Ecotourism in Pekalongan

1) Mangrove Thickness
To build mangrove ecotourism, mangrove thickness is a determining factor
(Mas'ud, 2020). Figure 2 explains the data from each station based on mangrove thickness
measurements at the research site. Based on Figure 2, it can be seen that station II, with
a mangrove thickness of 112 m, is included in the S3 category. In contrast, stations I and
III, with mangrove thickness, are included in the N category (unsuitable).

MANGROVE THICKNESS CHART FOR EACH STATION

IN MANGROVE PARK ECOTOURISM IN PEKALONGAN CITY

120 112

100

Thickness 80
mangrove
(m) 60
47 49

40

20
0
0
stasiun I II III
Source: Results of analysis in 2020
Figure 2. Mangrove Thickness Diagram at each observation station

2) Mangrove Species Composition And Density

Based on observations, the Mangrove Park ecotourism area of Pekalongan City has
seven different mangrove species. Rhizophora sp. and Avicennia sp. are the main
mangrove species. This aligns with the research results by Usman (2013), which states
that on the north coast of Java with sandy mud, Rhizophora sp., and Avicennia species
become dominant in the region. The diversity of mangrove species is one of the attractions
for tourists to visit ecotourism areas. This is in line with the research results from Susi
(2018). The diversity of mangrove species greatly supports the diversity of biota in the
area and is the primary habitat for other biota. Types of mangroves found in Pekalongan
mangrove park ecotourism are shown in Table 4.

Table 4. Types and distribution of mangrove vegetation in Pekalongan mangrove ecotourism

Pekalongan mangrove ecotourism based on observation
No. Species Regional Name

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1. Avicennia marina Sia-sia putih, sie-sie, api-api, pejapi, nyapi,

api, sia, hajusa, pai
2. Rhizophora stylosa Bakau, bako-kurap, slindur
3. Rhizophora apiculata Jangkah, slengkreng, tinjang, bakau
4. Nypa fruticans Buyuk, buyuh, nipah, niu-nipa, nypa
5. Avicennia lanata Ridley Sia-sia, api-api
Bruguiera gymnorhiza Lindur, tanjang-merah, salak-salak, totongkek,
6.
tancang, tumu, tanjang
7. Sonneratia alba Prapat, bropak, padada bogem
Source: Results of field observations in 2020

The density of mangroves in Mangrove Park ecotourism in Pekalongan City is

presented in Table 5.

Table 5. Mangrove density for each station

Number of
Station Species Area Density
trees
- Avicennia 3 100 0,03
I
marina
- Rhizopora 23 100 0,28
stylosa
Total 26 100 0,31
Average 100 0,155
- Avicennia 3 100 0,03
marina
- Rhizopora 11 100 0,11
apiculatta
II
- Rhizopora 20 100 0,20
stylosa
- Nypa 3 100 0,03
fruticans
Total 37 100 0,37
Average 100 0,0925
- Avicennia 3 100 0,03
lanata
Ridley
III - Brugueira 8 100 0,08
gymnorhiza
- Sonneratia 7 100 0,07
alba
Total 18 100 0,18
Average 100 0,06
Source: Field observation results, 2020

3) Mangrove Biota
One of the attractions of mangrove tourism is the presence of mangrove fauna
(Agussalim, 2014) because with the many existing fauna tourists can enjoy and observe
the variety of fauna that exists. Based on the results of observations of fauna found in
mangrove park ecotourism as shown in Table 5.

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Table 5. Fauna species in the Pekalongan mangrove park ecotourism area

Type Local Name Latin Name
1. Trinil Kaki Merah Tringa tetanus
2. Kuntul Kecil Egretta garzetta
3. Blekok Sawah Ardeola speciosa
4. Kokokan Laut Butorides striatus
Reptile 1. Biawak Varanus salvator
Ikan 1. Bandeng Chanos chanos
2. Belanak Liza melinoptera
Crustacea 1. Kepiting Metopograpsus latifrons
2. Kepiting Bakau Scylla olivacea
3. Udang Dogol Metapenaeus ensis
4. Kerang Dara Anadara granosa
Molusca 1. Keong Bakau Telescopium telescopium
Source: Field observation results, 2020

4) Accessibility to Ecotourism Mangrove Park Pekalongan City

There are two requirements for assessing the accessibility of a location, including a
proper road to the place, and the existence of several other alternative routes. The
Pekalongan Mangrove Park Ecotourism Area, based on the results of observations, is
relatively easy to access. Public transportation or private cars can be used to get to the
area. Paved access roads in good condition can generally be used to reach this destination.
In addition, several signboards have been made to facilitate tourist access to mangrove
ecotourism.

C. Suitability Analysis for Ecotourism Areas

Based on the results of the analysis, the condition of Mangrove Park ecotourism in
Pekalongan City is in the appropriate category (S2) with a total score of 60 and an
ecological suitability index of 68%, which indicates that the tourist attraction is in the
appropriate category for mangrove ecotourism areas. Mangrove thickness is one of the
tourism feasibility factors that must be improved. While the ideal mangrove thickness for
tourism is more than 500 meters, based on the measurement of mangrove thickness in
Pekalongan Mangrove Park, Ecotourism ranges from 45 -118 meters. The thickness of
mangrove trees is of great concern in mangrove monitoring activities, which affects the
formation of monitoring roads and the area's carrying capacity to accommodate visitors
(Rodiana, 2019). Managers continue to strive to increase mangrove thickness through
mangrove planting, namely planting mangroves in different places. This is expected to
increase the thickness of mangroves in the area—more details regarding indicators of the
suitability of mangrove ecotourism areas as presented in Table 6.

Table 6. Suitability Analysis of Ecotourism Mangrove Park Pekalongan

Station
No Parameter Average Score Total
1 2 3
1 Mangrove 47 118 49 71,3 2 10
thickness (m)
2 Mangrove 15 ind 9 ind 6 ind 10 ind 2 8
density (100
m2)
3 Mangrove - Avicennia - Avicennia - Avicennia 7 4 12
type marina marina offizinales

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- Rhizophora - Rhizopora - Bruguiera

Stylosa apiculata gymnorhiza
- Rhizophora - Soneratia
Stylosa alba
- Nypa
fruticans
4 Object biota - Mollusca, - Mollusca, - Mollusca, 6 4 12
fish, crabs, shrimp, shrimp,
birds fish, crabs, fish, birds
birds,
monitor
lizards
5 Tides 0,56 m 0,56 m 4 12
6 Area 2 Condition 2 2 4
characteristics 1. The existence of interesting objects, such
as flora, fauna, or physical aspects
2. There is a panorama or beauty that has a
certain attraction
7 Accessibility 2 Condition 2 1 2
1. Good road to reach the location
2. Many alternative roads to reach the
location
Total 60
Indeks kesesuaian Ekosistem (%) 68%
Ecosystem suitability index (%) (Sesuai)S2

D. Pekalongan Mangrove Park Ecotourism Development Strategy

To optimize the existing ecotourism area, an appropriate development is needed, so
that the existing mangrove ecotourism area continues to develop and provide added value
for community and regional development while preserving the environment. SWOT
analysis of the development of Ecotourism Mangrove Park Pekalongan is described in
Table 7.

Table 7. SWOT Matrix for Ecotourism Development of Magrove Park Pekalongan

IFAS Strengths (S) Weakness (W)
3. The potential for mangrove 1. Marketing and promotion
vegetation that supports the carried out so far is felt to be
development of mangrove less effective
ecotourism. 2. good coordination between
4. There are supporting facilities stakeholders has not been
for mangrove tourism forests, implemented properly
such as mangrove information 3. Community and community
centers, sitting pavilions, group participation is still
EFAS observation bridges, low
observation towers, and boats. 4. Existing facilities are still
5. There are already several lacking and not well
mangrove management maintained.
community groups under the 5. Insufficient funds for
Marine Office ecotourism development.
6. There is a commitment from
the Indonesian government
and the Pekalongan City
Government to develop
mangrove ecotourism

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7. Easy accessibility from the

city center, sub-districts, and
Pekalongan districtOur thanks
go to the manager of
Mangrove Park ecotourism in
Pekalongan City, who has
given permission and helped
during the research process.
Opportunity (O) SO strategy WO Strategy
8. Potentially high demand for 1. Develop all existing potential, 1. The Pekalongan
recreation among such as increasing vegetation government encourages the
Pekalongan residents. diversity and supporting promotion of mangrove
9. Strong national and facilities for mangrove tourism in Pekalongan by
international commitment to tourism forests as an capitalizing on national and
mangrove conservation in alternative to international commitments
Pekalongan environmentally-based to preserve mangroves in
10. Cooperation between the tourism to meet the tourism Pekalongan's urban areas.
Pekalongan city government needs of Pekalongan City 2. Allocate a special budget
and several agencies residents. and increase cooperation
(Ministry of Forestry, 2. Strengthen the commitment of with the provincial
NGOs, Unikal) the Government of Indonesia government and the private
11. Income opportunities, can and the Pekalongan City sector in funding ecosystem
create employment and Government to protect conservation. Planting
business opportunities for mangrove ecosystems mangrove trees and adding
the community so that it can following international mangrove tourism support
indirectly increase people's commitments. services to Pekalongan's
income because it does not 3. Create income opportunities mangrove park ecotourism.
depend on one type of for the surrounding 3. Facilitate government
livelihood and can increase community by developing cooperation with various
regional income knowledge about mangrove agencies to provide
12. Number of community forests for those who manage counseling on the benefits of
resources that have the them. mangroves and increase
potential as labor 4. Optimizing the maintenance community participation.
of existing infrastructure by
utilizing the role of
community resources in the
surrounding area.
Threat ST strategy WT Strategy
1. Coastal abrasion 1. Increase mangrove plants to 1. Increase community
2. Mangrove ecotourism is overcome coastal abrasion. involvement in the
adjacent to other attractions 2. Improve unique supporting importance of protecting
such as sand Kencana beach facilities such as tracking mangroves to reduce coastal
3. Environmental pollution, bridges, mangrove aisles, abrasion.
especially around the tourist viewing towers, etc. as a 2. Establish good
area caused by the smoke of uniqueness that offers the coordination between
burning bodies from the beauty of mangroves that can stakeholders to jointly
crematorium which is close only be visited in Pekalongan. protect the environment, by
to the mangrove area 3. Create a clear legal system that minimizing pollution,
4. Development of shrimp prohibits illegal pond minimizing the use of
ponds by farmers around the development and massive mangroves only for
area. mangrove logging for private personal gain, etc.
5. Logging of mangrove trees interests.
for personal purposes such
as housing, household
needs, etc.

4. Conclusion

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Mangrove Park Pekalongan also offers ecotourism. There are seven different types
of mangroves here. Rhizophora and Avicennia species are the two most common
mangrove species. This tourist area has four types of wildlife: reptiles, fish, crustaceans,
and mollusks. According to the findings of the suitability analysis, Mangrove Park
Pekalongan appears to be an appropriate destination for ecotourism purposes. The
ecological suitability index of 68% reflects this. The mangrove park tourism area will be
developed to maximize the existing possibilities, such as the potential vegetation and
supporting facilities of mangrove forests as ecotourism opportunities for the tourism
needs of Pekalongan City. Pekalongan City will provide a special budget and strengthen
cooperation with the central government, government, provinces, and the private sector
to fund the protection of mangrove ecosystems and improve Pekalongan mangrove
ecotourism supporting services for mangrove tourism, improve unique supporting
services such as observation bridges, mangrove trails, To maintain the existing mangrove
ecosystem jointly, stakeholders need to work well together to reduce pollution and
utilization of mangroves for personal gain. It is hoped that local governments can make
policies for managing mangrove areas so that the management of existing mangrove
ecotourism can continue to be sustainable. Suggestions for future researchers are
expected to examine the environmental valuation of the Pekalongan City Park mangrove
ecotourism area.
Our thanks go to the manager of Mangrove Park ecotourism in Pekalongan City,
who has given permission and helped during the research process.

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