SS3 REVIEWER

Poverty and Homelessness

THE STATE OF HOMELESSNESS IN THE PHILIPPINES

The Philippines is one of the fastest-growing economies in Southeast Asia, yet it is facing a
homeless crisis. There are approximately 4.5 million homeless people, including children, in the
Philippines, which has a population of 112 million people. Homelessness in the Philippines is
caused by a variety of reasons, including lost jobs, insufficient income or lack of a stable job,
domestic violence and loss of home due to a natural disaster. The government and non-
governmental organizations (NGOs) are working to address this issue.

Causes of Homelessness

In the Philippines, families end up homeless for many reasons, including:

 Poverty: Although the unemployment rate in the Philippines is low (5.3% in March of
2020), 16.6% of Filipinos’ wages remained below the country’s poverty line in 2018. Low
income can make it difficult for many families in the Philippines, especially those living in
Manila, to pay rent.

Causes of Homelessness

 Domestic violence: Women and children in the Philippines are in danger of domestic
abuse, exploitation and trafficking. Approximately one in five women between the ages
15-49 in the Philippines experience domestic violence in their life. Women who
escape their abusive partners could lose their source of income and have difficulty
finding a place to stay. Shelters for women tend to have long waiting list.

 Human trafficking: In the Philippines, there are approximately 100,000 people trafficked
each year. Many trafficked victims are promised jobs in the cities. However, after
moving to a city, they are exploited and forced into prostitution.

 Natural disasters: In addition, some families have lost their homes due to natural
disasters such as typhoons, earthquakes and volcano eruptions. In 2019, more than 20
typhoons battered the Philippines. One of the typhoons that hit the country damaged
over 500,000 houses. A volcano eruption that happened in January impacted half a
million people and forced the relocation of 6,000 families.

Types of Homeless Families

According to the Modified Conditional Cash Transfer for Homeless Street Families (MCCT-HSF)
program, homeless families fit into four different categories:

 Families on the street:

“Families on the street” represent 75% of the homeless population. They are families
who earn their livelihood on the street, but eventually return to their original
communities. This category includes both “displaced homeless families” and
“community-based street families”.

“Families of the street” are families who live on the street for a long time and have
created communities among themselves. They perform daily activities, like cooking,
 bathing or playing in the public spaces they live in. They are visible by their use of a
“kariton,” also known as a pushcart that contains their family’s belongings, which they
move around within Manila.

 Displaced homeless families: “Displaced homeless families” are families who have lost
their homes due to natural disasters or live in their communities. They are families who
leave their rural communities of the Philippines to find a job in the cities. This category
also may also include families and children who may be escaping abuses at home.
Displaced homeless families may also push around a kariton that contains their personal
belongings.

 Community-based street families: “Community-based street families” are families who

are from rural communities, but move to urban areas for a better way of life; however,
they often end up returning to the rural area they are from.

Homeless Children

 Homeless children are among the most vulnerable of the homeless in the
Philippines. There are approximately 250,000 homeless children; however, that
number could be as high as 1 million. Children leave home and end up on the streets
because of the excessive beating from their parents, poverty or sexual exploitation.
 When children are on the streets, they can face problems such as sexual
exploitation, abuse and prostitution. Although victims of circumstances beyond their
control, children who live on the street are often viewed as criminals or future
criminals resulting in discrimination from the police. Additionally, to numb their pain
and their hunger, some children may turn to drugs. Both the external and internal
factors that children face make it very difficult for them to escape the street life.

MARRIAGE AND THE FAMILY

Nature of marriage

Marriage is a social union or legal contract between spouses that creates kinship. Living the
intimate personal relations of husband and wife for the primary purpose of begetting and
rearing children.

TWO DIFFERENT CONCEPT OF MARRIAGE

LEGAL POINT OF VIEW

- Considers a contract bet. A man and a woman to live together as husband and wife for the
discharge of the duties they legally assume to each other and to the community.

RELIGIOUS POINT OF VIEW

- (Catholic) is that marriage is a sacrament (sacred institution) whose main purpose is to beget,
rear, and educate children and to maintain a permanent social relationship with mutual
responsibility to each spouse.

THE SELECTION OF MARRIAGE MATES

ENDOGAMY

- When one is allowed to marry within his group only, that is, he marries one of his own race,
religion, social class, or locality.
EXOGAMY

- If he is allowed to marry outside his group.

TYPES OF MARRIAGE

MONOGAMY

- Refers to the marriage of one male to one female at any given time.

-This form of marriage is universally accepted as a superior to all others.

POLYGAMY

- Is plural marriage, it is the practice of marrying more than one mate.

TWO KIND OF POLYGAMY

POLYGYNY – Refers to the marriage of one male to more than one female

POLYANDRY – Indicates the marriage of one female to more one than male

GROUP MARRIAGE - Signifies the marriage of several men and women among primitive
societies.

Outside of the traditional marriage between monogamous heterosexual couples, other

forms of marriage exist. Same-sex is marriage between two persons of the same biological sex
or gender identity.

In the United States, although same-sex marriages are not recognized federally, same-
sex couples can legally marry in six states (Connecticut, Iowa, Massachusetts, New Hampshire,
New York, Vermont) and the District of Columbia and receive state-level benefits.

A civil union, also referred to as a civil partnership, is a legally recognized form of partnership
similar to marriage.

Cohabitation is an arrangement where two people who are not married live together in an
intimate relationship, particularly an emotionally and sexually intimate one, on a long-term or
permanent basis.

Nature of the family

Family

Basic unit of the society

- Defined as a group of person united by ties of blood or adoption which provides for the
rearing of children and supplying their needs.

VARIATION IN THE SELECTION OF RESIDENCE

MATRILOCAL SYSTEM
- When the young married couple required to take up residence with the bride’s parents.

PATRILOCAL SYSTEM

- Required the couple to reside in the groom’s home.

NEOLOCAL

- When newly married couple set up residence apart from the family of either bride or groom.

TYPES OF FAMILY

EXTENDED FAMILY (Consanguineal Family)

Family consists of a parent, his or her children, and other relatives. Consanguinity is
defined as the property of belonging to the same kinship as another person.

NUCLEAR FAMILY (Conjugal Family)

Family includes only a husband, a wife, and unmarried children who are not of age. In
sociological literature, the most common form of this family is often referred to as a nuclear
family.

A “matrilocal” family consists of a mother and her children. Generally, these children are her
biological offspring, although adoption is practiced in nearly every society. This kind of family is
common where women independently have the resources to rear children by themselves, or
where men are more mobile than women.

Functions of a Family

BIOLOGICAL FUNCTION

- Procreation of children is the primary biological function of a family. Children born to a

lawfully wedded couple only receive legitimacy from society. Thus, it is the family which
ensures the continuity of human race.

SOCIALIZATION FUNCTION

- Socialization hold that families are the primary socialization agents of children, teaching them
what they need to know in order to function in the society or social group.

RECREATIONAL FUNCTION

- Family provides the opportunities to parents and children for engaging in various recreational
activities such as playing indoor games, dancing, singing, reading etc.

RELIGIOUS FUNCTION

- Family is the centre of all religious activity. All the family members offer their prayers together
and observe different religious rites, rituals and practices.

Change In The Family Due To The Rapid Changes In The New Millennium

 Same sex marriage is now legal nationwide, but LGBTQ+ families still experience
discrimination.
 Average family size is decreasing.
  Household sizes have decreased, but the size of the average family home has increased.
 More women with children have joined the workforce.
 Men are pitching in more to help with housework and parenting responsibilities, but
women still do most of it.
 Smartphones have changed the way families interact.

FAMILY DISORGANIZATION
Family Disorganization- is a breakdown of a family system.

It may be associated with parental overburdening or loss of significant others who served as
role models for children or support system of for family members

Forms of Family Disorganization

 Lack of Communication

Ineffective communication can lead to many misunderstandings or disagreements, too. This can
include making mistakes or completing tasks incorrectly, causing arguments, or distancing
yourself from others.

 Divorce

Divorce can bring several types of emotions to the forefront for a family, and the children
involved are no different. Feelings of loss, anger, confusion, anxiety, and many others, all may
come from this transition. Divorce can leave children feeling overwhelmed and emotionally
sensitive.

 Marital Conflict

It is a series of events that have been poorly handled so as to deeply damage the marriage
relationship. Marriage issues have festered to the point that stubbornness, pride, anger, hurt
and bitterness prevent effective marriage communication.

 Family Violence

Is considered to be any form of abuse, mistreatment or neglect that a child or adult experiences
from a family member, or from someone with whom they have an intimate relationship

 Alternative Family Forms

An alternative family structure is a non-traditional family, such as same sex parents, single
parents and co-parents. This changes are caused by science and technology (industrialization),
expansion of towns and cities (urbanization) and employment of men and women both within
organizations outside family influence.

 Family Violence

Is considered to be any form of abuse, mistreatment or neglect that a child or adult experiences
from a family member, or from someone with whom they have an intimate relationship

 Child Abuse

Child abuse happens when someone caring for a child hurts a child's feelings or body. It can
happen to boys or girls in any family. Often, hurt feelings (or emotional trauma) last long after a
hurt body has healed.

 Illegitimacy
It refers to a status of children begotten and born outside of wedlock. Many statutes either
state, or are interpreted to mean, that usually a child born under a void marriage is not
illegitimate if his parents clearly believed that they were legally married.

 OFW’s and their effect on the Family

A key issue faced by OFW families is parental absence, which then translates into a lack of
emotional support for their children that would eventually negatively impact the latter's
welfare

Human Sexuality
Human Sexuality – Sexuality is about your sexual feelings, thoughts, attractions and behaviours
towards other people. You can find other people physically, sexually or emotionally attractive,
and all those things are a part of your sexuality. Sexuality is diverse and personal, and it is an
important part of who you are.

Types of Sexuality

 Heterosexual - Heterosexual people are sexually or romantically attracted to people of

the opposite sex. Heterosexual men are sexually or romantically attracted to women,
and heterosexual women are sexually or romantically attracted to men.
 Homosexual - sexual interest in and attraction to members of one's own sex.
 Bisexual - a person who is sexually or romantically attracted to both men and women,
or to more than one sex or gender.
 Asexual - doesn't experience sexual attraction and/or doesn't desire sexual contact.
Asexual may also use shorthand like “Ace” to describe their sexual orientation. An
asexual person can be straight, gay, bisexual or queer because sexual attraction is only
one kind of attraction.

Sociological Perspective in Human Sexuality

Structural Functionalism - functionalists stress the importance of regulating sexual behavior to
ensure marital cohesion and family stability. Since functionalists identify the family unit as the
most integral component in society, they maintain a strict focus on it at all times and argue in
favor of social arrangements that promote and ensure family preservation.

Functionalists such as Talcott Parsons (1955) have long argued that the regulation of sexual
activity is an important function of the family. Social norms surrounding family life have,
traditionally, encouraged sexual activity within the family unit (marriage) and have discouraged
activity outside of it (premarital and extramarital sex). From a functionalist point of view, the
purpose of encouraging sexual activity in the confines of marriage is to intensify the bond
between spouses and to ensure that procreation occurs within a stable, legally recognized
relationship.
Conflict Theory - sexuality is another area in which power differentials are present and where
dominant groups actively work to promote their worldview as well as their economic interests.
Recently, we have seen the debate over the legalization of gay marriage intensify nationwide.

For conflict theorists, there are two key dimensions to the debate over same-sex marriage—
one ideological and the other economic. Dominant groups (in this instance, heterosexuals) wish
for their worldview—which embraces traditional marriage, the nuclear family, and oftentimes a
politicized religiosity—to win out over what they see as the intrusion of a secular, individually
driven worldview. On the other hand, many gay and lesbian activists argue that legal marriage
is a fundamental right that cannot be denied based on sexual orientation and that, historically,
there already exists a precedent for changes to marriage laws: the 1960s legalization of
formerly forbidden interracial marriages is one example.

From an economic perspective, activists in favor of same-sex marriage point out that legal
marriage brings with it certain entitlements, many of which are financial in nature, like Social
Security benefits and medical insurance (Solmonese 2008). Denial of these benefits to gay
couples is wrong, they argue. Conflict theory suggests that as long as heterosexuals and
homosexuals struggle over these contested social and financial resources, they will continue to
be at odds.

Symbolic Interactionism - Interactionists focus on the meanings associated with sexuality and
with sexual orientation. Since femininity is devalued in U.S. society, those who adopt such traits
are subject to ridicule; this is especially true for boys or men. Just as masculinity is the symbolic
norm, so too has heterosexuality come to signify normalcy. Prior to 1973, the American
Psychological Association (APA) defined homosexuality as an abnormal or deviant disorder.
Interactionist labeling theory recognizes the impact this has made. Before 1973, the APA was
powerful in shaping social attitudes toward homosexuality by defining it as pathological. Today,
the APA cites no association between sexual orientation and psychopathology and sees
homosexuality as a normal aspect of human sexuality (APA 2008).

Celibacy - the state of being unmarried and, therefore, sexually abstinent, usually in association
with the role of a religious official or devotee.

Benefits of Practicing Celibacy

 There’s very little risk of contracting an STI or STD. There’s still some degree of risk for
those who practice forms of outercourse that include genital contact.
 No risk of unintended pregnancy.
 It may reduce the amount of money spent on contraception, such as condoms. Other
forms of birth control, such as birth control pills or hormonal IUDs, may still be needed
for other medical reasons.
 It may help you further understand the difference between physical and emotional
attraction.
 It may be challenging to engage in romantic relationships, even if your partner is also
celibate, if it introduces physical desire or pressure to engage in sexual activity.
 Some might feel as though they’re missing out on key life experiences, such as marriage
or children, by eliminating or limiting sexual activities.
 Some might feel as though others judge their decision, which can lead to feelings of
isolation.

Prostitution- is the business or practice of engaging in sexual activity in exchange for

payment.

Types of Prostitution

 Street – In street prostitution, the prostitute solicits customers whole waiting at street
corners, sometimes called “ the track “ by pimps and prostitutes alike. They usually in
skimpy, provocative clothing, regardless of the weather.

 Brothels – are establishments specifically dedicated to prostitution, often confined to

special red – lights district in big cities. Other names of brothels include bordello, whore
house, cathhouse, knocking shop and general houses.

 Escorts - the act take place at the customer’s residence or hotel room ( reffered to as
out – call) or at the escort’s residence or in a hotel room rented for ocassion by the
escort (called in – call).

 Sex tourism – sex tourism is travel for sexual intercourse with prostitutes or to engage
in other sexual activity.

 Virtual sex a sexual acts conveyed by messages rather than physically, is also the subject
of commercial transactions.

 Gigolo - a man has a contonuiing sexual relationship with, and receives financial
support from a woman. A man who is hired as an escort or a dancing partner for a
woman.

Reasons of Prostitution

 Women :
• Some women have stated that they are attracted by the large sums of money they can
earn while they are still young.

• Others see it as away to pay for university education and further advancement. Most
state that they intended to leave the business once they have earned the amount they
want or need.

• They also see themselves as helping men save their marriages by supplying something
they cannot get at home, or helping them chase away loneliness when they are on
business trip.

 Men :

• Believing they are ugly and unable to have sex without paying for it.

• Wanting sex but without emotional involvement that comes with a girlfriend, marriage
and family; wanting casual sex with no obligations attached.

• Being convinced that their genitalia is too small and that any average woman could
laugh and reject them.

Aids- is the late stage of HIV infection that occurs when the body's immune system is badly
damaged because of the virus.

When AIDS occurs, your immune system has been severely damaged. You'll be more likely
to develop diseases that wouldn't usually cause illness in a person with a healthy immune
system. These are called opportunistic infections or opportunistic cancers.

The signs and symptoms of some of these infections may include:

Sweats, Chills, Recurring fever, Chronic diarrhea, Swollen lymph glands, Persistent white
spots or unusual lesions on your tongue or in your mouth and Persistent, unexplained
fatigue, Weakness, Weight loss, Skin rashes or bumps.

How Does HIV/AIDS Spread?

HIV spreads when infected blood, semen ("cum") or vaginal fluids enter the body. Because
symptoms can be mild at first, people with HIV might not know they're infected. They can
spread HIV to others without knowing it.

HIV can spread:

 during sex (especially anal sex and vaginal sex)

  through sharing needles for injecting drugs or tattooing

 by getting stuck with a needle with an infected person's blood on it

HIV also can pass from mother to child during pregnancy, childbirth, or breastfeeding.

HIV/AIDS does not spread through:

pee, poop, spit, throw-up, or sweat (as long as no blood is present)

coughing or sneezing

holding hands

sharing eating utensils or drinking glasses

Human Rights

Human Rights - are rights inherent to all human beings, regardless of race, sex, nationality,
ethnicity, language, religion, or any other status. Human rights include the right to life and
liberty, freedom from slavery and torture, freedom of opinion and expression, the right to work

and education, and many more.

Precursors of 20th Century Human Rights Documents asserting individual rights, such the
Magna Carta (1215), the English Bill of Rights (1689), the French Declaration on the Rights of
Man and Citizen (1789) and the US Constitution and Bill of Rights (1791) are the written
precursors to many of today’s human rights documents.

Contemporary international human rights law and the establishment of the United Nations
(UN) have important historical antecedents. Efforts in the 19th century to prohibit the slave
trade and to limit the horrors of war are prime examples. In 1919, countries established the
International Labor Organization (ILO) to oversee treaties protecting workers with respect to
their rights, including their health and safety.

The Birth of Human Rights

The idea of human rights emerged stronger after World War II. The extermination by Nazi
Germany of over six million Jews, Sinti and Romani (gypsies), homosexuals, and persons with
disabilities horrified the world. Trials were held in Nuremberg and Tokyo after World War II,
and officials from the defeated countries were punished for committing war crimes, "crimes
against peace, "and "crimes against humanity."

The Universal Declaration of Human Rights

Member states of the United Nations pledged to promote respect for the human rights of all.
To advance this goal, the UN established a Commission on Human Rights and charged it with
the task of drafting a document spelling out the meaning of the fundamental rights and
freedoms proclaimed in the Charter. The Commission, guided by Eleanor Roosevelt’s forceful
leadership, captured the world’s attention.

The Human Rights Covenants

 With the goal of establishing mechanisms for enforcing the UDHR, the UN Commission
on Human Rights proceeded to draft two treaties: the International Covenant on Civil
and Political Rights (ICCPR) and its optional Protocol and the International Covenant on
Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR). Together with the Universal Declaration,
they are commonly referred to as the International Bill of Human Rights.

The ICCPR focuses on such issues as the right to life, freedom of speech, religion, and voting.
The ICESCR focuses on such issues as food, education, health, and shelter. Both covenants
trumpet the extension of rights to all persons and prohibit discrimination.

Human rights is an idea whose time has come. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights is a
call to freedom and justice for people throughout the world. Every day governments that
violate the rights of their citizens are challenged and called to task. Every day human beings
worldwide mobilize and confront injustice and inhumanity. Like drops of water falling on a rock,
they wear down the forces of oppression and move the world closer to achieving the principles
expressed in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights.

General forms of Human Rights

Human rights include the right to life and liberty, freedom from slavery and torture, freedom of
opinion and expression, the right to work and education, and many more. Everyone is entitled
to these rights, without discrimination.

Natural Rights are those that are not dependent on the laws or customs of any particular
culture or government, and so are universal, fundamental and inalienable (they cannot be
repealed by human laws, though one can forfeit their enjoyment through one's actions, such as
by violating someone else's rights).

Moral rights are personal rights that connect the creator of a work to their work. Moral rights
are about being properly named or credited when your work is used, and the way your work is
treated and shown. Moral rights require that your name is always shown with your work. This is
called right of attribution.

Legal Rights It encompasses both civil and political rights as well as social, economic and
cultural rights: Right to Equality. Freedom from Discrimination. Right to Life, Liberty, Personal
Security. Freedom from Slavery.

Bill Of Rights protects freedom of speech, freedom of religion, the right to keep and bear arms,
the freedom of assembly and the freedom to petition. It also prohibits unreasonable search and
seizure, cruel and unusual punishment and compelled self-incrimination.

Promoting Human Rights

 Human rights is a core pillar of the United Nations. All staff in peace operations have the
responsibility to ensure the protection and promotion of human rights through their
work.

Most multi-dimensional UN peace operations have a human rights team. The teams implement
the human rights-related mandates given to missions and they help to mainstream human
rights across all mission activities.

The goals of human rights teams are:

 To contribute to the protection and promotion of human rights through both immediate
and long-term action;
 To empower the population to assert and claim their human rights;
 To enable State and other national institutions to implement their human rights
obligations and uphold the rule of law

Human rights work

Some of the core activities undertaken by the human rights section include:
 Conducting human rights monitoring, investigations and analysis;
 Issuing public reports on human rights issues of special concern
 Preventing human rights violations, including through mission-wide early warning
mechanisms;
 Responding to violations of human rights by providing human rights advice, supporting
institutional reform and building capacity, supporting the creation and strengthening of
accountability mechanisms, and working closely with host governments, national
institutions and civil society;
  Advising and assisting other mission teams in integrating human rights in their
mandated tasks.

Graft and Corruption

GRAFT- The most common use of graft is in political corruption cases when politicians are
accused of taking money in exchange for granting favors.

CORRUPTION - "We define corruption as the abuse of entrusted power for private gain."
Corruption is a form of dishonesty or a criminal offense which is undertaken by a person or an
organization which is entrusted in a position of authority, in order to acquire illicit benefits or
abuse power for one's personal gain

BUREAUCRACY - a system of government in which most of the important decisions are made by
state officials rather than by elected representatives.

EFFECTS OF GRAFT AND CORRUPTION

Corruption erodes the trust we have in the public sector to act in our best interests. It also
wastes our taxes or rates that have been earmarked for important community projects –
meaning we have to put up with poor quality services or infrastructure, or we miss out
altogether.

GENERAL CAUSES OF GRAFT AND CORRUPTION

There are a number of factors that contribute to corruption in the Philippines. Poverty and a
lack of economic opportunity are two main drivers of corruption. Officials who benefit from
corruption often have connections to powerful businesses and politicians, which gives them an
advantage over others.

CODE OF CONDUCT AND ETHICAL STANDARDS

Republic Act No. 6713 February 20, 1989

AN ACT ESTABLISHING A CODE OF CONDUCT AND ETHICAL STANDARDS FOR PUBLIC OFFICIALS
AND EMPLOYEES, TO UPHOLD THE TIME-HONORED PRINCIPLE OF PUBLIC OFFICE BEING A
PUBLIC TRUST, GRANTING INCENTIVES AND REWARDS FOR EXEMPLARY SERVICE,
ENUMERATING PROHIBITED ACTS AND TRANSACTIONS AND PROVIDING PENALTIES FOR
VIOLATIONS THEREOF AND FOR OTHER PURPOSES
 Agrarian Reform in National Development

Agrarian Reform

means redistribution of land, regardless of crops or fruits produced, to farmers and

regular farmworkers who are landless, irrespective of tenurial arrangement, to include the
totality of factors and support services designed to lift the economic status of the beneficiaries
and all other arrangements alternative to the physical redistribution of lands, such as
production or profit-sharing, labor administration, and the distribution of shares of stock, which
will allow beneficiaries to receive a just share of the fruits of the lands they work.

What can we benefit from agrarian reform?

These include higher farm income and yield, improved land tenure, access to market
and credit, and reduction of poverty incidence among farmer- beneficiaries.

What is the relevance of agrarian reform to national development?

It has clearly benefited a significant portion of the rural population through its various
programmes intended to alleviate poverty, ensure food security, and empower people towards
the overall development of the country.

Cropland Utilization:

Food Crops- Philippines is a significant agricultural nation. The country's Gross National
Product is mostly derived from both its plant and animal resources. Rice, maize, coconut, and
sugar are the primary agricultural crops. The majority of the people in the nation often eat rice
as their main staple food.

Commercial Crops- The country's major agricultural crops are rice, corn, coconut, sugarcane,
banana, cassava, pineapple, and vegetables. The major livestock products are hog, cattle,
carabao, goat, and dairy products. Chicken and
duck are the leading poultry products.
Export Crops- Exports of most major agricultural products to the Philippines increased in 2021.
Some products such as poultry, beef, and processed vegetables have bounced back from a slow
2020, while others like wheat, dairy products, and food preparations have been consistently
rising annually.

Livestock Development- The Philippines is among the largest meat-consuming nations in the
world. Backyard and commercial farms rear animals of different types, sustaining the country's
growing demand for meat, particularly pork. Concerned with raising and maintaining livestock,
primarily for the purposes of producing meat, milk, and eggs.

Provide increased economic stability to the farm or household, acting as a cash buffer
(small livestock) and as capital reserve (large animals), as well as a deterrent against inflation. In
mixed-farming systems, livestock reduce the risks associated with crop production.

The Fundamental bases of Agrarian reform

The goal of the agrarian reform was to modernize the feudal system of southern
agriculture by taking the least productive areas of the vast estates (latifundia) and giving them
to people without land as tiny holdings.

Comprehensive Agrarian Reform law

Republic Act No. 6657, June 10, 1988 (Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Law) – An act
which became effective June 15, 1988 and instituted a comprehensive agrarian reform program
to promote social justice and industrialization providing the mechanism for its implementation
and for other purposes.

The Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Law aimed to provide for the redistribution of land
tolandless farmers and farm workers.

The Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program and other related issue

The CARP covered all public and private agricultural lands regardless of the crops
planted. It also included public domain lands that were suitable for agriculture. It sought to
redistribute land not only to farmers and farm workers but also to other landless poor.

What are the issues with comprehensive agrarian reform program?

The government's Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program (CARP) has

triggered severe fragmentation of agricultural lands, ultimately disempowering farmers who do
not have the capital to sustain production on their own while struggling to pay their obligations
so they can get their land titles.

Common Forms of Malnutrition

Malnutrition - refers to deficiencies or excesses in nutrient intake, imbalance of essential

nutrients or impaired nutrient utilization. The double burden of malnutrition consists of both
undernutrition and overweight and obesity, as well as diet-related non communicable diseases.

Two major types of malnutrition:

 Protein-energy malnutrition - resulting from deficiencies in any or all nutrients.

 Micronutrient deficiency diseases - resulting from a deficiency of specific
micronutrients.

Nature of Malnutrition

 Malnutrition is a condition that develops when a person's dietary intake does not
contain the right amount of nutrients for healthy functioning, or when a person cannot
correctly absorb nutrients from food. The term malnutrition includes undernutrition,
over nutrition or an incorrect balance of nutrients

Factors That Influence Malnutrition

Social, economic, biologic, and environmental factors are the underlying causes for the
insufficient food intake or ingestion of food with proteins of low nutritional quality that leads to
protein-energy malnutrition (PEM). Wasting is low weight for height.

Cause of Malnutrition

Some health conditions that can lead to malnutrition include:

 long-term conditions that cause loss of appetite, feeling sick, vomiting and/or changes in
bowel habit (such as diarrhoea) – these include cancer, liver disease and some lung
conditions (such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease)
 mental health conditions, such as depression or schizophrenia, which may affect your
mood and desire to eat
 conditions that disrupt your ability to digest food or absorb nutrients, such as Crohn's
disease or ulcerative colitis
 dementia, which can cause a person to neglect their wellbeing and forget to eat
 an eating disorder, such as anorexia
 You can also become malnourished if your body needs an increased amount of energy

5 Effect of Malnutrition

 Muscle function. Weight loss due to depletion of fat and muscle mass, including organ
mass, is often the most obvious sign of malnutrition.
 Cardio-respiratory function.
  Gastrointestinal function.
 Immunity and wound healing.
 Psychosocial effects.

Government Nutrition Programs and Policies

Philippine Health Insurance Corporation (PhilHealth) was created in 1995 to implement

universal health coverage in the Philippines. It is a tax-exempt, government-owned and
controlled corporation (GOCC) of the Philippines, and is attached to the Department of
Health. Its stated goal is to "ensure a sustainable national health insurance program for all",
according to the company.

THE PHILIPPINES HEALTH PROBLEM

DENGUE- it is a sad reality that dengue still takes the lives of many Filipinos to this day. So much
so that in 2019 the Department of health even declared a dengue epidemic. In 2019 alone there
were 361,000 dengue cases recorded and 1,373 deaths, making 2019 the largest dengue
epidemic in the last decade.

DIABETES – is the 6th leading cause of death in Filipinos. As of the data gathered in 2013 by the
Philippine health statistics, there are over 6 million Filipinos suffering from it. Diabetes is a
lifelong. Disease caused by high levels of sugar in the blood because of the inadequate
production and /or action of insulin (the hormone Which regulates our blood sugar levels).

TUBERCULOSIS - while many countries have all but banished tuberculosis (TB)to their textbook,
sadly, this is not the case for the Philippine. TB still kills around 73 Filipinos per day. In fact, The
Philippines is ranked 8th among 30 countries with the Highest number of TB case in world.

CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES – studies show that cardiovascular diseases, such as heart failure
or hearth attacks, as well as Cancer, are the two leading causes of death in the Philippines.
87,881 or 17% of all deaths) Filipinos die every year due to some Cardiovascular- related death.

INDICATORS OF HEALTH

Health status indicators – measure different aspect of the health of a population. Example
include life Expectancy, infant mortality, disability or chronic disease rates.

Health determinant indicators – measure things that influence health. Examples include diet,
smoking, water quality, income and access to health services.
THE PROBLEM AND CAUSES OF POOR HEALTH CONDITION

Overcrowded and poor living conditions can contribute to the spread of airborn diseases such
as tuberculosis and Respiratory infections such as pneumonia. Reliance on open Fires or
traditional stoves can lead to deadly indoor air Pollution. A lack of food, clean water, and
sanitation can also be fatal.

CAUSES OF POOR HEALTH CONDITION

The causes of poor health for millions globally are rooted in political, social and economic
injustices. poverty is both a cause and a consequence of poor health. Poverty increases the
chances of poor health. Poor health, in turn, traps Communities in poverty.

EFFECTS OF HEALTH CONDITION

Having multiple health conditions can affect people’s ability To work and limit what they can
do in their social lives. Things like pain, low mood, mobility, finance problem, Fatigue ,etc.can
all be made worse with multiple conditions.

HEALTH EXPENDITURES

Health expenditure includes all expenditures for thep rovision of health services, family
planning activities, Nutrition activities and emergency aid designated for health, But it excludes
the provision of drinking water and sanitation.

Health facilities and man power

Means physicians (including osteopaths); dentists; sanitary Engineers; registered professional

nurses; and such other Occupations as may be included in the list of health manpower
occupations issued for the purposes of this Part by the director of the office of emergency
preparedness After agreement by the secretary of labor And the secretary Of health,
education, and welfare.

Health delivery system

The totality of all policies, facilities, equipments, products, human resources and services which
address the health needs problems and concerns of the people and the capacity Of The health
care delivery system to better serve the Population in terms of cultural competence, quality,
the workforce, financing, information technology, and emergency Preparedness.
 ENVIRONMENTAL ISSSUES

An environment is generally defined as the surroundings or conditions in which a person,

animal or plant survives or operates. From this, it must be relatively easy for one to
comprehend its importance in the famed cycle of life.

Environmental issues are the harmful effects of human activities on the environment. These
include pollution, overpopulation, waste disposal, climate change, global warming, the
greenhouse effect, etc.

Some of the current environmental issues that require urgent attention are:

● Climate Change

Climate change is a great concern in today’s scenario. This problem has surfaced in the last few
decades. Greenhouse gases are the major cause of climate change. Environmental changes
have several destructive impacts such as the melting of glaciers, change in seasons, epidemics,
etc.

● Global Warming

The burning of fossil fuels, emissions from automobiles and chlorofluorocarbons add to the
greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. This has led to an increase in the earth’s temperature
causing environmental changes. This increase in temperature across the globe is known as
global warming.

 Ozone Layer Depletion

The ozone layer is a layer of concentrated ozone gas. It protects us from the sun’s harmful
ultraviolet rays. This very important layer is being destroyed by CFCs (chlorofluorocarbons),
which are used in industries and everyday life (e.g. aerosol cans).

 Air Pollution

Air pollution is the result of emissions from industries, automobiles, and the increasing use of
fossil fuels. The gaseous emissions have added to an increase in the temperature of the earth.
Not only this, but it had also increased the risk of diseases among individuals.

 Solid Waste Management

Solid-waste management is defined as the discipline associated with the generation, storage,
collection, transfer and transport, processing, and disposal of solid waste in a manner that it
does not have a harmful effect on the environment.

 Deforestation

Deforestation is the depletion of trees and forests at an alarming rate. The trees provide us
with oxygen, and several raw materials and also maintain the temperature of the earth. Due to
the depletion of trees for commercial purposes, there has been a drastic change in the earth’s
climate.

 Overpopulation

The earth’s population is increasing drastically. It is estimated to be more than seven billion.
The increasing population has led to a shortage of resources. If this continues, it will be very
difficult to sustain such a huge population. The other environmental issues including pollution,
waste management, deforestation, climate change and global warming are all associated with
overpopulation.

Greenhouse Gases

Greenhouse gases (also known as GHGs) are gases in the earth’s atmosphere that trap heat.

During the day, the sun shines through the atmosphere, warming the earth’s surface. At night
the earth's surface cools, releasing heat back into the air. But some of the heat is trapped by
the greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. That's what keeps the earth’s temperature at an
average 14˚C (57˚F).

Greenhouse Effect

Water vapour, carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide are the main greenhouse gases in
the atmosphere that trap heat close to Earth’s surface. If they were not present, the oceans
would freeze and the planet would not be habitable. But greenhouse gases are so good at
trapping heat from the Sun that if their levels rise just a little, Earth’s temperature also rises,
with potentially significant negative effects for life on Earth.

However, human activity, especially since industrial times, has rapidly increased the amount of
some greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, resulting in the Earth system heating up at an
unprecedented rate. These anthropogenic greenhouse gases can remain in the atmosphere for
years, decades or even longer (depending on the gas) after their emission.

What is El Niño?

 El Niño is a climate pattern that describes the unusual warming of surface waters in the
eastern tropical Pacific Ocean. El Niño is the “warm phase” of a larger phenomenon
called the El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO).
 El Niño can affect our weather significantly. The warmer waters cause the Pacific jet
stream to move south of its neutral position. With this shift, areas in the northern U.S.
and Canada are dryer and warmer than usual. But in the U.S. Gulf Coast and Southeast,
these periods are wetter than usual and have increased flooding.

What is La Niña?

● La Niña has the opposite effect of El Niño. During La Niña events, trade winds are even
stronger than usual, pushing more warm water toward Asia. Off the west coast of the
Americas, upwelling increases, bringing cold, nutrient-rich water to the surface.
● La Niña causes the jet stream to move northward and to weaken over the eastern
Pacific. During La Niña winters, the South sees warmer and drier conditions than usual.
The North and Canada tend to be wetter and colder.

● During La Niña, waters off the Pacific coast are colder and contain more nutrients than
usual. This environment supports more marine life and attracts more cold-water
species, like squid and salmon, to places like the California coast.

UN Conference on Environment

● The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), or Global

Warming Convention, is a binding treaty that requires nations to reduce their emission
of carbon dioxide, methane, and other “greenhouse” gases thought to be responsible
for global warming; the treaty stopped short of setting binding targets for emission
reductions, however. Such targets were eventually established in an amendment to the
UNFCCC, the Kyoto Protocol (1997), which was superceded by the Paris Agreement on
climate change (2015).

TERRORISM AND THE ABU SAYYAF GROUP

TERRORISM

Terrorism can occur in a variety of ways and forms; it can involve attacks on infrastructure
or individuals, such as bombings, kidnappings, murder, and hijackings. It can also take place
on a large scale, such as in the form of mass shootings, suicide bombings or assassination of
a public figure.

Negative Impact of Terrorism on Society

● Loss of life

● Destruction of property

● Social disintegration

MILITANT GROUP IN THE PHILIPPINES

● Abu Sayyaf Group (ASG)

● Bangsamoro Islamic Freedom Fighter (BIFF)

● Jemaah Islamiyah (JI)

● New People’s Army (NPA)

Terrorism remains a significant threat to the Philippines, and the government needs to take
decisive action to address the problem. Poverty, political instability, and religious extremism
are among the factors that fuel terrorism in the country. The government needs to address
these issues and work closely with other countries in the region to combat terrorism.

RADICALIZATION OF ISLAM IN THE PHILIPPINES

The roots of Islamic radicalization in the Philippines can be traced back to the early 1970s
when the Moro National Liberation Front (MNLF) was formed. The group's primary goal was
to establish an independent Muslim state in Mindanao, but its ideology soon became
radicalized as it embraced the concept of jihad or holy war. The MNLF gradually lost control
of its members, and this led to the emergence of more radical groups such as the Moro
Islamic Liberation Front (MILF) and eventually the Abu Sayyaf Group (ASG).

The radicalization of Islam in the Philippines has been fueled by various factors, including
poverty, corruption, and marginalization of Muslim communities. The lack of economic
opportunities, unequal distribution of resources, and political exclusion have created an
environment of frustration and resentment, which has made it easier for radical groups to
recruit members.

THE MORON NATIONAL LIBERATION FRONT AND MORO ISLAMIC LIBERATION FRONT

The radicalization of Islam in the Philippines can be traced back to the late 1960s when the
MNLF was formed. The group sought independence from the Philippine government and
established an Islamic state in Mindanao and the Sulu Archipelago. The group's founding
principles were inspired by the idea of combining Islamic faith with the goal of an
independent state in Mindanao.

The MNLF's activities led to the formation of the MILF in the 1980s. This group was seen as
more radical in its approach and sought to create an Islamic state in the southern
Philippines. Its leaders were inspired by the Islamic revolution in Iran and were firm
believers in the idea of creating an Islamic caliphate.

The Philippine government has launched several counter-terrorism operations to curb the
groups' activities and reduce their influence. However, these efforts have been met with
resistance, and the groups have continued to espouse their extremist views and engage in
violent activities against civilians and security forces.

TRIPOLI AGREEMENT

The agreement aimed to bring an end to the armed struggle of the MNLF and to grant
autonomy to the Muslim-majority areas in Mindanao and Palawan. The agreement
recognized the MNLF as the representative of the Bangsamoro people and acknowledged
their right to self-determination.

The agreement was notable for being the first instance of Muslim separatists in the
Philippines being recognized as a legitimate political entity. It also paved the way for the
establishment of the Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao (ARMM) in 1989. The ARMM
was replaced by the Bangsamoro Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao (BARMM) in
2019 after the ratification of the Bangsamoro Organic Law.

The Tripoli Agreement was a crucial agreement that recognized the legitimacy of the MNLF
and granted autonomy to Muslim areas in the Philippines. It was also a significant step
towards the resolution of the conflict in Mindanao.

BANGSAMORO
The Bangsamoro people are known for their distinct culture, which is based on Islam. They
have a rich tradition of storytelling, music, and dance, which are all integral parts of their
cultural identity. The Moro people have a deep respect for their elders and value family
relationships. Marriages are often arranged, and family ties are strong, with extended
families living together in close proximity.

More recently, the Moro people have been fighting for greater autonomy from Manila. The
government of the Philippines in 2014 signed a peace agreement with the largest Muslim
rebel group, the Moro Islamic Liberation Front (MILF ) that granted greater autonomy under
a new region called the Bangsamoro Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao. This
autonomous region replaced the earlier Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao (ARMM).

The Bangsamoro Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao (BARMM) comprises the

provinces of Maguindanao, Lanao del Sur, Basilan, Sulu, and Tawi-Tawi, as well as the cities
of Marawi and Lamitan. Since its creation, the Bangsamoro Autonomous Region has been
working towards achieving self-governance while preserving the Bangsamoro people’s
unique identity and culture.

The Bangsamoro Autonomous Region has political and economic power to govern the
region according to their customs and traditions, but the governance system is still under
the supervision of the Philippine government. The region has an elected parliament, and the
Chief Minister is the highest-ranking official in the BARMM.
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