SYLLABUS SUMMARY

BASED MALAWI NOTES

SCHOOL BY: CHIPOZA
CERTIFICATE HENRY M.
OF EDUCATION TOPICS

(MSCE) HUMAN 1. World Agriculture

GEOGRAPHY 2.
3.
Hydrosphere
Natural Resources
4. Settlements
5. Population
6. Statistical methods in
Geography
7. Industry
8. Transport and Trade

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 Phy sical Fact ors
TOPIC 1: WORLD -
-
Clim ate i.e. temperature and rainfall
Topography i.e. Nature of the land – flat land
AGRICULTURE -
m aking the best land for farming
Biotic i.e. Plants grow well where there are
no weeds, fungi, insect pests etc
MEANING OF THE TERM AGRICULTURE - Soil i.e. fertile alluvial soils are good for
agriculture
This is the harvesting of crops and animal products Human factors
for hum an and /or animal consumption and for - Ownership and inheritance of land i.e. you
industrial production. own land and start cultivation
- Gov ernment policies i.e. the government can
FARMING AS A SY STEM
control use of land in a country
- Religion and culture i.e. som e religions
INPUTS
ignore their m embers to cultivate certain
crops
a. Phy sical environment (natural) inputs:
- Culture
Sunlight, relief, soil type and drainage and
rainfall Economic fact ors
b. Hum an and economic inputs such as labour, - Capital influences agriculture in order to buy
rent, transport costs, m achinery, fertilizers inputs e.g. fertilizer
and pesticides, government aid and - Market i.e. after production farmers need to
m arketing sell their produce
c. Expenditure: Purchase of m achinery, in Technological
inputs e.g. fertilizers, pesticides and labour - Farm ing becomes easy with the use of
payments m achines e.g. tractors
- Chem ical fertilizers also boost agriculture
PROCESSES
TYPES OF AGRICUTURAL FARMING
Patterns and methods of farming e.g. cultivation,
rearing and storage. a. Subsist ence Farming i.e. growing of food
crops and rearing of animals only for
OUTPUTS them selves and their families. i.e.
consum ption
Methods used to obtain outputs: b. Commercial Farming i.e. growing of
crops and rearing of animals for sale. Mostly
- Arable, pastoral, m ixed, irrigation, practiced in sparsely populated areas in the
plantation agriculture world.
- Shifting cultivation
- Liv estock ranching SUBSISTENCE FARMING
a. Crops: barley, potatoes, rice, etc
b. Animal: chickens, pigs, cattle etc CHARACTERISTICS
c. Animal products: eggs, manure, m ilk etc
d. Profits: Profit and loss can be experienced on a. Sim ple techniques of cultivation used
the farm b. Fam ily labour employment
c. Low standards of living
FACTORS THAT CAN BRING CHANGES TO d. Practised by farmers living in economically
FARMING AS A SY STEM backward areas.
e. Som etimes it becomes intensive that som e
a. Flooding: Dam aging crops and eventually crops are sold
poor y ields
b. Drought : Crops dry out and wilt leading to TYPES OF SUBSISTENCE FARMING
poor y ields finally famine
c. Diseases and pest s: When they attack A. ANIMAL FARMING (SUBSISTENCE)
crops, they affect the yielding
d. Changes in demand, Market price and MEANING
subsidy : Fluctuation of prices.
e. Improved t echnology : Resulting in good This is the sy stem of rearing animals whereby the
output and farmers profiting animals are moved from place to place in search of
pastures.
FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE AGRICUTURE

The factors are classified into four categories namely:

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AREAS OF NOMADIC PASTROLISM - Herders have permanents settlements
- They send their herds for long periods of
PASTROL FARMERS AREA OF THE tim e to far away grazing areas
WORLD e. Sedent ary animal husbandry
Fulani Sahel in West Africa - Animals remain on the holding throughout
Masai East Africa the y ear
Nubians Ethiopia and Sudan f. Nomadic past oralism
Tuaregs North Africa - A sy stem of rearing animals where they move
Bedouins Saudi Arabia from one place to another in search of
Kirghz, Kazaks and Central Asia pasture.
Kalm ucks - Households also m ove since they depend on
Lapps Scandinavia the herds for their products e.g. m ilk.
- It is an extensive form of animal grazing on
the natural pasture
IDENTIFICATION OF NOMADIC HERDERS - It is a perm anent migration with no regular
crop production
a. Each family in a group rears the same type of
animal e.g. Lapps rearing reindeer TYPES OF MIGRATIONS
b. They m ove from place to place in search of
pasture a. Horizont al Migration i.e. the herders trek
c. They live in portable tents and depend on their animals to where rain falls and pasture
their animals for food, clothes, transport and grows
fuel b. Vert ical Migration i.e. herders and their
d. They keep too m any animals as they take animals migrate to various altitudes that
them as their wealth tem porarily carry pastures – hence –
e. Poor quality animals are kept due to scarcity Vertical.
of pastures and water
PROBLEMS OF PASTORA L NOMADISM
CLASSIFICATION OF NOMADISM
 Destruction of grass cover which leads to
Classified according to how the animals and the soil erosion due to ov erstocking
herders m ove in search of pasture.  Herds are affected by many diseases and
insect pests
a. Tot al nomadism  Poor quality of native breeds i.e. slow to
- Herders have no permanent residences. m ature, low production of m ilk etc
- No crop cultivation since they are always on  Poor quality pastures due to unreliable and
the m ove seasonal rainfall.
b. Semi nomadism  Dim inishing of grazing areas due to
- Herders have a permanent residence and increased crop cultivation in grazing zones
they cultivate crops  Loss of incom e due to the use of m otor
- They som etimes travel to far areas to graze v ehicles than animals
their animals  Loss of political control i.e. the pastoral
c. Part ial nomadism nom adists were able to take control of the
- The herders are permanently settled regions where they settle
- Their herds remain near by  Burning of dead grass during the dry season
d. Transhumance Past rolism leaves the soil bare hence erosion

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 EXAMPLES OF NOMADIC HERDERS - THE MASAI OF EAST AFRICA

- The transhumance is done in the wedge of

Masailand stretching from Nairobi
- Rainfall is unreliable i.e. 755 mm southwards into Tanzania.
- The area has two wet seasons i.e. November - The Masai rear cattle
to Decem ber and March to May
- The are two dry sea sons i.e. January to THE FULANI
February and June to October
- The Masai are transhumance i.e. seasonal
m igration

- In dry season temperature is high i.e. 25º

Celsius
- The Sahel in West Africa extends from - They are cattle herders and they practice
Senegal to Lake Chad. transhumance.
- It experiences wet season from May to
October and dry season from November to
April

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THEY MOVE NORTH WARDS THE SAHEL TYPES OF SHIFTING CULTIVATION
REGION DUE TO THE FOLLOWING
a. Migration systems (The continuous
a. Rising of water table and water m asses i.e. m ov ement of cropping results in slow
m ore water in Sahel. m igration of population). The direction of
b. Grass becom es evergreen and abundant m igration involves the following:
c. Running away from hyenas and tsetse flies - Random shifts
- Linear shifts i.e. newly cleared pots are
During dry season they move south wards because the adjacent to previous plots
water masses dry up and grass wilts. - Cy clic shifts i.e. within a given area
b. Clearance systems also called the slash and
Sahel has got two seasons namely: burn (Depending on v egetation to be cleared,
crops to be grown and available tools. The
a. Wet Season: May to October m ain forms are:
b. Dry Season: November to April - Burn and plant: Dry thick vegetation is
burnt and crops grown
PROBLEMS FACED MASAI AND FULANI - Burn, hoe and cut , plant
- Cut , burn and plant: Towards the end of
a. Tsetse flies and diseases attacking animals dry season vegetation is cut, allowed to dry
b. Loss of soil fertility due to overstocking then burnt as wet season approaches
c. Pov erty is on the increase because they - Cut , plant, burn: Plantains and bananas
opting for other transport sources apart from are grown.
animal transport. - Cut , add extra wood, burn, plant, hoe:
d. Inadequate production of m ilk a nd meat. Called Chitemene in Zambia
e. Dy ing of animals during the dry season
f. Inadequate land for grazing because of rapid MAIN CHARACTERISTICS OF SHIFTING
population growth CULTIVATION

REASONS FOR THE DECLINE IN TOTAL Sim ple tools are used by farmers e.g. hoes,
NOMADISM pangas e.t.c.
It is custom ary to abandon a plot once it
a. Conflict with local authorities loses fertility to the soil
b. Birth of alternative forms of transport e.g.
Clearance of forests is done by fire so that the
cars than animals
ashes add fertility to the soil
c. Increased pressure on land use for arable
Crops such as hill rice, millet, sweet potatoes,
cultivation and industrial development
d. Pastoral nomads have lost their traditional tapioca and m aize are grown.
authorities Practiced in sparsely populated areas and
where vegetation is abundant.
B. SUBSISISTENCE CROP FARMING They don’t use m anure because ashes add
fertility
This is a primitive form of farming practiced by Plots are usually sm all
prim itive people in m any parts of the underdeveloped The abandoned land is left for two to four
regions of Africa, South America and South East Asia. y ears to revert to forest

SHIFTING CULTIVATION NAMES PROBLEMS OF SHIFTING CULTIVATION

COUNTRY NAME - Clearance of v egetation lead into loss of soil

Zim babwe Milpa fertility through erosion
Malaysia Ladang - Natural disasters e.g. flooding are also at
Thailand Tam rai large
Burma Taungya - Inclination to primitive trends and failure to
Brazil Roca accom modate new technological changes
Philippines Cairying - Creation of food insecurity at households
India Poda or Bewar lev els as production declines due to loss of
soil fertility
Zam bia Chitemene
Malawi Visoso
FUTURE OF NOMADIC PASTORALISM AND
Zaire Masole
SHIFTING CULTIVATION
Sri Lanka Chena
Both are declining forms of agriculture
They are only possible in areas of sparse
population

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INTENSIVE FARMING CROPS GROWN FOR DAIRY FARMING

Practiced in densely populated areas such as Monsoon a. Oats

lands of Asia covering China, Japan, India e.t.c. b. Barley
c. Grass
CHARACTERISTICS
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN FARMING
a. Labour and capital to sm all farms ACTIVITIES TO CYCLE OF ACTIVITIES
b. Yield per unit area are usually high.
c. Use of irrigation to supplement rain. - Ploughing in October and seeds sown in rows
d. Single or double cultivation possible - Clearing of land immediately after the
e. Manure and fertilizer used intensively to harvest of root crops
obtain high yields - Stall feeding intensified in November and
January due poor weather
ADVANTAGES OF INTENSIVE FARMING - Reploughing in March and April and seeds
are sown.
a. Farm ers can harvest twice a year and have - Rem ov al of weeds done in May and July
sufficient food - Cereal crops harvested in August
b. With irrigation it is possible to harvest crops - Root crops are lifted in September
ev en during drought
MAIN PRODUCTS OF DAIRY FARMING
DISADVANTAGES INTENSIVE FARMING
a. Shangko
a. Difficult to do it on com m ercial purposes b. Settle
because plots are small c. Cue – m ate
b. Since m achines can not be used it negatively d. Minitude
affected with insufficient labour. e. Bioniche animal health
c. A lot of capital required which may not be f. Cheese.
recov ered.
MANAGEMENT OF DAIRY FARMS
DAIRY FARMING (COOPERATIVES)

MEANING MEANING

An agricultural system meant to produce milk for sale. - Dairy farms owned, operated and controlled
by dairy farmers who benefit from its
FAVOURABLE CONDITIONS FOR DAIRY serv ices.
FARMING - Mem bers finance the cooperative by putting
their resources and share the profits
a. Presence of t ransport routes: To access proportionally
m arkets easily since milk is highly perishable
i.e. v ehicles need to be available at any time IMPORTANCE OF THE COOPERATIVES
b. Availability of green and quality
past ures: such as silage, alfalfa etc a. Loan prov ision to farmers recovered through
c. Easily accessed markets: Dairy farms the sale of farm produce
located near urban areas. b. Adv ising farmers on how to im prove
d. Mild and damp climate wit h cool efficiency of dairy farms
summers and mild winters: for pasture c. Buy ing farm input on behalf of dairy farmers
growth. in order to realize more profits since they are
prov ided at low er prices
BREEDS OF DAIRY CATTLE d. Selling the produce on behalf of farmers.

Ay rshire IMPORTANCE OF FOLK HIGH SCHOOLS IN

Holstein DENMARK
Guernsey
Jersey - Established due to the existence of the dairy
Fresian industry in Denmark
Aldernary - The aim is to assist farmers to have
Brown Swiss knowledge on dairy management
- They normally target adult m en and women
who are taught agriculture and economics
respectively

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 - Young people are taught good farming MAIN ISLANDS OF DENMARK AND THE
m ethods to contribute positively to dairy JUTLAND PENINSULA
farming m anagement

- Western Jutland has infertile and sandy soils

which are treated so that they are fruitful.
- There are four major islands in Denmark - Zealand, Fyn, Falster and eastern mainland
nam ely: Zealand, Fyn, Falster and Holland (Jutland) are very fertile and heavily
and the main land (Jutland). cultivated.
PROCESSING OF MILK

WORLD DIARY FARMING AREAS IMPORTANCE OF DAIRY INDUSTRY TO

DENMARK
a. New Zealand
b. Australia Em ployment of m any people.
c. Holland Foreign Exchange (Forex): Butter, cheese,
d. South Africa m ilk, eggs and bacon are som e of the
e. North East USA products that provide income to Denmark
through exports.

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DAIRY FARMING IM MALAWI d. Source of m eat after the life’s span of the
m ilking cow’s life
AREAS OF DAIRY FARMING IN MA LAWI e. It has led to the reduction of the im portation
of dairy products from outside
a. Katete Farm
b. Mzuzu Dairy Plant PROBLEMS FACED DAIRY FARMERS IN
c. Blantyre Dairy Plant MALAWI
d. Lilongwe Dairy Plant
e. Ndaka Farm Lack of capital to buy dairy breeds
f. Capital City Loans are difficult to obtain to acquire the
dairy breeds
IMPORTANCE OF DAIRY FARMING IN Native breeds produce insufficient m ill
MALAWI Lack of scientific techniques in most areas
Feed is expensive
a. Source of nutrients such as vitamins, fats
Lack of proper storage facilities because milk
and proteins for proper growth of people
is highly perishable
b. Source of incom e to dairy farmers
c. Prov ision of m anure that improves soil Poor road infr astructure.
fertility
THE NETHERLANDS: LAND RECLAMATION AND POLDER CULTIVATION

TERMINOLOGIES b. POLDER
- It is a reclaimed land from swamps, lakes
a. LAND RECLAMATION and shallow seas.
- 1 4 % of the present surface area of
The turning of water logged areas of shallow sea or Netherlands is reclaimed land
lake into dry land.

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EXAMPLES OF POLDERS IN NETHERLANDS b. Wieringermeer

a. Noordoost polder
c. Haarlemmermeer, container schiphed b. Sandy and infertile soils in som e areas of
airport Netherlands
d. Beernster, a world heritage site c. The im provement of technology i.e.
e. Alblasserwaard containing windmills of production of wind m ills etc
kinderdijk, a world of heritage site.
NOTE: The west called Holland is quite fertile with
REASONS FOR LAND RECLAMATION loamy clay soils and 60% of the Dutch live their.

a. Dense population in Netherlands THE PROCESS OF LAND RECLAMATION

- After draining the soils are at first too salty for

cultivation and reclamation is not really complete
- The area to be reclaimed is encircled with a dyke until special grass (reeds) are planted and
or dam wall called the ring dyke which divides the allowed to grow for a few years.
sea. - Roots help to bind the soil together
- Water is pumped from one side of the sea B or - The dead leaves rot and form humus
the enclosed side to open sea A. - The rain washes out the salts
- The pumping by pumps until most of the water is
drained NOTE: Drainage does not stop with the formation of
- The drainage ditches are dug within the area to a polder because polders are low lying and are liable
drain the remaining water to flooding. Constant has to be carried out on the
- The m ain ditches (Central channels direct water dy kes to ensure they are in good order.
to pum ping station)
LAND SCAPE OF POLDERS The polders are below sea level
The land is geometrically planned to
Dy kes are common m aximize land use
The ground is flat

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TY PES OF POLDERS d. Flour
e. Barley
1. Land reclaimed polders: From a body of
water such as lakes or the sea bed FARMING TYPES ON POLDERS
2. Flood plains: Separated from the sea or
river dyke a. Dairy farming
3. Marshes: Separated from surrounding - Production of m ilk for sale in liquid forms or
water by dykes and consequently drained. butter and cheese or condensed or
powdered.
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH LAND - The dairy farms are small, intensively
RECLAMATION m anaged and highly m echanized
b. Arable farming
Flooding: Dy kes are belt to protect this - Wheat, rye, oats and barley are grown.
from happening - Mixed farming is done on other polders i.e.
Salination: Due to evaporation and affects crops and animals
crops c. Hort iculture
Cost : Construction and maintenance of - Flower and vegetable growing is also
dy kes and drainage canals, the purchase of intensively done
pum ps, reservoir collectors and construction
of drainage canals is very expensive. POTENTIAL RECLAMATION AREAS IN
Land subsidence: As the ground level MALAWI
dries
Shallow lakes: Chilwa, Chiuta and Kazuni
CROPS GROWN ON THE POLDERS Wetlands: Elephant, Ndindi, Vwaza and
Lake Chilwa marsh
a. Vegetables
b. Oats
c. Ry e
EXTENSIVE FARMING  Mechanization is done on large scale because
of the nature of the system.
MEANING  Low y ields per unit area but overall high
 It involves cultivation of only one type of
This is the type of com mercial farming which is done crop
on a v ery large scale on extensive farms found m ostly  Use of extensive farms.
in sparsely populated areas.
ACTIVITIES ASSOCIATED WITH EXTENSIVE
POPULATION DENSITY AND EXTENSIVE FARMING
FARMING
CROPS GROWN AND ANIMALS REARED
 Practiced in areas of low population density
 It requires enough land covering so m any - Wheat is a very good example of crops grown
square kilometers under extensive farming.
- Cattle, sheep and horses are reared on v ery
AREAS WHERE EXTENSIVE FARMING IS large farms called Ranches
PRACTISED
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH EXTENSIVE
a. Prairies in Canada FARMING
b. Pam pas in Argentina
c. Downs in Australia  International price depressions can have
d. Steppes in Com monwealth Independent dev astating effects due to m ono cropping.
States (CIS), Denmark and Netherlands.  Droughts because irrigation is not used.
e. High Veldt of Natal and Botswana  Pest m ultiplication and loss of fertility due to
the production of sam e crop on the same
CHARACTERISTICS OF EXTENSIVE land
FARMING  Sparsely populated areas and flat land are
required for m echanization
 Inv olvement of sm all labour force

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 EXTENSIVE WHEAT FARMING IN PRAIRIES

MAIN WHEAT GROWING AREAS LAND USE ON THE PRAIRIES

a. Saskatchewan - Clearing, ploughing and treatment of land

b. Alberta with appropriate fertilizers is done in
c. Manitoba October.
- No cultivation is done between November
FACTORS FOR EXTENSIVE WHEAT and March due to snow instead maintenance
FARMING and repairing of m achinery is done.
- Sowing of wheat and growing of potatoes is
a. Temperature: Between 15ºC and 21ºC, a done in spring from April to May due high
warm dry sunny period for wheat ripening. tem peratures that m elt the snow providing
b. Rainfall: About 9 00 mm. and where it is m oisture.
below 2 00 mm irrigation takes its course. - Chem icals are sprayed from June to July to
c. Soil: Well drained loam soils which can prev ent wheat from pests and diseases and
retain moisture weeding is done
d. Gent ly undulating land: To allow use of - Harvesting is done in August and September
m achines respectively.
e. Growing season: Not less than 3 m onths. - After harvest wheat is either sold locally
Planting is done in April to May, m aturing is (ov er 90%) or exported to Europe, Japan,
between 11th and 22 nd August i.e. the growing Indonesia, Korea etc (Over 5%)
period is for about 1 00 to 1 20 days
ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE OF WHEAT
REASONS FOR WHEAT GROWING ON THE GROWING
CANADIAN PRAIRIES
a. Source of foreign exchange: Through
1. Good communication: Roads and exports
railways to m arkets b. Source of income: To local farmers
2. Flat land: Enabling mechanization to take through local sales
place quiet easily c. Raw mat erial: In bakery industry
3. Climate: It is conducive the growing of d. Source of revenue: Through taxation of
wheat. the industry i.e. Gvt.
4. Soil: Rich and fertile loam soils which have e. Source of employ ment: To local people.
good drainage
5. Market : Wheat can be sold locally or USES OF WHEAT
internationally due to dem and
6. Land: Very large land with low value i.e. - Sem olina from which spaghetti, m acaroni
Alberta, Saskatchewan and Manitoba. and v ermicelli are made
- Bread, cake, breakfast cereals, biscuits, pie
crust and ice cream cones

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THE MAIN WHEAT PRODUCING AREAS d. Canada
e. France
a. Com m onwealth of independent states (CIS)
b. USA CLIMATE OF SASKATOON IN
c. China SASKATCHEWAN
J F M A M J J A S O N D
Tem p(ºC) -1 8 -1 5 0 3 10 14 16 15 11 3 -7 -1 2
Rainfall 18 18 20 21 38 60 60 44 36 20 18 17

PROBLEMS c. Gophers, m ice and grasshoppers damage

crops if not elim inated on time.
a. Fluctuation of export market due to d. Rust disease attacking and ruining the ears
unregulated wheat production of the grain.
b. Drought, hail, wind and frost

RANCHING IN ARGENTINA

TERMS ASSOCIATED WITH RANCHING

a. Est ancia: An extensive farm in South PLACES WHERE RANCHING IS PRACTICED

Am erica where cattle is kept on large for sale.
b. Frigorificos: Places where animals are - Argentina (Pampas)
slaughtered and m eat is frozen - Natal and Botswana (High veldt)
c. Ranches: Large pieces of land where - Australia and New Zealand (Downs)
animals are kept - Com m onwealth of Independent States (CIS),
d. Ranching: All activities that take place on a Denm ark and Netherlands (Steppes)
ranch. - North America (Prairies)
e. Chacras: Sm all cattle estates as com pared
to estancias
f. Saladeros: Butcheries that process corned
and salted m eet.

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CONDITIONS FOR RANCHING IN ANIMAL PRODUCTS FROM THE ESTANCIA
ARGENTINA
a. Meat
a. Topography: Flat land enabling animal b. Leather
rearing. c. Cooking oil
b. Fav ourable grass: Supporting the ranching d. Fertilizer
industry. e. Glue (from horns and hoofs)
c. Good clim ate: Temperature – above the f. Fat
freezing point and water related. Rainfall –
about 9 00 mm for grass to grow CROPS GROWN ON AN ESTANCIA
d. Access to m arkets: Local and international
m arkets i. Maize
e. Good Transport Network: Railways to ii. Oats
fattening camps and frigorificos iii. Alfalfa
f. Sparse Population: Creating enough land for iv. Wheat
grazing v. Vegetables

ACTIVITIES ON THE RANCH OR ESTANCIA IMPORTANCE OF RANCHING TO

ARGENTINA ECONOMY
MONTH ESTANCIA
ACTIVITIES a. Source of em ployment
Jan - Feb Ranch fences are repaired b. Source of foreign exchange earnings
Mar - May Cattle c. Source of raw m aterials
May - Jun Sheep dipping and d. Source of incom e to farmers
branding e. Rev enue collection by government
Jul - Aug Lam bing and lamb making
Sep - Oct Sheep rearing PROBLEMS OF RANCHING IN ARGENTINA
Oct - Dec Hay making and fence
- High incidences of pests i.e. cattle ticks.
repairing
- Cattle diseases like trypanosomiasis
- Local such as the Zonda and Pampero also
kill cattle in summer i.e. November to
WHY THE ACTIVITIES BELOW
February.
a. Sheep rearing: Toe easily identify the - Unreliable rainfall bringing a bout
sheep. insufficient pastures
b. Lamb marking: To ease identification.
c. Branding: Stating the age of the sheep. COUNTRIES THAT IMPORT MEAT FROM
ARGENTINA
CATTLE BREEDS ON THE RANCH
i. Arab States
a. Hereford ii. United Kingdom
b. Shorthorn iii. Germ any
c. Aberdeen iv. Canada
d. Angus v. Israel
e. Braham vi. France
vii. United States of Am erica

COMPARISON OF BEEF INDUSTRY IN MALAWI WITH CATTLE RANCHING IN ARGENTINA

ARGENTINA MALAWI
Hy brids (Hereford, shorthorn etc) produce high quality Native breeds e.g. Zebu producing insufficient meat and
m eat in high quantities m ilk
Animals are raised on large estates called estancias or Most animals are raised on customary land and not on
ranches ranches
Animals are scientifically managed Lack of scientific management in most cases
Good quality pastures are available e.g. alfalfa and folder Poor quality pastures that make Zebu lose its weight and
crops produce low quality meat and milk
Animals are raised sole for com mercial purposes Animals are kept both for commercial and subsistence
purposes. A symbol of wealth

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PROBLEMS OF RANCHING IN MALAWI CONDITIONS FOR IRRIGATION

a. Pastures are not readily available throughout a. Topography: Gentle and flat land
the y ear b. Presence of wat er: Vital for irrigation as
b. Native breeds of cattle (Zebu) which yield plants need m oisture
low quality and quantity of m eat c. Occurrence of drought and hot dry
climate: Due to little rainfall
IRRIGATION d. Wat er retentive soils: Able to hold water
soils are necessary
DEFINITION: The putting of water on the land to e. Land scarcit y and population growt h:
crops to grow. Due to reduction of land i.e. high population

AREAS THAT DEPEND ON IRRIGATION PROBLEMS OF IRRIGATION FARMING

a. Nile v alley a. Very expensive to transport water from

b. Gezira Scheme in Sudan sources to target areas.
c. Israel b. Siltation in water m asses due to sediments
d. China Projects carried by m oving water.
e. Indus Valley c. Washing away of nutrients by the water
f. Murray – Snowy River Scheme infiltrates the soil.
g. Nchalo in Malawi d. Salinity of the soil
e. Spread of water borne diseases.

MAP OF ISRAEL

RELIEF, SOIL AND CLIMATE OF ISRAEL HOW RELIEF, SOIL, CLIMATE AND
SALINITY HAVE DISCOURAGED
a. Soil: It has got fertile soils i.e. IRRIGATION FARMING IN ISRAEL
Mediterranean Coastal Plains and infertile
soils i.e. Negev desert 1. SOILS: Poor sandy soils in the Negev Desert
b. Relief: The Negev desert, Jordan River discourage irrigation because they lose water
v alley are flat for irrigation and around at a fast rate.
Judea Hill the altitude is high not favourable
for irrigation SOLUTIONS
c. Climate: Hot and dry because of the Negev a. Manure and fertilizer application to im prove
desert, high temperatures, and low rainfall soil fertility.
while other areas receive good amount of b. A forestation and reforestation to reduce run
rainfall. – off and hence prevent soil erosion
2. SALINITY: Dead Sea has salts which need
to be purified by desalination process

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 SOLUTIONS - It can supply from 1 Litre to 2 0 Litres per
a. Proper m anagement of saline water before hour and is good for intensive cultivation
being brought to land through desalination
b. Constant draining away of salts from water b. BURIED IRRIGATION
which percolates downwards - Drip irrigation laterals are buried at a depth
c. Application of lim e to allow neutralization of 50 cm .
process to take place. - The buried system is protected against
infiltration by tiny roots around the area of
3. RELIEF: The hilly country is at high the dripper.
altitude which encourages orographic - External dirt is prevented from being sucked
rainfall and erosion leading to loss of fertility into the dripper by air valves that open when
and no irrigation can take place. the water is turned off and allow air into the
pipe
4. CLIMATE: High temperatures in the Negev - Different drippers namely line drippers,
Desert encourage a lot of ev aporation regulated and unregulated fixed drippers and
deem ing it necessary to undertake irrigation intergrated drippers are fixed onto the walls
frequently of the irrigated lines
c. SPRAY IRRIGATION
SOLUTIONS - Through this m ethod, each plant is irrigated
a. Designation of the Israel National Water individually by its own water sprayer.
Carrier (INWC) to carry water from Dead - A series of spray accessories have been
Sea of Galilee in the North. dev eloped which is intended m ainly for
b. Clim ate control: Technology developed in Orchards and greenhouses
Israel allows cooling of the greenhouse by - Very efficient.
day and heating by night with m inimal
inv estment of energy. d. SPRINKLER IRRIGATION
- This sy stem of irrigation uses sprinklers
THE COMPUTERISED GREENHOUSE which are designed for crops that require
irrigation of an entire area or field.
- Com puter hardware and software have been
dev eloped in Israel to automatically control NOTE
the flow of the greenhouse water, fertilizer
and climate systems. - All methods of irrigation can be operated by
- Software developer maintain close contact computers allowing real time operation,
with growers in order to keep abreast of the precision, reliability, savings in manpower
latest developments in agricultural systems and monitoring continued operation for
and provide the m ost effective and advanced many hours a day
solutions - Computerization can also allow the
operator to preprogram irrigation
SOURCE OF WATER intervals.
- When there is a deviation, the system shuts
a. Sea of Galilee down automatically
b. Yarkon River - Systems including sensors also help to
determine desired intervals
DISTRIBUTION OF WATER TO TARGET - Moisture sensors are buried and provide
AREAS IN THE CENTRE AND THE NAGEV information regarding moisture levels of the
DESERT IN THE SOUTH soil
- Another type is a plant sensor that
a. DRIP IRRIGATION
determines irrigation intervals by checking
- It is unique because it spreads m oisture changes in the diameter of the stem and
throughout the entire land uniformly fruit.
reducing amount of run off. - The sensor is connected directly to the
- Irrigation drippers are used which allow computer, allowing for automatic operation
controlled water distribution and are not of the irrigation systems when needed
easily blocked by waste m atter.
- Filter traps installed inside the irrigation KIBBUTZIM
lines consist of serrated plastic unit that sets
up a whirling flow in the water passing - It is a cooperative settlement devoted to
through it, sweeping away dirty particles. farming and governed by its m embers,
- This presents blockages in the narrow water Kibbutzim (plural of Kibbutz) attracts both
outlets of the drippers. Christians and Jewish volunteers from
- This m ethod is designed for use in green around the world.
houses

15
 - A Kibbutz can have as few as 1 00 m embers - It im perative for Jews to settle in the same
or as m any as 2 000. com m unity for easy monitoring and
- The Zionist settlers founded the original supervision.
Kibbutzim. - Furthermore, the common r eligion united
- To abandon the Old World Pressure for them as them as the special children of God.
m aterial success and to “return to the land” 5. The Socialist Ideology
and live a simple life was the Zionist ideal - Som e Jews came from countries where
- The Zionists believed in socialism and the socialism had taken root.
self – gov erning Kibbutz became the - The Jews sought to put into practice socialist
cornerstone of the Zionists hopes for Israel ideas in their new homeland
- Hence ideas of equality and joint ownership
HOW TO IDENTIFY KIBBUTZNIKS (THE of property.
PEOPLE WHO LIVE ON THE KIBBUTZ
THE SUCCESS OF THE KIBBUTZ SYSTEM
a. Funds, land, equipment, stock and buildings
are owned by all Kibbudzniks a. Unity and cooperation among the Jews.
b. Com m ittees and officers are elected to decide b. Moral and material support from Jews
how Kibbudz’s income will be distributed outside and donor countries
c. Kibbudzniks work at several different jobs in c. The determination to succeed or the zeal to
one y ear because jobs are rotated achieve certain goals
d. Kibbudzniks receive salary, but they are d. Technology transfers from developed
prov ided with food, lodging, clothing countries to Israel.
(usually dark blue shirts and shorts for e. It was proved that the Jews were really
pants) and other necessities. agriculturalists despite being immigrants
e. They eat together in a communal dining hall
that is m uch like a school cafeteria CRITISMS/PROBLEMS FACED BY THE
f. Married Kibbudzniks live in sm all houses KIBBUDZIM
while single people and volunteers share
sm all cottages Reduction of com petition between people.
g. In som e Kibbudzim, m others and fathers Som e individual needs are ignored
tend to care to their own children, where s in Div ision of labour introduces differences in
others, children are cared for by m any adult status, authority and influence among
Kibbudzniks. m em bers
h. Children eat, sleep and study in their own Lack of priv acy i.e. use of hostels and
room s, separated from the adults. com m unal baths.
Use of com m unal facilities facilitates the
NOTE: Responsibilities come at an early stage as spread of diseases in case of an outbreak
children attend Kibbudz School. It does not prom ote individual creativity and
initiative
FACTORS WHICH INFLUENCED THE
DEVELOPMENT OF THE KIBBUDZ
CROPS GROWN UNDER IRRIGATION
FARMING
1. Host ile environment
- Jews joined hands to reclaim land for use a. Beans
which meant that the reland belongs to all b. Cotton
2. Need for self – sufficiency c. Sunflower
- It was necessary for Jews to work hard d. Chick peas
together to achieve economic independent as e. Corn
they could not depend on their hostile Arab
f. Groundnuts
neighbours g. Green peas
3. Defence considerat ion h. Watermelon for seeds
- The incoming of Jews was m et with hostile
reception by Arabs which frequently raided CHARACTERISTIC FEATURES WHICH MAKE
the new settlers IRRIGATION INTENSIVE
- It was im perative for Jews to coordinate
effectively in the defence system. - Yield fluctuation from year to y ear is reduced
4. Religion - Continuous cultivation becomes possible
- Jews belonged to the same religion Judaism - In m ost cases the land holdings are sm all
which involves the strict observance of rite, - Double or treble cropping may be achieved
regulations, feast, sacrifices which were - Higher yields per hectare
supervised by priests.

16
 PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH  Sea water is cooled and then introduced
IRRIGATION IN ISRAEL into a freezing chamber where the water
form s a thin mixture of liquid water and
Insufficient sources of water ice particles
Hostile Arabs who would not like to see  The m ixture is separated and the ice
Israel use Jordan river crystals are washed to remove brine.
Expensive to pump water from Lake Tiberius  Finally, the ice particles are m elted
(2 10m below sea level) down to give freshwater.
Ev aporation rates in Negev region are very
high. NCHALO SUGAR IRRIGATION SCHEME

WATER DESALINATION WORKS LOCATION

- There are water desalination plants at Haifa Located at latitude 16º10’S of equator and longitude
and Eliat due to scarcity of water. 3 4 º53’ east of the Greenwich Meridian
- Vacuum freezing is used at Haifa as a
desalination process which is cheaper. The
process is as follows:

RELIEF, SOILS AND CLIMATE METHODS OF IRRIGATION

1. RELIEF/TOPOGRAPHY: The area is a. Sprinkler Irrigation: This method uses

gentle or flat which enables mechanization specially designed sprinklers to supply water
and irrigation to take place easily. to the entire field.
2. LABOUR: High population provides labour b. Canal Irrigation: Irrigation or drainage
e.g. planting, weeding etc. canals are dug to direct water from the Shire
3. CLIMATE: Riv er to the fields
a. Tem perature: 2 0ºC to 32ºC because it is at
low altitude. HARVESTING OF SUGARCANES
b. Rainfall: 500 mm to 800 mm per year than
the required amount of 2 000mm - Workers use panga knives to cut off the
supplem ented by irrigation canes a few metres above the ground level.
4. SOILS: The soils are rich, well drained - Fire is set before cutting simply to:
alluvial and clay soils. Scare away animals such as snakes,
rats e.t.c.
SOURCES OF WATER Increase sugar concentration in the
canes
The Shire River is the only source of water for - The canes are transported by tractors or
irrigation at Nchalo Sugar Irrigation Scheme. railways to the factory for processing

17
HOW SUGAR IS PROCESSED FROM THE SOLUTION
CANES
Im proving security by em ploying m ore g uards or
STAGE ONE tightening community policing around the scheme.

The canes are chopped or cut into sm aller pieces 3. Poor wast e disposal: Most of the waste is
disposed into the shire river thereby
STAGE TWO polluting the water destroying the habitat
for aquatic species and also m akes the water
The short and chopped canes are put between not healthy for dom estic purposes
m achines called rollers which squeeze the cane to
extract sugar juice. SOLUTIONS

STAGE THREE - Proper disposal of waste

- Som e of the waste can also be changed to
The extracted juice is boiled and later mixed with lime other useful products hence need to recycle
whose function is to prevent fermentation process. them
4. High Degree of salinity: Controlled by
During boiling, evaporation of the water also takes application of lim e to allow neutralization to
place. take place.
5. Inadequate Drainage in some parts of
STAGE FOUR t he est ate: Solved by building/constructing
drainage canal
If the target is brown sugar, the boiled liquid is left to 6. Insufficient Irrigation in some parts of
cool and solidify forming crystals whose size depends t he est ate: Solved by constructing more
on the rate of cooling. irrigation canals.

Brown also called raw sugar is produced as a IMPORTANCE OF THE SCHEME TO MALAWI
product.
a. Source of employ ment: Most people are
Mollases (thick syrup) is produced as a by product em ployed more especially during planting,
which is a raw m aterial for alcohol, spirit rum and weeding and harvesting of the canes.
treacle as well as animals food after being mixed with b. Source of foreign exchange earnings:
other substances. Sold to other countries to solv e the problem
of balance of trade.
STAGE FIVE c. Source of gov ernment revenue through
taxation
It aim s at producing white sugar d. Prov ision of raw m aterials: Animal feed and
fuel.
The boiled liquid is poured into cylinders after being e. Prov ision of food: Sugar
filtered. f. Dev elopment of the surrounding area.

The cylinders absorb the brown colour living behind a PLANTATION AGRICULTURE
residue called bagasse which is m anufactured into
paper, fibre board or can be used as m anure, animal DEFINITION
feed or a fuel in sugar factories
This is a com m ercialized form of tropical cultivation
PROBLEMS FACED BY THE NCHALO SUGAR of perennial crops on v ery large estates called
IRRIGATION SCHEME plantation initiated by the European colonialists.

1. High cost s of Invest ment and LOCATION AND CROPS GROWN

Product ion: Expensive to purchase and
m aintain m achinery to be used on the farm CROP COUNTRIES
Rubber Malaysia and Indonesia
SOLUTION Oil Palm Ghana, Nigeria, Malaysia,
Zaire
- Growing sugarcane of high quality and high
Coconut India, Indonesia, Sumatra,
quantities to produce a lot of sugar for export Sri Lanka
and local sale. Banana Jam aica, West Indies
- The m oney realized can help to upset the Islands, West Africa
im balance between income and expenditure. Sugarcane Cuba, Jamaica, Barbados,
2. Theft : Disgruntled people stealing irrigation Brazil
pipes
Coffee Brazil, Colom bia, Uganda,

18
 Angola
Cocoa Ghana, Nigeria, Brazil,
Iv ory Coast
Tea India, Sri Lanka, Japan,
Malawi, CIS

CHARACTERISTICS OF PLANTATION
AGRICULTURE

a. Done on extensive farms called Plantations

b. It is capital intensive since crops take long to
m ature
c. New agricultural techniques are applied
d. Monoculture is practiced i.e. one crop is
cultivated on the farm.
e. Estates have facilities that process the crop.
f. A plantation is labour intensive looked after
by a planter.

ADVANTAGE S OF PLANTATION
AGRICULTURE

Work sim plified due to m any workers

Knowledge of cultivation is gained by
workers who can use it on their farms
Rotation of harvests is possible being
perennial oriented
Prov ision of raw m aterials
Good quality of crops is produced. FAVOURABLE CONDITIONS FOR TEA
Tree crop shed the soil thereby conserving GROWING
water and soil
Source of foreign exchange. 1. CLIMATE
a. Tem perature: Ranging from 22 to 3 0
DISADVANTAGES OF PLANTATION degrees Celsius
AGRICULTURE b. Rainfall: About 1200 to 2 400 mm per
annum.
a. Price fluctuation at the market doom ing the 2. SOIL: Well drained loam soils
farmers 3. HUMIDITY : The amount of m oisture in the
b. High rainfall in the tropics leading to air is high because of high evaporation rates
leaching enabling dew to form i.e. providing m oisture
c. Difficult to grow plantation crops where to the trees.
there is shortage of labour. 4. LABOUR: The high population in the areas
d. Diseases and pests can attack the single crop of cultivation enables the farm activities to
and losses can be m ade be carried out thoroughly.
e. Natural disasters e.g. droughts, winds, ice etc
can affect production METHODS OF TEA CULTIVATION
f. It takes long time before realizing profits
g. Delays in the processing of the crop would a. Direct Met hod:
lead to loss of v alue. - Seeds are germinated in wet sand where they
are removed and transported to nurseries.
TEA PLANTATION IN MALAWI - Seedlings are retransplanted to plantation
six m onths later
LOCATION - Shrubs are pruned to 1 .5 m and can be
picked after the second year
Tea in Malawi is grown in Thyolo, Nkhata Bay and b. Using cut t ings: Cuttings are planted in
Mulanje rows on the plantation

NOTE: Tea trees are usually affected by a fungal

disease called Armillaria.

19
CY CLE OF FARM ACTIVITIES IMPORTANCE OF SHADE TREES IN THE TEA
ESTATE

a. They provide m oisture to growing tea bushes

b. Fallen leaves rot and add humus to the soil
c. Shade for tea pickers for resting during
harvesting
d. Trees around the estate act as wind breakers
to av oid damage in the estate

SMALL HOLDER FARMING

Tea is grown on sm all scale by small holder farmers in

Thyolo and Mulanje.

SMALL HOLDER TEA AUTHORITY

- Established in 1967 and there are over 4 450

- Responsible for m anaging tea growers
- Collects tea produced by farmers in
NOTE: Topping and pruning are done during the readiness for processing
first four years in order to obtain a flat plucking - It pay s individual tea growers in line with
surface, to ensure thick growth of branches and to their quantity of tea leaves produced
keep the branches at the height of 1 .5m.
SUCCESSES
PICKING OF TEA
a. Contributing to the establishment of the
- From Nov ember to March which needs Malawi Tea Com pany (MATECO)
abundance of labour b. The opening of the tea factory in Mulanje in
- Two y oung leaves and a bud at the tips of 1 975
these branches are the first to be picked c. Giv ing incentives to farmers before 1990
because they have high tannic acid enabling farmers to progress economically.
concentration giving tea its flavor.
FAILURES
PROCESSING TEA
a. Low wages for sm all holder farmer and are
A. BLACK TEA often put off
- Dry ing of tea leaves on a tray either by the b. No bonuses to farmers and this puts them off
sun or heated in room s i.e. withering causing again
the leaves to loose m oisture and become easy c. A large percentage of tea is sold to the tea
for easy rolling i.e. cutting leaves into smaller estates and not the Tea Authority
pieces. d. Som e farmers have stopped cultivating tea
- Sifting and fermentation in order to reduce and diverted the land for other crops
tannic acid content while fermentation
changes the green colour of the leaves to SOLUTIONS TO THE FAILURES
copper and it is stopped by roasting or firing
m aking leaves to turn to black colour Pay ing the farmers well
- Firing which helps to remove the remaining Selling the tea to the Small Holder Tea
water. Authority
- Rolling is done once m ore Re introduction of bonuses.
- Grading is done and packed for export and
local sale. MAIN TEA GROWING AREAS IN SOUTHERN
B. GREEN TEA REGION
The process is the same only that the leaves
are not allowed to undergo fermentation 1. Makwasa Tea Estate in Thyolo
process. 2. Mulanje

20
 MAKWASA TEA ESTATE

LOCATION OF MAKWASA ESTATE CULTIVATION

- Found in Thyolo district in the southern part - Cuttings are use to grow tea bushes taken
of Malawi from selected clones (m other bushes)
- It is part of Thyolo Highlands Tea Estate dev eloped at the Tea Research Foundation.
Lim ited developed from a virgin forest - These cuttings are propagated in pots under
- It was started in 1924 when about 16 poly thene tents (these are removed when the
hectares of land were planted cuttings have rooted and started growing)
- It relies on blue gum trees covering 317 - Tea bushes are grown in the nursery in pots
hectares for the provision of fuel in the tea for one y ear and half years.
factory.
NOTE: Tea bushes are attacked by pests such as
PICKING AND HARVESTING OF TEA AT heleopeltis and thrips. Tea leaves are processed using
MAKWASA TEA ESTATE the various stages explained already.

- It em ployees about 2000 people who pluck, IMPORTANCE OF TEA INDUSTRY TO

weed and harvest the tea MALAWI ECONOMY
- Tea is harvested from December to April
- Two soft leav es and a bud are picked on each 1. Source of foreign exchange
tree. 2. Source of em ployment
3. Source of incom e to farmers

21
 COCOA

FAVOURABLE CONDITIONS FOR GROWING d. ABSENCE OF STRONG WINDS

COCOA Occurrence of hurricanes and tornadoes can
dam age the crop
a. TEMPERATURE e. SHADE
Cocoa plants don’t need direct sunlight but
THE CLIMATE OF KUMASI IN GHANA rather shade. Som e trees can provide this but
to the following disadvantages:
MONTH Temp. C Rainfall mm - Trees m ay compete with cocoa for soil
J 25 20 m oisture and m inerals
F 27 58 - Trees m ay encourage insects and disease
M 27 1 30 which are harmful to cocoa
A 27 1 45 - The shade they provide is uneven
M 27 1 90 f. COASTAL LOCATION
J 26 2 00 The crop thrives best near Coasts with
J 25 1 09 tropics
A 23 79 g. HUMIDITY
S 25 1 23 - High relative humidity being a perennial
O 26 1 80 crop
N 26 94
CYCLE OF ACTIVITIES ON A COCOA FARM
D 26 20
a. CULTIVATION OF COCOA TREES
1. Direct Sowing of Cocoa Trees: The crop
- Hot, m oist, equable climate with is grown from seeds sown in a nursery
tem perature 24ºC. 2. Using cut t ings: They are planted direct on
- The Cocoa tree requires consistently high the land.
tem peratures and high humidity
b. HARVESTING AND PROCESSING OF
b. RAINFALL
COCOA
It requires rainfall of 2 000 mm to 3 500 mm - Two harvests are possible
without long droughts - Each crop year begins in October with the
c. SOILS m ain crop and the light crop in June.
Deep well drained soils which are rich in
- Ripe pods are cut from trees, breaking them
potash
open and extracting the seeds from them.

22
 - Seeds are allowed to ferment for 6 to 7 days A Cocoa pod wit h swollen disease (left)
with two turnings before drying in the sun. compared t o t he normal pod.
- Beans are then bagged and shipped
IMPORATANCE OF COCA INDUSTRY IN
c. MARKETING GHANA’S ECONOMY
- Farm ers are linked to international m arkets
since locally there is no m arket for Cocoa. 1. Source of foreign exchange
- They do this through the Cocoa Farmers - Cocoa is a m ajor foreign exchange earner in
Union which buys and exports the cocoa Ghana
through the ports on the m ap above. - It is exported to Germany, Great Britain,
- The effort of the government was to establish France, Sweden, USA, Italy and CIS
the Ghana Cocoa Board, COCOBOD in 1947 2. Source of employ ment
to dev elop the Cocoa industry. - People are em ployed in cocoa farms during
growing, picking and processing.
MISSION 3. Source of income
Cocoa farmers earn m oney after selling the
To encourage and facilitate the production, processing product to the Cocoa Farmers Union
and m arketing of good quality cocoa, coffee and 4. Source of government revenue
sheanut in all farms in the m ost effective manner and 5. It is a raw mat erial in t he industry i.e.
m aintain the best mutual industrial relation with its Chocolate making.
objectives
MAIN GROWING AREAS OF COCOA
OBJECTIVES
a. Ghana
a. To encourage the production of Cocoa, coffee b. Iv ory Coast
and sheanut c. Nigeria
b. To initiate programmes aimed at controlling d. Brazil
pests and diseases of cocoa, coffee ad e. Cam eroon
sheanut f. Ecuador
c. Regulating marketing of cocoa, coffee and g. Mexico
sheanut h. Colum bia

PROBLEMS CONFROTING COCA FARMERS CASE STUDY: COCOA GROWING IN GHANA

 An ageing labour force as young people move 1. The cocoa is produced by sm all scale farmers
to towns in search of green pastures 2. Farm s are 1 – 2 acres of land but large farms
 A 3 0% loss rate from pests and diseases i.e. m ay be found
v iral disease called swollen shoots 3. Most farms are concentrated to the south –
transmitted by an insect called m ealy bug western part of the country
and fungal disease called black pod
 Weak land tenure systems that discourage FAVOURABLE CONDITIONS FOR COCOA
inv estment GROWING
 Increased HIV/Aids rate: Most framers are
becom ing infected with the pandemic and - Well drained porous soil with potassium
this is affecting production - A hot, m oist equable climate with
 Hurricanes and tornadoes damage crop. tem perature over 24ºC
 Poor quality coca trees which produce poor - Rainfall of 2 000 – 3 000mm without long
pods. drought
- Areas sheltered from direct sun and wind
- Coastal tropical regions

FARMING ACTIVITIES ON A COCOA FARM

- Seeds are planted in nursery and watered

- Shade trees or shelters provide shade to the
seeds
- Healthy seedlings are planted to the m ain
fields after six m onths of growth

The trees take 5 to 7 years before they can start

bearing cocoa pods. Planted in the cocoa fields include
plantains, cocoyams, vegetables, maize which are used
as food for m an.

23
PROCESSING OF COCOA - Source of foreign earning
- Source of em ployment
1. The pods are harvested with knives - Source of gov ernment revenue
2. Pods are split open - It is used in m aking chocolate e.t.c.
3. Beans are separated from the pulp
4. They are fermented for a week
5.
6.
They are dried for a week
Beans are then packed ready for export
TOPIC 2:
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH COCOA
HYDROSPHERE
GROWING
FISHING
a. Pests and diseases
Fishing: This is a primary industry involving the
b. Hurricane and tornadoes damage crops
catching of fish and other aquatic or m arine animals.
c. Fluctuating cocoa prices on the world market
It is also called a robber economy because fish is
caught but no replacement.
ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE OF COCOA
FARMING
Fishing piracy: This refers to illegal fishing.
MAJOR FISHING GROUNDS

MAIN FISHING GROUNDS of Kurosiwo warm current and Oyashio cold

current.
a. NORTH WESTERN PACIFIC/NORTH 3. The fishing ports are presemt on the
EAST ASIA coastline of Japan, calm waters and safe land
places e.g. Hakodat and Kushiro
This is include Japan (major fishing ground) which 4. Absence of lowlands and pastures which
extends from Bering Sea to the East fo China. m ean that only a few animals can be kept to
supply m eat and other protein foods.
WHY JAPAN DIVERTED HER FOCUS TO THE 5. Industrialisation has made fishing to become
SEA FOR FISHING scientific

1. It is not well developed with natural

resources i.e. about 80% of her land is not
used for agriculture.
2. Presence of planktons on the continental
shelves around the islands of Japan because

24
EXAMPLES OF FISH CAUGHT Absence of extensive minerals and forest
resources has forced Norway to turn to the
Those prov ided by warm waters sea

- Cod Cod and herring com inate Norway’s fishing industry

- Halibut although wheling in the Antarctic is of great
- Herring im portance.
- Salm on
The m eeting of North Atlantic drifts warm current
Those prov ided by cold waters and Irm inger of Eastern Greenland cold current
m akes fishing industry a possibility all year round
- Sardine
- Tuna Fish countries include: France, Portugal, Iceland,
- Mackerel Norway, Denmark, Germany, Spain and Great Britain.

b. NORTH WESTERN d. NORTH EAST PACIFIC OR NORTH

ATLANTIC/EASTERN CANADA WEST AMERICA

This fishing ground extends from Cape Cod to These fishing grounds extend from California to
Newfoundland, off the coast of Canada in South Alaska
Am erica.
EXAMPLES OF FISH CAUGHT
The m ajor problem is ov erfishing.
- Halibut
REASONS FOR LARGE SCALE FISHING - Cod
- Herring
a. It has indented coast with good natural - Salm on
harbours
b. Presence of harsh climate and infertile soils Salm on fishing and herring is the m ost important type
has forced people to look for alternative of fishing activity that takes place from Bering Strait
source of incom e to Oregon.
c. The m eeting of North Atlantic Drift warm
current and Labrador cold ocean current DESCRIPTION OF SALMON FISH
facilitates precipitation of m inerals which
creates good conditions for plankton growth - Young Salmon fish hatch from eggs laid in
d. Presence of shallow waters which catalyses m ountain stream and lakes.
the process of photosy nthesis in planktons. - At one y ear old the Salmon fish swim down
stream to the sea.
EXAMPLES OF FISH CAUGHT - At about four years old they return to the
rivers to lay their eggs (this when they are
- Cod caught)
- Haddock - Salm on fish are caught by trawls and seine
- Sardines nets in coastal waters
- Halibut - Dam s across rivers prevent Salmon from
- Hake swim ming up rivers unless special ladders
- Flounder are built to by pass the dams.
- Mackerel
e. PERU
c. NORTH EAST ATLANTIC/NORTH
WEST EUROPE Found to the western coast of South America.

Fishing grounds in the area include Barents Sea, REASONS FOR BEING ONE OF THE MAJOR
Iceland, North Sea and Bay of Biscay. FISHING GROUNDS

North is the leading nation in the area.  The flowing of Humboldt or Peruvian cold
current enables planktons to grow
WHY NORWAY THE LEADING FISHING abundantly
NATION IN THIS FISHING GROUND  Anchovy is the m ost common fish caught in
large quantities and Chimbote is the m ain
Harsh climate makes farming difficult and fishing port
hence people focus on the sea for their
liv elihood
f. SOUTH AFRICA

25
Fishing largely done at Agulhas Bank.

The m ajor fishing ports include:

 Port Elizabeth
 Port Nolloth
 Durban
 Saldana Bay

REASONS FOR FISHING

- Presence of shallow waters that enable

sunlight to penetrate to catalyze
photosy nthesis process in planktons
- Av ailability of planktons for fish growth.

EXAMPLES OF FISH CAUGHT b. TRAWL NETTING: Conically shaped or

bag shaped net whose m outh is kept open by
 Cape hake outer boards or head beams. Trawlers drag
 Cape Anchovy the nets along the sea for catching demersal
 South African pilchard fish.

FACTORS INFLUENCING THE

DEVELOPMENT OF THE FISHING INDUSTRY

PHY SICAL

- Meeting of cold and warm currents which

encourages the growth of placktons
- Presence of good natural harbours
- Shallow waters on the continental shelves
which allow sunlight to penetrate to enable
planktons to grow properly.
- Av ailability of plankton growth (these green,
m icroscopic plants) on which fish feed.
- Being warm blooded animals, fish grow in
tem peratures lower than 20ºC.

HUMAN c. SEINE NETS: There are two types of these:

i. Purse seine net s:
- Moderate or large population since it is - Pulled by their ends to surround a shoal of
labour intensive. fish.
- Scarcity of cultivable land. - They are stretched between two fishing boats
- Som etimes pulled by two fishermen with one
TY PES OF FISH end attached to a sm all boat
- They are similar to drift nets
PELAGIC FISH: They breed near to the - Used to catch pelagic fish
surface of the sea water and they include:
Tuna, pilchard, mackerel, sardines, ii. Haul seine netting:
anchovies and m enhaden
DEMERSAL FISH: They breed and feed - They have an oval mouth with a con ical
on the sea bed on the continental sea and shape used for catching dem ersal fish
they include: Sole, Cod, Haddock, Halibut, - They are pulled by with much effort.
Hake, Skate and Garoup.
IMPORTANCE OF THE FISHING INDUSTRY
FISHING METHODS
a. Source of raw m aterials for various produce
a. DRIFT NETTING: Drift nets hang e.g. fertilizers, fish m eals, glue, oil
v ertically in the sea. They are fitted with b. Source of proteins and m inerals e.g. iron,
floats on the upper edge and weights below. calcium, iodine, copper e.t.c.
They are usually pulled by boats called drifts. c. Attracting tourists who normally study the
The caught in their gills. species of fish

26
PROBLEMS FACED BY THE FISHING INSTRUMENTS USED TO CATCH FISH IN
INDUSTRY MALAWI

Pollution of the sea due industrial waste - Trawlers

discharged into rivers or directly into seas - Baskets/hand nets
and oil leakage that deprive the fish of - Fishing lines
oxy gen and m ake them die - Gil nets (Cilepa)
Ov erfishing due to rapid population growth - Seine nets
exerting pressure on the fish. - Draw nets
Destruction of fishing grounds due other - Traps (Miono)
activities e.g. sports and recreational
Indiscriminate fishing i.e. the catching of TYPES OF FISH CAUGHT
im m ature fish because fisherme use nets
with very sm all mesh. - Tilapia
Lack of knowledge in conserving fish - Ntchila
- Chambo
SOLUTION TO THE PROBLEMS - Utaka
- Mpasa
a. Minim izing use of poisonous and harmful - Sanjika
chem icals - Kam pango
b. Form ulation of laws that will control the - Mlam ba
pollution of fishing ground - Matem ba
c. Enforcing international law conventions or - Mcheni
agreements that protect fish
d. Relocation of fish from highly populated PROBLEMS FACED BY THE FISHING
areas to ov erfished areas INDUSTRY IN MALAWI
e. Introduction of new species in the overfished
waters. a. Overfishing
f. Im posing tough measures on those that - Fish is the m ain source of protein and
catch sm all fish by fining them calcium for people in Malawi
g. Introducing fish farming - Ov erfishing has led to a decrease in the
num ber of fish available and extinction
OTHER RESOURCES FROM THE SEA (disappearance) thereafter of som e fish
species
 Fresh water i.e. produced through b. Pollut ion
desalination - The use of herbs (katupe) when fishing has
 Sand and gravel brought by erosion polluted the waters and hence killing aquatic
 Oil – from dead m arine plants and animals wildlife
 Natural gas - Industries damp wastes in water masses
 Food – pawns and shells thereby polluting the water
 Metals e.g. iron, gold, tin, m anganese c. Wat er Hyacinth (Namasupuni)
 Sea weed i.e. raw m aterial for ice cream, - These plants use oxygen which would have
m alted milk, cheese, chocolate m ilf been used by fish for respiration and can
 Minerals e.g. potassium, m agnesium m ake fish die
sulphur
 Salts SOLUTIONS

FISHING IN MALAWI a. Overfishing

- Regulations have been outlined by the
- Malawi covers 118, 000sq. km Fisheries Acct describing the size of m esh to
- 2 0% of this area is covered by water bodies be used i.e. using gill nets to allow young fish
- Though landlocked Malawi catches m ore fish to grow and multiply abundantly
than Mozam bique because m eat is in short - Observ ing the closed fishing season with the
supply and fish provides the much needed help of Village Beach Committees set up by
proteins. the Malawi Gvt. To allow fish to spawn and
build up stocks
MAJOR FISHING GROUNDS IN MALAWI - The Gv t. is controlling the amount of fish
caught by each fishery using quota system
a. Lake Malawi - Civ ic education to fishermen about the
b. Lake Malom be problem s of ov erfishing.
c. Shire River
d. Lake Chilwa

27
 b. Pollut ion Natural resources are things provided by nature e.g.
- Civ ic education: Teaching fishermen to stop v egetation, air, minerals, soil, fossil fuel (coal, oil, and
using herbs and industries should stop natural gas), water and the sun.
dum ping waste in water m asses.
c. Wat er hyacinth (Namasupuni) These provide energy in the environment and it is
- There is an effort to remove the water used for v arious activities.
hy acinth from the fishing grounds.
TYPES OF ENERGY

TOPIC 3: NATURAL 1. GEO THERMAL

RESOURCES It m eans heat from the earth i.e. from m agma or rocks
beneath the earth.
MEANING

COUNTRIES USING GEO THERMAL ENERGY - Gey sers produce vapour that is trapped and
led to turbines which are connected to
- New Zealand generation in order to produce electricity.
- Ice land
- Central America ADVANTAGES
- Japan
a. It is sustainable since it is renewable
The above countries lie within volcanic belts and have b. It does not cause pollution.
heated rocks which exist close to the earth’s surface.
DISADVANTAGES
PRODUCTION
a. High cost of construction and maintenance
a. When rain falls, it infiltrates down wards b. Threat to power stations from volcanism and
through cracks and poles and it comes into earthquakes as well as emission of sulphuric
contact with the heated rocks where it is gases
warmed
b. Som etimes heat from m agma chamber can 2. HYDRO ELECTRIC POWER (HEP)
also warm water present inside the earth.
c. Later on, the water rises to the surface where PRODUCTION OF HEP
it is ejected as either a hot spring or a geyser
- Presence of a steep slope or gradient creates
NOTE: A hot spring is superheated water that is natural falls where a sufficient and constant
ejected slowly while a geyser refers to both v olume of running water moves with fast
superheated water and gases being ejected speed because it gains a lot of kinetic energy
explosively. - This m oving water passes through pipes
called Pen stocks and is led to turbines which
rotate forcing generators to produce
electricity.
USES OF HOT SPRINGS - The v oltage produced is increased by step up
transformers and transported to v arious
- Heating homes and offices places through wires.

28
 - A large m arket is required for the Hydro Electric Power.

ADVANTAGES - If an area is flooded, the decaying vegetation

can release m ethane and carbon dioxide
a. It is sustainable because it uses water which which are greenhouse gases responsible for
is a renewable resource global warming
b. It is relatively cheap form of electricity - It can not be stored
c. It creates limited pollution - Dam ming destroys habitat for wildlife
d. The construction of dam s reduces risks of
flooding and water shortage 3. SOLAR ENERGY
e. It is efficient
PRODUCTION
DISADVANTAGES
- Derived from the sun.
- Dam s are expensive to construct - Generated through solar panels, photo
- Large areas of farmland and wildlife habitats v oltaic cells, absorber pipes and m irrors
m ay have to be flooded forcing people and - They absorb energy from the sun which is
animals to m ove later on converted to electricity by inverters.
- Creation of dams often causes water borne
diseases

29
ADVANTAGES - It is expensive
- Lim ited supply since solar panels convert
a. It causes less environmental damage because only 30% of solar energy to electricity
it uses no finite resources. There is no
atm ospheric pollution 4. WIND ENERGY
b. It is suitable for sm all scale production - It is good for sm all scale production.
- It needs an exposed site to wind such as
DISADVANTAGES hillside, flat land and strong and reliable
winds e.g. Carmarthen Bay in Wales
- It is affected by clouds, seasons or darkness Altamont Pass in California
- It is not always possible when demand exists

30
PRODUCTION - It is not reliable because it does not blow all
the time
a. Produced when several wind mills are - It cannot be stored during storms for use
connected and joined to turbines which during calm periods
m ake generators produce electricity. - It is v ery expensive because there is need to
b. These turbines needs to be located in areas purchase a lot of turbines, windmills and
with regular and high wind speeds generators to produce electricity
- It is not efficient
ADVANTAGES
5. THERMAL ENERGY
a. It is safe (Does not give off radio – active
em issions) PRODUCTION
b. It is clean (Does not give chemical emissions)
unlike fossil fuels, it does not contribute to - Thermal m eans heat
global warming or acid rain - Supplied by non renewable resources e.g.
c. It has m inimal effect on local ecosystem fossil fuels such as coal, oil and natural gas
d. Its production is relatively cheap - They are burned to release heat which
e. It is sustainable being a renewable resource v aporizes water put in special containers.
f. There is no air, water and ground pollution - The v apour is trapped and directed to
g. There are no finite resources involved. turbines connected to generators in order to
produce electricity
DISADVANTAGES

ADVANTAGES 6. NUCLEAR ENERGY

a. Oil and gas are more efficient to burn, easier PRODUCTION

to transport and distribute (by pipelines and
tankers) - A lot of power can be obtained from the
b. It is safer than nuclear energy splitting of the nucleus of the radio active
m aterials.
DISADVANTAGES - Largely produced y by the United States of
Am erica, Canada, Zaire, Australia and
a. The burning of fossil fuels causes air Republic of South Africa.
pollution, global warming and acid rain. - This can be done by bombarding the nucleus
b. Destruction of th e environment – deep with several neutrons through the process
m ining of coal called nuclear fission
c. The m ost easily accessible deposits have - The bom barding induces an extra neutron in
been exhausted nuclear rods which in turn create chain
d. Increased production costs reactions which affects the adjacent atom s
e. Both oil and gas are subject to international and when this is done, m ore neutrons are
price changes and are venerable to political, released which in turn split to release large
econom ic and military pressures. am ount of energy.

31
 - This energy from the reactor vessel or - The v apour is then directed to turbines
container heats up the water in the steam connected to generators in order to produce
generator which is vaporized. electricity

ADVANTAGES 7. BIO GAS

a. It requires limited raw materials to be PRODUCTION

produced
b. Nuclear waste is limited and can be stored - This uses biom ass such as wood, dung and
underground grass.
- These m aterials produces by biomass are put
DISADVANTAGES in special digesters where bacteria act upon
them to allow the process of form ation to
a. It is v ery expensive take place.
b. It is not safe i.e. hazardous because the waste - This process releases methane gas which can
can remain radio active for m any years be used in dev eloping countries instead of
c. There is less dem and for the energy which firewood.
has been caused by alternation

32
ADVANTAGE - Oil and natural gas in the known reserves are
likely to be exhausted within less than 100
- It is relatively cheap y ears and coal within less than 250 years.

DISADVANTAGES POSSIBLE SOLUTIONS TO ENERGY CRISIS

- Farm ers are forced to buy fertilizer to enrich a. Using alternative renewable sou rces of
soil since dung can no longer be used as energy such as biomass, wind, water and the
fertilizer i.e. posing a big financial problem sun
on the part of farmers b. A forestation and re a forestation in
- The release of m ethane gas which is a dev eloping countries.
greenhouse gas causes global warming.
MINERALS
IMPORTANCE OF ENERGY IN
DEVELOPMENT MEANING OF SOME TERMS

a. It helps in transportation such as movement a. A m etal: A chemical element which can be

of trains separated from a m ineral by a special
b. It also assists in the production of food item s treatment
such as beer, bread etc. b. An ore: A rock which has a metallic content
sufficiently high to m ake it worth m ining
ENERGY CRISIS c. A m ineral: A chemical com pound which
occurs in the earth’s crust and which forms
Energy crisis refers to a situation where energy the basis of rocks
becom es scarce to the m ajority of people in a
particular country. TYPES OF MINERALS

IN MALAWI a. Those which can be used to provide power

e.g. coal and petroleum
- It has led into deforestation i.e. rampant b. Metallic minerals: i.e. Non – ferrous (Those
clearance of both natural and artificial that contain m etals such as tin, aluminium
v egetation for firewood and charcoal and copper. Ferrous i.e. minerals containing
business. iron.
- There risk of desertification which will in c. Non – m etallic such as asbestos, sulphur and
turn result into poor or no rainfall. salt
- Not all people have access to electricity
MAP ON WORLD DISTRIBUTION OF
IN THE WORLD MINERALS

- The reserves of fossil fuels are also declining CASE STUDY - PETROLEUM
at a fast rate being non – renewable
resources. ORIGIN AND OCCURRENCE
- The fossil fuels are also becom ing expensive
because of dem and and supply factor. Petroleum occurs in its natural state called crude oil
which is a com pound of hydrogen and carbon

33
- Form ed from the decom position due to the
action of bacteria on sm all dead m arine
organisms which collect in the sedimentary
basin (zone of sedim ents on the ocean floor
or sea floor) on the sea bed
- It occurs both in the pore spaces of
sedim entary rocks which form from
com paction and lithification of sedim ents
and between two layers of non – porous
rock.
- Oil is squeezed out of the sedim entary rocks
of sandstone and limestone into the porous
sedim entary rocks by earth movements
created by compression forces.

34
 OIL EXTRACTION

OIL DRILLING OIL REFINING

- It requires a large metal structure called a Making petroleum pure by breaking it into various
Derrick products in a refinery which is located at the port of
- A steel pipe originates from this m etallic export or im port and in or near oil fields is called oil
structure to which is fitted a drill head called refining
Diam ond Cutter or Bit.
- A hole is drilled from the surface to the rocks WHAT HAPPENS
harbouring oil by this structure which is
forced slowly downwards. - Since crude oil is m ade up of different
- Furthermore, more steel pipes are added hy drocarbons being an organic compound, it
until oil deposits are accessed. has little use unless it is refined or m ade pure
- Mud m ixed with water is forced down the by the process of Fractional Distillation
pipes to lubricate the bit and flush out the - The v arious groups of hy drocarbons (also
drilled rock particles. known as fractions) split from crude oil at
- Naturally, the oil gushes out if it is under v ery high temperature.
pressure and if not it has to be pumped. - The process of ev aporation takes place as
- Som etimes, even the naturally gushing out each fraction or hydrocarbon boils at
oil can cease to flow and therefore, it still different temperatures.
requires pumping. - This process is done in a Fractionating
Column

35
PRIMARY DISTILLATION USES OF PTROLEUM PRODUCTS

a. Various groups of hydrocarbons or fractions OIL PRODUCT USES

are extracted at their own boiling points as Kerosene It is used as fuel for jet air
they condense into liquids. craft and for cooing,
b. The lighter fractions such as paraffin, petrol, lighting and heating
kerosene and benzene will be evaporated and Natural Gas It is good fuel
condensed firstly at temperatures below Gasoline It is used for land
3 8ºC. transport
c. Heav ier fractions such diesel, lubricating and Bitumen or Asphalt It is used for m aking
fuel oil will condense later at temperature roads, roofing and
between 3 8 and 427ºC waterproofing purposes
Petroleum gases It is used for m aking
SECONDARY DISTILLATION chem icals. This is an
alkane compound
a. Due to high demand of the lighter fraction it com prising butane,
has observed that the heavier fractions m ethane and propane
should be treated to com e up with the lighter Gas Oil Raw m aterial of diesel
fraction in a process called Thermal which is vital for the
Cracking. m ov ement of lorries, cars
b. The heavier fractions are reheated at and som e locom otives
relatively much higher temperatures until Lubricants They are used for the
they break or crack into lighter fractions m anufacture of candles,
such as gasoline, petrol, paraffin and seals and polishes
benzene by a m achine called a Cat Cracker
By products These form the basic raw
m aterials of the host
POLY MERIZATION
industrial items such as
plastics, synthetic rubber,
Gases are m ade to com bine into large m olecular
detergents, insecticides
com pounds and it is im portant because it increases
terylene, m otorcar anti
the production of petroleum.
freeze, adhesives and
pharmaceutical as well a s

36
 organic chemical products a. Ensuring that oil is supplied and regulated
e.g. varnishes, drugs, within the frame work of national interests of
solv ents and diluents its m em bers.
b. It controls prices of crude oil

OIL TRANSPORTATION MEMBERS OF OPEC

a. PIPELINES Algeria
- The m ost efficient and cheapest way of Equador
transporting oil because they are inflexible Nigeria
i.e. they remain in position for a long period Iran
of tim e. Venezuela
- Pum ping stations and pipes are installed at Saudi Arabia
high initial costs which becomes very Gabon
econom ical in the long run
United Arab Emirates
- Pipelines only take oil from the source to
Iraq
refineries or to exporting ports for filling oil
tankers that transport the oil to distant Indonesia
countries. Liby a
b. OIL TANKERS
- They are used for sea transport and have CASE STUDY
becom e enormous in size ov er the last
decades because of the following: BAUXITE
 The costs of building and operating a large
oil tanker are not proportional to the size. OCCURRENCE
 It was econom ically viable to build large
tankers called Supertankers designed to - Bauxite is clay which is rich in aluminium
carry oil from the m iddle oil producers to the hy droxide and it is an ore which produces
aluminium.
Far East (Singapore and Japan) at the same
tim e when the Suez Canal was closed. - The m ost important bauxite deposits occur
c. OIL TRUCKS AND RAILWAY in humid tropical regions or in regions
WARGONS having or which once had tropical climate.
These are used for transporting the refined - This is where the process of leaching has
petroleum products resulted in the formation of aluminium
d. AIRCRAFT hy droxide in the sub soil (hor izon B – Lay er
These are used by m ilitary and emergency num ber two from the top layer
requirements to transport oil.
MINING OF BAUXITE
THE ROLE OF THE ORGANISATION OF
PETROLEUM EXPORTING COUNTRIES Bauxite is m ined by opencast m ethod because most of
(OPEC) the ores occur close to the earth surface

THE PROCESS OF EXTRACTING - The caustic soda solution is added

ALUMINIUM FROM BAUXITE ORES - Heat is applied under pressure.
- The end result is a com bination of dissolv ed
STAGE ONE silica and aluminium in solution, iron oxide
is left undissolved
- The bauxite ore is crushed.

37
STAGE TWO PROSPECTS AND PROBLEMS OF BAUXITE
IN MALAWI
- This stage involves the removal of insoluble
iron oxide by filtration process a. It is because of inadequate power supply to
m ine the ore. Prospect : Im portation of
STAGE THREE m ore power from Mozam bique.
b. It can be expensive to transport the ore from
- Aluminium hydroxide is added to form where it can be m ined to the bottom of
aluminium precipitate (powdery material Mulanje Mountain which requires
that remains at the bottom) purchasing pipes to do the job of
transportation
STAGE FOUR c. It can adversely affect tourism because
Mulanje Mountain has beautiful plant and
- Aluminium precipitate is heated in order animal species. The excavation of the area
produce ALUMINA (this is aluminium oxide) can scare away wild animals and destroy the
beautiful plant species
STAGE FIVE d. It can also negatively affect m atches industry
since Mulanje cedar can be destroyed
- Molten cryolite is added to the alumina and through excavation
the m ixture is sm elted or electrolyzed so that
m olten aluminium is formed at the cathode NOTE: I nvestors are hesitating to embark on
(negative node) bauxite extraction simply because the outcome will
- This is done by passing through the solution always be minimal as compared to expenditure.
a strong electric current
COAL
NOTE: An abundant supply of electricity is required
and because of this most alumina smelters are This is a carbonaceous fossil fuel, brownish in colour
located near hydro electric power plants. or black com bustible m ineral substance found in beds
of seas inside the sedimentary rocks.
PROPERTIES AND USES OF ALUMINIUM
USES
PROPERTIES
a. Source of fuel
a. Malleability i.e. it can easily be rolled into b. Creation of job opportunity
sheets c. Reduction of im portation of coal
b. Ductility i.e. it can easily be moulded into d. Dev elopment of remote areas
any shape e. Raw m aterial of coke used for heating and
c. It is resistant to corrosion sm elting iron ores in blast furnaces
d. It is light in weight
e. It is good conductor of heat and electricity FORMATION OF COAL
f. It has high m elting point
- Coal is form ed from vegetation m aterial
USES growing in the carboniferous era.
- It dev elops in waterlogged conditions when
a. It is used for the m anufacturing of aircrafts, com pacted and hardened by pressure and
railway carriegaes, buses and m otor cars heat arising from the earth movements.
b. It is used for the m anufacturing of - Therefore earth movement in form of
aluminium paint com pression force are important in addition
c. It is used for the m anufacturing of electrical to heat for coal to form
goods and dom estic utensils which include
cooking utensils, refrigerators, washing TYPES OF COAL
m achines and cooking ovens
d. It is used for the m anufacturing of 1. PEAT
aluminium foils which assist in the It has carbon content of 4 %
packaging of different products e.g. food. It is burnt as a fuel
It is applied to im prove the texture or raise
OCCURRENCE OF BAUXITE IN MALAWI the water retaining property of soil
It is a dense or heavy deposit of dead
Bauxite ore exists in Malawi on Mulanje Mountain. v egetable matter which has been
Despite its occurrence, it has not been m ined because decom posed m ainly because it has
of sev eral challenges. accumulates in water or in very damp
conditions where oxygen is deficient.

38
 2. LIGNITE COAL 6. COUNTER URBANISATION: This is
It has a carbon content of 4 0% urban rural migration
It is of low grade
It is darker in colour TYPES FO SETTLEMENTS
I has lower m oisture content and its
properties fall in between peat and a. RURAL SETTLEMENTS –
bituminous coal properties CHARACTERISTICS
- The m ain economic activity is farming
It is used as a fuel to produce heat in the
norm al electric generators - Traditional attitudes are very strong
- The v alue of land is very low.
3. BITUMINOUS COAL - The largest percentage of land is customary
It has carbon content of between 4 0% and owned i.e. it is com munal
- Presence of poor social services i.e. roads,
80%
schools, hospitals, m arkets, banks
It has v olatile material between 15% to 4 5%
- The society is m ostly homogeneous i.e. one
It gives m ore heat and burns with less sm oke
tribe predom inates
It is used for m aking coke which is used in - Most people are related by blood
blast furnaces - People do not readily accept change or
fashion
4. ANTHRACITE COAL
- Most buildings are semi – permanent
It has carbon content over 90%
It has low proportion of v olatile m aterial NOTE: Basically, rural settlement refers to all
It does not easily ignite buildings in a village setting. The people in these
It produces great heat settlements earn their living through the growing of
It burns with almost clear. sm okeless flame crops and rearing of animals. These produce raw
It is hard, lustrous variety of coal with a high materials to be processed into products by secondary
proportion of carbon industries in the urban areas

MAJOR WORLD COAL PRODUCERS b. URBAN SETTLEMENTS –

CHARACTERISTICS
- USSR (Form er) - The v alue f land is high following high
- United States of Am erica (USA) dem and
- United Kingdom (UK) - Most buildings are permanent i.e. made of
- China brick stone and cement
- Australia - The society is heterogeneous (Com posed of
- India sev eral tribes or races)
- Germ any - The population is very high
- Presence of m odern social amenities e.g.
hospitals, banks, restaurants, hotels
TOPIC 4: - It is dom inated by secondary and tertiary
industrial activities.
SETTLEMENTS NOTE: These refer to settlements that process raw
materials produced by rural settlements into finished
DEFINITION OF TERMS
products in addition to provision of services and
administration such as towns, cities or conurbations.
1. SETTLEMENT: A group of buildings with
people liv ing in the, what these people do
SETTLEMENT PATTERNS
and how they move from one building to
another
1. LINEAR OR RIBBON OR STREET
2. HAMLET: Where there are two or three
houses without shops, schools or services
Buildings follow a line which m ay be a track road,
3. CONURBATION: A situation where
river or railway line.
sev eral towns are joined together.
4. MEGALOPOLIS: Where many cities are
joined together. For example in South East
Japan and United States of Am erica
5. METROPOLIS: This is the m ain city of a
region on which surrounding towns depend.
These dependent towns are called Sateliite
settlements which together with the mother
city are called metropolitan system or
decentralized city

39
FACTOR THAT INFLUENCE LINEAR - Easy access to information or easy
SETTLEMENTS com m unication

Presents of the roads, river or railway line. People DISADVANTAGE OF LINEAR SETTLEMENT
would like to do business or farming activities along PATTERN
the road or railway line and river respectively.
Noise disturbances by m oving vehicles or trains.
ADVANTAGES OF LINEAR SETTLEMENT
PATTERN 2. NUCLEATED OR COMPACTED

- Easy access to social amenities Buildings take the shape of the square or circle where
- Easy to trade or to do business activities houses are close to each other. The houses are
- It creates enough land for other beneficial norm ally connected by roads
purposes

FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE NUCLEATED d. It creates enough land which is left for other
OR COMPACTED SETTLEMENT PATTERN beneficial uses

a. Av ailability of flat land DISADVANTAGES OF NUCLEATED OF

b. Presence of social amenities e.g. water, COMPACTED PATTERN
electricity, schools etc
c. Presence of fertile soils - Easy spread of diseases
d. Trade or commercial activities - Pollution of environmental resources e.g.
land, water and air
ADVANTAGES OF NUCLEATED OR
COMPACTED PATTERN 3. DISPERSED OR SCATTERED
SETTLEMENT
a. It ensures security to the residents
b. It is easy for the government, non – This is the type of settlement pattern where houses
gov ernmental organizations and religious are away from each other and are found away from
institutions to provide social services to t he the nearest village.
people
c. It enhances social interaction and unity
am ong the people

40
FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE DISPERSED OR
SCATTERED SETTLEMENT PATTERN 2. SITUATION

a. Presence of hilly or m ountainous regions This describes when the settlement is located in
which often have infertile soils and do not relation to surrounding features such as ot her
allow construction of houses as well as settlements, mountains, rivers, and communications
m echanization in agriculture within the environment.
b. Av ailability of water everywhere for example
presence of m arshes CHARACTERISTICS
c. Presence of forest reserves, game reserves
and national parks a. Wet point site: This is a point, which provide
d. Land ownership – Private land disperses water in relation to dry areas
people b. A dry point site: This is a point, which avoids
flooding in relatively wet areas
ADVANTAGES OF DISPERSED OR c. Building m aterials: These include stones,
SCATTERED PATTERN wood and clay
d. Defence: Security of a site is absolutely vital
a. Good hy giene e. Nodal points: This is where several natural
b. Protection of environmental resources routes m eet to create a central route or
c. There is m aximum use of land where rivers are joined
f. Fuel supply: Required for cooking and
DISADVANTAGES OF DISPERSED OR heating on a site
SCATTERED PATTERN
FUNCTION OF SETTLEMENTS
a. There is no security
b. It is difficult to provide social services to the The function of settlement relate to its economic and
people social dev elopment. It chiefly refers to its m ain
c. Lack of unity and social interaction. activities and the existence of such settlements is
justified by such developmental activities.
FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE SETTLEMENTS
CLAFFICATION OF TOWNS ACCORDING TO
1. SITE THEIR FUNCTIONS

This is a point at which the towns, hamlet, village, city a. MARKET TOWNS: These are towns,
are located in relation to local relief, soil and water which act as centres of exchange, which
supply. It can simply be described as the area collect and distribute local products
occupied by a settlement b. INDUSTRIAL TOWNS: There are towns
that process raw materials produced by
CHARACTERISTICS prim ary industries into finished products.
These towns are located near power and
a. Bridging points: This is where the river water supplies, raw m aterials, m arkets
becom es shallow and narrow to enable a am ong others
bridge to be built (especially the lowest c. COMMERCIAL TOWNS: These include
bridging point) centres of com m erce and finance, which deal
b. A gap in the ridge or range of hills with trade having banking and insurance
c. The convergence of v alleys facilities

41
 d. MINING TOWNS: These are towns which Num ber of learners and enrolment in
are Normally located in an unusual place schools decrease.
prov ided it has sufficient m ineral resources
e. ADMINISTRATIVE TOWNS: These are DISADVANTAGES IN URBAN AREAS
towns which deal with administration and
organization of the nation or the division a. Increased crime rate e.g. armed robbery,
within the country drug and substance abuse, prostitution
f. CULTURAL AND EDUCATIONAL b. Destruction of environmental resources e.g.
TOWNS: These are towns that harbor land, water and air through pollution
renowned universities and cultural centres c. Shortages of housing hence overcoming
g. ECCLESIASTICAL TOWNS: These are which eventually creates squatters and slams
historical and religious towns that are d. Food production decreases because of loss of
frequented by pilgrims from all angles of the agricultural land.
world.
h. ROY AL TOWNS: These include traditional WAYS OF REDUCING RURAL URBAN
residences of m onarchs, kings and queens, MIGRATION
sultans and their consorts having beautiful
palaces and often visited by foreign Em powering rural residents economically
dignitaries. Industrializing the rural areas for people to
i. HOLIDAY , HILL AND HEALTH be em ployed there
RESORTS: These are resorts that are Establishment of rural growth centres
located in favourable geographical Creation of entertainment centres in rural
surroundings such as coastal resorts for areas
activities like bathing and yatching Establishment of satellite towns in rural
j. PORTS: These are places having deep areas
waters, warehouses, custom offices, banking
and insurance services where steamers and IMPORTANCE OF URBAN CENTRES TO
ships berth or sleep. These include sea ports, THEIR HINTERLANDS (AREA THAT
Centerport, packet stations, out pots, river SURROUND URBAN CENTRES)
pots, fishing pots, residential or satellite
towns 1. There are a source of em ployment
opportunities for residents of the hinterland
URBANISATION 2. They provide secondary inputs and
im plements for the primary activities of the
MEANING hinterland
3. They provide better social services to the
This refers to an increase in the proportion of people residents of the hinterland
liv ing in towns and cities. The surrounding 4. They provide ready market for primary
agricultural land is taken ov er by urban structures and products of hinterlands or simply they are
factory sites. centres of consumption
5. They are centre of com munication
FACTORS RESPONSIBLE FOR URBANISTION
FACTORS FOR THE GROWTH OF BLANTYRE,
1. High Birth Rates: When the birth rate is
LILONGWE AND MZUZU
higher in urban areas through antural
growth, it contributes greatly to urbanization a. BLANTYRE
2. Rural Urban Migration: The m ovement of - It has good network of roads, railways and
people from rural to urban areas can also presence of Chileka Airport
lead to urbanization.
- It is a centre for trade and industrial
activities
DISADVANTAGES OF RURAL AREAS - It was established as a centre for missionary
work where early missionaries settled.
Fam ilies break down b. LILONGWE
Poor serv ices as energetic people migrate to - It is a capital city (Transferred from Zom ba
towns e.g. roads, become unlimited in 1 975)
Food production decreases because of - It is a centre for industrial activities
decreased labour - It is easily accessible because of the presence
There is economic stagnation because of of good roads and the Kamuzu International
decreased output Airport
Lack of security - It has fertile alluvial soils and flat land for
Crim inals are harboured in the houses which cultivation
are abandoned and neglected

42
 c. MZUZU e. There are no secondary industrial activities
- It is a centre for trade (Presence of Matayifa i.e. no m anufacturing.
m arket) f. It offers serv ices such as hotels, banks,
- It has social services such as health facilities restaurants, hair dressing e.t.c.
like Mzuzu Central Hospital g. There is a lot of noise during day but quiet at
- Presence of industrial activities which night.
prov ide em ployment
- It was a centre for administration of the tung ZONE IN TRANSITION/LIGHT
estates around Viphya after world war II MANUFACTURING/INNER CITY/ZONE B
- Good accessibility because of network of
roads and presence of airport CHARACTERISTICS

FUNCTIONAL ZONES OF AN URBAN AREA It has high rise flats, old factories, railway
stations, terraced houses which are basically
com m ercially oriented
A sm all proportion is used for residential
purposes
This is a zone where little manufacturing is
done
It norm ally undergoes sev eral changes hence
the word transition.

LOWER CLASS RESIDENTIAL OR INNER

SUBURBS OR ZONE C

CHARACTERISTICS

a. It is nearly occupied by houses having

gardens but a few garages
b. High population density
c. Land is relatively cheap
d. There are also industrial activities in certain
industrial plants.
e. Presence of narrow and crowded streets.
KEY
MEDIUM CLASS RESIDENTIAL SUBURBS OR
M – Central Business District or Zone A OUTER SUBURBS OR ZONE D

N – Zone in Transition or Light Manufacturing or CHARACTERISTICS

Inner City or Zone B
 It has m odern houses and council estates
O – Lower Class Residential (Inner Suburbs) or Zone  It has new shopping centres, sm all modern
or Industrial and Lower Class Housing factories and arrears of open space
 It has wider streets
P – Medium Class Residential Suburbs (Outer  Land is costly
Suburbs)  There is low noise

THE CENTRAL BUSINESS DISTRICT (CBD) EFFECTS OF URBANISATION

The centre of the town where shops, offices, banks, POSITIVE

public buildings and entertainments are found. It is
norm ally crowded and busy. a. Urbanization creates demand and hence
prov ides m arkets for the supply of
CHARACTERISTICS m anufactured products in the secondary
industry. Therefore, t enables business to
a. Main routes from the suburbs m eet and so take place easily.
on the area is esier to reach from all parts of b. It also prov ides enough labour for the
the city hence it is highly accessible industrialization process
b. Land is relatively expensive because f high c. It controls the importation a nd exportation
com petition. of goods
c. There are no houses where people can reside d. It brings social changes that alter other
d. It is highly congested during day than it is at elem ents of the social set up.
night.

43
NEGATIVE EFFECTS f. Birt h rate: The number of people born in a
y ear per every 1 000 people.
1. UNEMPLOY MENT: This m ay lead into g. Mort ality rate/Death rate: The number
the following: of people dy ing in a year per every one
a. Increased crime rate thousand people.
b. Prostitution h. Push fact ors: These are factors that drive
c. Drug and substance abuse people from som e areas e.g. harsh climate
2. HOUSING: This m ay lead into the i. Pull fact ors: These are factors that force
following: people to com e and settle in an area e.g.
a. Accom modation becomes scarce and Fertile soils, industrial development.
expensive i.e. rental rates j. Yout hful population: This is the
b. Ill health more especially in slums where population that is m ade up mostly of y oung
ov ercrowding is keen people because the population growth rate is
c. Increased crime rate high
d. Pressure on social services k. Ageing population: This is the population
e. Unem ployment com posed of adults when the population
f. Poor health conditions. growth rate is low
3. TRAFFIC CONGESTION: l. Populat ion distribution: The way that
a. Slow down m ovement the population is spread out in a particular
b. Rise in accidents area.
c. Noise and air pollution m. Immigration: The coming in of people
d. Lack of packing areas from other areas or countries.
n. Emigration: The going out of people to
4. ENVIRONMENTAL DETERIORATION other areas or countries.
a. Disposal of sewage and garbage o. Fert ility rate: This refers to the average
b. Health problems due to sm oke num ber of children that each mother is
em anating from kitchens, factories and expected to have in a particular country in
v ehicles one y ear.

POSSIBLE SOLUTIONS WORLD POPULATION DISTRIBUTION

a. Teaching people different skills to curb FACTORS INFLUENCING POPULATION

unemployment DISTRIBUTION
b. Creation of new towns to relocate people to
reduce congestion a. Clim ate
c. Prov ision of parking areas, free ways, single b. Phy sical relief
ways streets and traffic lights to arrest the c. Soils
problem of traffic congestion d. Mineral resources
d. Expanding the existing environmental e. Gov ernment policy in immigration
resources such as sewages and garbages, f. Historical, cultural, social, economical and
water, electricity supply, social and m edical.
recreational amenities to reduce
env ironmental deterioration. 1. THE NILE VALLEY AND DELTA

PULL FACTORS
TOPIC 5: a. The Nile River has the Guezira plains which
POPULATION have som e important advantages for
irrigation e.g. a large and flat area, its annual
flooding conditions and low rain fall
DEFINITIONS
b. Presence of fertile soils along the river bank
creating a good environment for crop
a. Populat ion: This refers to the total number
of people liv ing in a country at a given time cultivation.
b. Populat ion density: This refers to the
2. MONSOON ASIA
av erage number of people living I a unit area
This area covers countries like China, Japan,
c. Populat ion growt h rate: This is the net
India, Bangladesh, e.t.c.
addition through birth and m igration, to the
existing population per expressed as a
PULL FACTORS
percentage of the existing population
d. Populat ion explosion: This occurs when
a. Presence of fertile alluvial soils of the Chang
the population grows rapidly
Jiang (Yangtse Kiang), Hwang He (Hwang
e. Populat ion implosion: It occurs when the
HO) e.t.c.
population decreases sharply.

44
 b. The area is the centre of com m erce. AREAS OF SPARSE POPULATION
3. INDUSTRIAL NORTH WEST EUROPE
A. VERY SPARSELY POPULATION
This are covers Great Britain, France, West Germany, PARTS OF THE WORLD
Benelux and Denmark. a. COLD POLAR LANDS/HOT DESERT
These include the Arctic and Antarctic, the
PULL FACTORS Canadian and Eurasian, Tundra, Green, the
Him alayas, Rockies and areas around Andes,
a. Centre of civ ilization for over 1500 years Kalahari Desert, the Atacama Desert, the
b. Good clim ate for human habitation having Great Australian desert and the Sahara e.t.c.
warm summers and m ild winters.
c. It has ev ergreen coniferous and temperature PUSH FACTORS
deciduous forests which are of com mercial
v alue 1) Infertile sandy soils which allow leaching to
d. Im proved agriculture due to scientific take place
m anagement and fertility of soil. 2) Poor com m unication in terms of land and
e. Dev elopment of industries has abundant raw rail transport because the sand particles
m aterials such as coal, iron ores and enough cov er up the railway lines and the roads are
HEP often im passable.
f. Good sea transport because of the long 3) The type of climate is not conducive to
indented coastline habitation (very harsh because it is
g. Im proved living conditions. absolutely hot and dry and very cold in som e
areas)
4. NORTH EASTERN U.S.A./AMERICA B. MODERATELY POPULATED PARTS
OF THE WORLD
It cov ers the industrial areas of the United States and These include large parts of cool tem perate
Canada stretching fro the shores of the Great lakes forests, temperate and tropical grasslands
through Pittsburg to New York and the Atlantic sea where pastoral nomadism and large scale
board m echanized farming take place and the
equatorial forest regions e.g. the Steppes
PULL FACTORS (Southern USA) and prairies (America and
Canada)
a. Growth of industries
b. It has fertile soils which promote agriculture PUSH FACTORS
c. Excellent natural communication of the
Great lakes and St. Lawrence Sea Way. a. Com m unication is poor due to presence of
d. High quality raw materials which have dense and thick forests m aking it difficult to
stim ulated trade construct roads
e. Enterprising immigration population b. Occurrence of diseases and pests that attack
f. Im proved living conditions m an and his crops such as tsetse flies w hich
spread trypanosomiasis
5. WITWATERS RAND IN SOUTH c. Construction of houses is also difficult
AFRICA d. The soils are normally waterlogged creating
difficult conditions for plant growth.
PULL FACTORS
THE STRUCTURE OF THE POPULATION
a. It is the centre of trade
b. Industrial growth inviting peoples to find The population structure is normally shown by a
em ployment population pyramid which is also called an age –
c. People look for em ployment in the m ining sex pyramid.
industry
FACTORS THAT AFFECT THE POPULATION
6. WEST AFRICAN COASTAL REGION PYRAMID

PULL FACTORS I. Death rate

II. Birth rate
a. Presence of good agricultural land III. Life expectancy
b. Access to water and air transport
DESCRIPTION OF THE AGE SEX PYRAMID

- This shows the total population divided into

fiv e year age groupings e.g. 5 to 9 years, 10 to
1 4 years and the percentage of the total

45
 population subdivided into m ales and b. Fam ilies bear a lot of children with hope that
fem ales in each of those groups. they will assist them during old age following
- The population becomes youthful when there lack of social security systems
are m ore young people than adult and it c. High death rates due to lack of health care
grows highly. and hygiene despite improvement in these
- On the other hand, it becomes ageing when it areas. Families bear a lot of children because
has m any old people as com pared to young they assume that if som e die, others will
ones survive.
d. Most y oung people women and girls do not
continue with education hence lack of jobs
that force them to get married
e. Beliefs that children are a source of labour
hence need to bear more to facilitate wor k.

MEANING OF DEVELOPMENT

- Dev elopment is the sustained elevation of an

entire society and social system towards a
better human life involving major changes in
social structures, popular attitudes and
national institutions
- It is aim ed at increasing the availability and
distribution of basic life sustaining goods
such as food, shelter, health and protection.
- Further, it is aimed at raising levels of living
by providing high incomes, better education
and greater attention to humanistic values.
- It helps to expand the range of econom ic and
social choices available to individuals and
nations by freeing people from external
dependence and internal servitude.
- Dev eloping countries including Malawi have
IMPLICATIONS OF VARIOUS POPULATION
a lot of y oung people and a few adults while STRUCTURES ON DEVELOPMENT
dev eloped countries such as Japan, Sweden,
Great Britain e.t.c. have m ore old people 1. YOUTHFUL POPULATION
than young ones. STRUCTURE
- Such countries would be associated with a. High levels of pov erty
third – world or dev eloping economies. b. Env ironmental degradation
c. Lowering of quality of services
REASONS FO AN AGEING POPULATION d. Lack of security and peace
STRUCTURE IN DEVELOPED COUNTRIES
E.g. JAPAN ADVANTAGE
a. Long life expectancy – This is due to - Presence of abundant labour in the work
im proved medical care and hygiene. sector.
b. Access to old age security systems
c. Low fertility rate because of av ailability of 2. AGEING POPULATION STRUCTURE
fam ily planning services, basic education and a. Increased investment and business activities
fem ale literacy. b. sustainability of world vast resources in its
d. Wom en have an access to m any em ployment env ironment
opportunities and this m akes not to be
subm issive to their husbands DISADVANTAGES
e. Absence of child labour makes families to
bear fewer children. - Large unproductive dependent population
since there are m ore old people
REASONS FOR A Y OUTH POPULATION
- Sm all work force, m any young people spend
STRUCTURE IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES m uch time on education and training and
E.g. MALAWI therefore labour has to be im ported.
a. Lack of fam ily planning methods that have
contributed to today’s situation .

46
CAUSES OF RAPID POPULATION giv en year decreases as a sign of good
health
1) High birth rate d. Maternal mortality rate: The number of
2) Low m ortality rate due to improved m edical wom en who die during pregnancy or
care and sanitation child birth, and is expressed per
3) Im m igration 1 00,000 live births decreases because
the quality of life of human beings has
EFFECTS OF RAPID POPULATION GROWTH im proved
ON DEVELOPMENT e. Life expectancy at birth: The number of
y ears that a person would live based on
1) Pressure on social service delivery by the statistical probability increases due t o
gov ernment and other organizations. More high living standards.
serv ices are given to the large populations 3. DECREASED RATE OF CRIME
instead of them on political, social, The rate of crime decreases when the
econom ic, and technological development. population growth is controlled
2) High death rate and ill health is a drawback 4. PRESENCE OF TECHNOLOGICAL,
to dev elopment SOCIAL, ECONOMICAL AND
3) Increased rates of crime will scare away POLITICAL INFRASTRUCTURE.
inv estors. Av ailability of schools, hospitals, parliament,
banks, internet and fax machines among
STRATEGIES FOR CONTROLLING others is a good indicator of dev elopment.
POPULATION GROWTH
WORLD POPULATION POLICIES
a. Fam ily planning: Contraception
b. Wars: Resulting from human conflicts 1. MALAWI
c. Civ ic education: About problems of rapid a. She advocates girl – child education
population growth through GABLE and FAWEMA projects
d. Creation of old age social security systems: for secondary and tertiary education
Forcing people to have less children respectively.
e. Enhancement and enforcement of child b. She also encourages late marriages. This
labour laws regarding the suitable minimum is done through print and electronic
age m edia
f. Sterilization techniques c. Fight against child labour. This is done
g. Enhancement of laws that will force by m aking primary education free for all
individual families to have the required and civic education to teach parents and
num ber of children. guardians about the dangers of child
labour
INDICATORS OF d. The BLM is prov iding contraceptives to
DEVELOPMENT/POPULATION AND people at affordable rates in order to
DEVELOPMENT control population and prevent
them selves from sexually transmitted
1. EDUCATIONAL INDICATORS diseases such as HIV/Aids pandemic.
a. Adult literacy rate: The percentage of 2. NIGERIA
people aged 1 5 and above who can read Targets for four major policy goals which
and write increases following include the following:
dev elopment. a. Im proved living standards
b. School drop out rate: The percentage of b. Prev enting premature death and illness
students who drop out before am ong high risk groups of m others and
com pleting a certain level of education children
reduces automatically c. Reducing population growth rates
c. School enrolment ration: The number of through voluntary family planning
children enrolling in both primary and d. More ev en distribution of population
secondary schools increases. Well between rural and urban areas
educated people contribute effectively to
dev elopment. The population policy has the following
2. HEALTH INDICATORS specific targets:
a. Percentage of population with access to
safe water increases. 1) To reduce the proportion of wom en who
b. Percentage of population with access to m arry before the age of 1 8 by 50% by 1995
sanitation increases and by 80% by 2 000.
c. Infant mortality rate: The number of 2) To achieve a birth rate spacing interval of at
children who die before reaching the age least 2 years for half the country’s mothers
of one, expressed per 1000 live birth in a by 19995 and for 80% by 2 000

47
 3) To extend family services to half the women
of child – bearing age by 1995 and to 80% by
2 000
TOPIC 6:
4) To direct a significant proportion of the
fam ily life education programmes and
STATISTICAL
appropriate family planning services to all
m en by 2 000
ELEMENTS IN
3. EGY PT GEOGRAPHY
The policy has the following major objectives: TERMINOLOGIES

a. Fam ily planning methods are advocated for a. DATA: This refers to raw or unprocessed
and em ployed although their religion is information
against use of contraceptives b. PRIMARY DATA: This is the name given
b. Discouraging big families by providing to data that is used for specific purpose for
incentives to sm all families. This is done which they were collected.
through direct m oney payments. - They will contain no unknown quantities in
respect of m ethod of collection, accuracy of
EUROPE m easurements or which m embers of the
population were investigated.
1. THE UNITED KINGDOM - Sources of prim ary data are either censuses
a. Enactment and enforcement of laws that or sam ples.
protect young girls from early m arriages - Censuses are surveys that examine every
below the age 18. m em ber of the population and examples
b. Prov ision of old age social security schemes include population, distribution and
that force couples to bear less children. production censuses whereas samples are
c. Fam ily planning campaigns. representatives subjects of population.
2. SWEDEN c. SECONDARY DATA: This is the name
a. Fam ily planning techniques giv en to data that is being used for som e
b. Prov ision of old age social security services. purpose other than that for which they were
c. Encouraging small families originally collected.
- Sum maries and analyses of such data are
ASIA som etimes referred to as secondary statistics
d. DATA COLLECTION: It is a m eans by
1. ISRAEL which information is obtained from selected
subjects of an investigation.
The country has problems of labour shortage and e. SAMPLE: This is the examination of the
she is adv ocating for m ore children to be born sm all or representative subset of the
population.
SOLUTION
METHODS OF DATA COLLECTION
Due to hostility of Arabs, the country is asking Jews to
return to Israel through a process called Aliyah. 1. QUESTIONNAIRES
- It involves designing questionnaires and can
2. CHINA be used with most forms of sam pling. The
a. Discouraging early m arriages questionnaire should properly designed and
b. Enactment and enforcement of laws that as short as possible and simple to avoid
allow families to have 2 to 3 children problem s.
c. Adv ocating for family planning techniques.
To a larger extent, sterilization, is also used ADVANTAGE
especially in rural areas
d. Abortion is practiced especially by rural It is cheaper than personal interview (since m anpower
citizens is one of the m ost expensive resources).
3. INDIA
a. Forcing people to process sterilization 2. INTERVIEWS
certificates a. Indiv idual or Personal Interview – It is a
b. Prov ision of gifts and m oney to those who m ethod used to collect data that involves
posses sterilization certificates interviewing interviewees by trained
c. Fam ily planning campaigns interviewers.
b. Street or Informal Interview – It is a m ethod
of interviewing the interviewee where the
interviewer is just one of the team

48
ADVANTAGE Number of day s (X – Number of employ ees
axis) (Y – axis)
It is accurate 1 30
2 50
DISADVANTAGE 3 20
4 10
It is expensive 5 40
6 25
c. TELEPHONE 7 5
It is a m ethod used in conjunction with
8 2
sy stematic sample (from the telephone book)

DISADVANTAGE
KEY: Take 2 cm to represent 10 employees on the Y –
It can cause aggravation and the interviewer
axis and 1 cm to represent the width of each bar on the
needs to be skilled because there is no eye
X – axis
contact.

3. OBSERVATION
It is a m ethod that is used for examining
item s sampled from work study i.e.
geographic data.

ADVANTAGE
It is m ore accurate

DISADVANTAGE
It is labour intensive and hence it is
expensive

4. MEASUREMENTS
Geographers can collect data through
m easurements i.e. drawing, reading and
interpretation of graphs and calls for practice
because reading graphs is a skill.

TY PES OF GRAPHS
a. Histograms
b. Bar graphs
c. Pie chart Activity: A sam ple of 50 cooks was asked how long
d. Line graph they boiled cabbage and their replies recorded below:
e. Pictograms
Time in minutes (t o Number of cooks
HISTOGRAMS t he nearest minute)
Under 5 5
A frequency distribution can be represented 5–9 20
pictorially by m eans of a histogram. A histogram can 10 – 14 5
be defined as a chart consisting of a set of v ertical bars
15 – 19 10
and is constructed as follows:
2 0 - 59 10
- Each bar represents one class, the bar width
corresponds to the class width and the bar
Take 2 cm to represent a period of 5 m inutes on the Y
height generally corresponds to the class
– axis and 1 cm to represent bar width. Draw a
frequently.
histogram to display this data.
- The bars are joined together (reinforcing the
fact that classes have common boundaries) SIMPLE BAR CHARTS
- The v ertical axis (representing frequency)
and horizontal axis (representing data
- A sim ple bar chart is a chart consisting of a
v alues) must both be scaled and labeled
set of non – joining bars.
clearly. - A separate bar for each class is drawn to the
- The chart as a whole m ust have a title. height proportional to the class frequency.
Exam ple: Draw a histogram using the data in the table
below:

49
 - The width of the bars drawn for each is
always the same and if desired, each bar can
be shaded or coloured differently.
- Additionally, these bars can be drawn
horizontally or vertically as shown below.

EXAMPLE 1: Using the graph below, by how much

did the rest of the world annual crude oil production
surpass that of Venezuela?

World Annual Crude Oil Production (average for the

last five years in m illions of m etric tons). Total
approximately 2, 3 60, 000, 000 metric tons.

Activity: A survey of the occupations of m en in a

certain club produced the following information:

Occupat ion Frequency

Accountants 1
Engineers 7
Bankers 3
Lawyers 4
Doctors 3
Salesm en 5

Draw a bar chart representing the information above.

PIE CHARTS

Solution: 300 – 210 = 9 0 Metric tons - A pie chart shows the totality of the data
being represented using a single circle (a
EXAMPLE 2: The teachers at a certain school were “pie”).
asked how they travelled to school one day and their - The circle is split into sectors i.e., pieces of
replies recorded as follows: pie, the size of each one drawn in proportion
to the class frequency.
Mode of t ransport Frequency - Each sector can be shaded or coloured
Walking 13 differently if desired.
Train 2
Cy cling 8 In order to construct a pie chart, the size of each
Horse 1 sector in degrees needs to be calculated. The
procedure is:
Car 12
a. Calculate the proportion of the total that
frequency represents
Draw a bar chart to display this information. Use 1 cm
b. Multiply each proportion by 360, giving the
to represent a frequency of 2 on the Y – axis and 1 cm
sizes of relevant sectors (in degrees) that
to represent a width of each bar
needs to be drawn.

EXAMPLES: The table below shows life expectancy

data for 1995 of the same countries in Southern
Africa. Use it to answer the questions that follow:

COUNTRY LIFE EXPECTANCY

Malawi 43

50
Mauritius 71 LINE GRAPHS
Mozam bique 47
Nam ibia 59 In order to plot linear graphs, you should follow the
South Africa 64 procedure given below:

a. Plot the pairs of X on the X – axis and Y on

Question: Draw a pie chart to illustrate the data. Use a the Y – axis
radius of 5 cm . b. Join the points with a smooth line

Firstly, add all the life expectancy values i.e. 43 + 71 + Exam ple: The goals scored one Saturday by a sample
4 7 + 59 + 6 4 = 2 84 of 54 football teams were recorded as below:

Then calculate the proportion of the total that NUMBER OF GOALS FREQUENCY
frequency represents. 0 4
1 8
Malawi = 4 3 /284 x 3 60º = 54.5º 2 12
3 16
Mauritius = 7 1/284 x 360º = 9 0º 4 20
5 24
Mozam bique = 47/284 x 360º = 59.6º 6 28
7 32
Nam ibia = 59 /284 x 360º = 74.8º

South Africa = 64/284 x 3 60º = 81.1º Draw a line graph using the information from the
table. Use the vertical scale of 1 cm = 4 (frequency)
and the horizontal scale of 1 cm = 1 goal

Activity: In a certain school, the lessons each week are

allocated as below:
Activity: The numbers of attempts a certain darts –
SUBJECT NUMBER OF player needed one evening before he hit a “bulls” eye
LESSONS were recorded.
English 4
French 4 NUMBER OF FREQUENCY
Math 5 ATTEMPTS
Germ an 4 1 0
Science 6 2 5
Others 13 3 10
4 15
5 20
Draw a pie chart illustrating this data 6 25
7 30

51
 - Industries relating to getting minerals from
the ground are called Extractive Industries.
Draw a line graph using the above given data
EXAMPLES OF PRIMARY INDUSTRIES
PICTOGRAMS
1. Mining
- Pictograms are som etimes referred to as 2. Quarrying
ideograms. 3. Farm ing (growing and harvesting
- These are charts which represent the sugarcanes)
m agnitude of numerical values by using only 4. Forestry (growing of trees)
sim ple descriptive pictures. 5. Fishing (drying and curing of fish)
- These pictures are then duplicated in
proportion to the class frequency, for each
class represented as shown below:

SECONDARY INDUSTRIES

- Manufacturing industries involve the

transformation of raw materials into
consum able products and high technology.
- They process materials produced by primary
industries

EXAMPLES OF SECONDARY INDUSTRIES

a. Car m anufacturing
b. Sugar manufacturing
c. Cem ent m anufacturing
d. Textile m anufacturing
e. Cigarettes, matches manufacturing

TERTIARY INDUSTRY

Activity: How m any are labourers, mechanics, - These are also called Service Industries
fitters, clerks and draught men. because they provide for the need of the
population.
- They are concerned with the provision of
TOPIC 7: INDUSTRY social services to customers

TERMINOLOGIES EXAMPLES OF TERTIARY INDUSTRIES

MANUFACTURING: This refers to the conversion a. Electricity Supply Commission in Malawi

(ESCOM)
of inorganic and organic raw materials as well as
refined materials, by m echanical or chemical m eans b. Water Boards i.e. Northern, Central and
into new products. Southern

QUATERNARY INDUSTRIES
INDUSTRIES OR FACTORIES: These are places
where raw m aterials are processed into products.
These provide information and expertise in different
TY PES OF INDUSTRIES fields.

a. Prim ary industry EXAMPLES OF QUATERNARY INDUSTRIES

b. Secondary industry
a. Univ ersities
c. Tertiary industry
d. Quaternary b. Media houses
c. Political policy units
PRIMARY INDUSTRY d. Research and development

- These are industries that involve the AN INDUSTRY AS A SYSTEM

production collection and extraction of raw
- An industry is one of the open sy stems
m aterials or natural resources.
because there is always an output.

52
 - Any system is com posed of interrelated parts - Cheap water transport to transport raw
nam ely inputs, processes and outputs. m aterials
- Large population providing cheap labour and
Input s Process of Out puts m arket for the industries
convert ing
t he inputs c. West ern Europe
int o out puts - Natural resources: Hydro Electric Power
- -Waste (HEP), coal and nuclear power for industrial
Phy sical/Natural products e.g. purposes
inputs e.g. m olasses - A lot of raw materials for the production of
tim ber, during sugar sev eral products e.g. iron, steel and coal
sugarcanes, fish, Manufacturing m anufacturing - A lot of industries.
e.t.c. process -Serv ices e.g. - Large population providing cheap labour and
-Hum an/ electricity and m arket for m anufactured products
Econom ical water supply
inputs e.g. -Products for
finance, people, sale e.g. d. Japan
information m atches - Abundant supply of Hy dro Electric Power
(HEP)
- Major deposits of coal and aluminium
CASE STUDY : SUGAR MANUFACTURING - Im portation of iron ore from other countries
e.g. Australia, India and Chile
- Sugar canes are grown and harvested as - High population providing cheap labour for
phy sical r natural inputs or raw m aterials. iron and steel industry and market for its
- The processing of sugar from canes requires products.
a large financial m uscle labour during
harvesting because it is labour intensive in e. India
addition to knowledge of how to process it. - Abundant reserves of iron ore which is
- These are human and economical inputs largely exported
- When the canes have been harvested and - Access to the sea with good ports has m ade it
brought to the factory, they are processed to possible for the im portation of raw materials
sugar through the m anufacturing process
which involves several stages. f. Aust ralia
- This process produces sugar as a product to - Abundant supply of Hy dro Electric Pow er
be sold locally and internationally. (HEP) for industrial growth
- Additionally, this process also produces - Large deposits of bauxite ores, coal, iron and
waste products such as m olasses ans golden steel.
sy rup. - Access to sea for easy importation of raw
- The m oney realized from sales can be used m aterials in m anufacturing industry
for re – inv estment i.e. it can be used for g. Sout h Africa
sugar growing, purchase of m achinery, - Reserv es of gold which is a raw m aterial for
payment of labour, m aintenance of the production of ornaments backing
equipment among others currencies, coinage and jewellery, gilding
and dental fillings
MAJOR WORLD INDUSTRIAL AREAS - - Growth of m anufacturing industries and
REASONS FOR THEM TO BE MAJOR hence urbanization
INDUSTRIAL AREAS - She has access to the ocean with good ports
prov iding cheap water transport
a. The Unit ed St ates of America (USA)
- Natural resources: Coal, oilfields, natural FACTORS INFLUENCING THE LOCATION OF
gas, copper, aluminium, zinc, gold, lead, AN INDUSTRY
iron, steel, woolen textiles and hydro electric
power (HEP) a. PHYSICAL FACTORS
- They provide enough power to industries Presence and location of raw materials
- They serve as raw materials for Presence and nearness to power industry
m anufacturing of different products Presence and nearness to water supply
- Great lakes region pr ovided cheap Topography/Presence of flat land
transportation of raw m aterials such as steel.
b. HUMAN AND ECONOMIC FACTORS
b. China Skilled and sem i skilled labour
- Natural Resources: Woolen textiles, iron
Capital
ores, tin ores, coal and steel
Access of m arkets

53
 Transport and transport costs MOTOR VEHICLE INDUSTRY IN UNITED
Political stability STATES OF AMERICA
Gov ernment and local influence
FACTORS FOR THE GROWTH OF MOTOR
THE CEMENT FACTORY IN MALAWI VEHICLE INDUSTRY IN USA

FACTORS FOR THE LOCATION OF CEMENT 1. Closeness to iron and steel industries which
FACTORY IN BLANTY RE are raw m aterials in the car manufacturing
industries
a. A good network of roads, traders can easily 2. The Great Lakes namely Detroit, Cleveland,
reach it Buffalo, Gary and Chicago provide cheapest
b. There is a good m arket threshold transport for the raw materials to production
c. Presence of enough space and sites where the plants
product can be stored 3. Presence of Hy dro Electric Power (HEP)
within the Great Lakes region.
STAGES INVOLVED IN CEMENT MAKING 4. Av ailability of both local and international
m arkets
Stage 1: Raw material namely shale and limestone is 5. Nearness to oil fields such as Ohio – Indiana
crushed
THE IMPORTANCE OF THE MOTOR
Stage 2: Water added to the mixture INDUSTRY IN THE USA

Stage 3: Mixture is put in a solution called kiln and a. Creation of job opportunities to people wh o
then heated to evaporate the water could otherwise not em ployed
b. Source of foreign exchange earnings
Stage 4 : Clinker is produced from stage 3 and it is c. Source of revenue to the government
transported to Blantyre. through taxation
d. Prov ision of conv enient, com fortable and
Stage 5: Gypsum which is imported from Germany is relatively cheap personal transport
added to produce a m ixture e. Construction of houses has been extended to
rem ote areas because there is assurance of
Stage 6 : The m ixture is ground to powder which is fast m ovement
cem ent. f. There is great opportunity to enjoyment of
leisure time
THE IMPORTANCE OF CEMENT INDUSTRY
TO MALAWI PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH MOTOR
VEHICLE INDUSTRY IN USA
a. Source of em ployment to people who could
otherwise not be em ployed a. Stiff com petition from car m akers outside
b. Source of revenue to the government the United States of Am erica i.e. smaller
through taxation and used by the com panies being pushed out of business
gov ernment to provide som e social services b. There is a decline in public transport because
e.g. schools, hospitals etc m ore people are owning their personal cars
c. It has led to increased pollution of air leading
THE IMPACT OF THE CEMENT INDUSTRY to global warming, acid rain and airborne
ON THE ENVIRONMENT diseases
d. It has also led to increased road accidents
1. Quarrying of lim estone and shale depletes and hence deaths and injuries.
and destroys resources in the environment
such as soil, water and vegetation. THE PROCESS OF CAR MANUFACTURING
2. It uses land which could otherwise be used
for agriculture - This is the process which was designed by
3. It upsets the ecological balance leaving the Henry Ford which simply referred to as the
land scarred Assem bly Line technique
- It is also known as taking the work to the
SOLUTIONS TO ENVIRONMENTAL worker.
PROBLEMS
EXPLANATION
a. Refilling the pits
b. Re afforestation and afforestation in the - First of all, workers specialize in fixing
refilled areas to m aintain the water cycle and v arious parts of a car.
ecological balance.

54
 - The different cars in a line are placed on a automated conveyer belt to bring the next
conv eyer belt which takes them to the car.
designated station.
- At each station, specialists fix only the parts THE SHIP BULDING INDUSTRY IN JAPAN
they specialize and then wait for the

LOCATION OF THE MAJOR SHIP BUILDING CENTRES ON THE MAP OF JAPAN

- Although, her ship building industry was

largely destroyed, t he government was
- Japan consists of four m ain islands namely: encouraged to rebuild industries by
Ky ushu, Hokkaido, Honshu and Shikoku and occupying forces and nations.
num erous sm all islands. - Finally, Japan started to rebuild her
- It is located to the east of the Asian continent industries including ship building industry.
- Japan is v ery m ountainous and therefore
only 16 – 2 0% of the land is used for REASONS FOR THE SUCCESS OF THE
farming. JAPANESE SHIP BUILDING INDUSTRY
- This im plies that food produced is not
enough and hence need to diversify to other a. Large capacity to produce heavy engineering
industrial activities such as ship building and products
fishing. b. Large skilled labour force
- Japan is a m ajor ship producer in the world c. Introduction of prefabricated ship building
d. A determination to survive the destruction
BACKGROUND OF SHIP BUILDING IN em anating from Second World War, the zeal
JAPAN to becom e industrial, trading and successful
nation.
- In the 19th century and early 2 0th century, e. Expansion of external trade which created
Japan used ships for trade and naval high demand and market
purposes.
- The gov ernment put in place the
expansionist policy and she was com pelled to
build m ore vessels for trade and naval ships
to protect her newly acquired lands

55
DESCRIPTION OF THE MAIN SHIP BULDING CENTRES OF JAPAN
a. Y okohama: It is a centre sited on reclaimed d. Nagasaki: It is the finest harbor which
land about 30 km from Tokyo. It is a port produces Mitsubishi ships. It has coal m ines
city and steel plants nearby.
b. Kobe: It has the finest harbours and its e. Osaka: It is a com m ercial centre
centres include Kawasaki Dockyard and f. Chiba: It is located close to steam electrical
Mitsubishi Kobe shipyard plants and it is 3 0 km from Tokyo.
c. Hiroshima: It is a centre for the
construction of tankers and it has a naval
docky ard

HOW TO CONSTRUCT OR BUILD A SHIP

FACTORS THAT ARE NECESSARY FOR SHIP THE ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE OF THE SHIP
BUILDING IN JAPAN INDUSTRY

1. POWER: Japan is one of the worlds a. Source of revenue to the government

greatest producers of Hy dro Electric Power through taxation
(HEP) b. Creation of em ployment to people
2. RAW MATERIALS: Japan has got an c. It has also expanded the development of
access to cheap water transport which easier supporting secondary and tertiary industries
the im portation of iron ores (94%) from d. Source of foreign exchange earnings through
Australia, India and Chile. It is also close to sale of ships
iron and steel integrated works. e. Prov ision of m erchant ships to facilitate
3. MARKET: There is v ery high demand for trade with the outside world
ships m ade in Japan and the m arket is f. It has also dev eloped other parts of Japan
therefore extensive
4. SKILLED LABOUR FORCE: Japan has TOURIST INDUSTRY
largest skilled labour force in such areas as
welding, electrical installation and metal MEANING
work.
5. EXTENSIVE FLAT LAND: The shipyards - This is the visiting of places of interest for
with their assembly plant docks cover large pleasure by people who came from abroad
area which should be flat for building and and within the same country especially
expansion. Japan has good coastal plains during holidays.
6. DEEP NAVIGATABLE WATER: Japan is - It is also called a hospitality industry because
endowed with a large or long coast line with it involves creation of a friendly atmosphere
deep water navigatable estuaries, a series of in welcoming the tourists.
gulf, bays and inlets protected from wind

56
FACTORS THAT PROMOTE TOURISM N TYPES OF TOURISM
AFRICA
a. MASS TOURISM: It is concerned with a
a. CULTURAL FACTORS: Africa offers a large number of people v isiting places of
v ariety of good cultures across the spectrum interest for pleasure.
of countries i.e. centres of civilization and b. DOMESTIC TOURISM: It exists where
m useums local people travel within the country to visit
b. PHY SICAL FACTORS: The natural places of interest
env ironment of Africa offers beautiful c. HEALTH TOURISM: It deals with health
features e.g. Mountains, Lakes, forests etc workers and those who do not have
c. ECONOMIC FACTORS: The presence of knowledge in the field of health visiting
roads, airports and railway lines including places that offer medical services.
shopped centres also attract tourists. d. COMMON INTEREST TOURISM: Both
local and international people concerned
ADVANTAGES OF TOURIST INDUSTRY with the visiting of cultural and historical
places
a. It uses the resources in the natural e. INCENTIVE TOURISM: This deal with
env ironment such as water masses things that are attached to the visiting of
b. Rev enue collected from the this industry is places of interest e.g. commissions hence the
usually more then the revenue from export of word incentive.
other raw m aterials
c. Creation of dom estic employment for people TOURISM INDUSTRY IN MALAWI
working in hotels, entertainment and guides.
This industry if totally labour intensive FACTORS THAT PROMOTE TOURISM IN
d. It reduces m igration MALAWI
e. The ov erseas investment in airports, roads
and hotels a. Attractive scenery: Malawi’s natural
f. It encourages production of souv enirs env ironment is attractive to tourists from
(things taken, bought or received as gifts and other countries e.g. Mulanje mountain,
kept as a rem inder of a person, place or ev ergreen vegetation etc
ev ent) b. Culture: The way of life of Malawians in
g. It has led to increased cultural links with terms of their tramditional dances such as
foreign countries and the preservation of v isekese, gulewamkulu, ngoma, ingoma,
local customs and heritage v imbuza etc i.e. the Warm Heart of Africa
c. Politics: Tourist centres in Malawi offer
DISADVANTAGES peace and calmness because there is no war
in Malawi accompanied by the political will
a. Eroding of local cultures and traditions to dev elop tourism
which force people to adopt foreign values d. Clim ate: Malawi has an ideal climate for
resulting into social ills such as prostitution, tourism which offers warm weather and
crime, drug and substance abuse sunshine especially during summer.
b. Sm all scale industries such as local craft e. Accessibility: Malawi is easily reached from
industries m ay be destroyed in order to North America and Europe through the
prov ide m any cheap souvenirs Kam uzu International Airport.
c. Local people can not afford tourist facilities
d. Em plyment is seasonal and the better paid PROBLEMS FACED BY TOURISM INDUSTRY
jobs m ay be given to foreigners IN MALAWI
e. Most hotels are foreign owned and therefore
profits go ov erseas since tourists spend most 1. MALARIAL DISEASES
of their money within the spheres of hotels - Malaria spread by m osquitoes is a serious
f. Relocation of people as hotels are built next disease in m any areas of Malawi.
to beaches and people m ight also lose their - The solution being using m osquitoe nets and
traditional m eans of livelihood as fishermen m osquitoes repellents.
2. BILHAZIA
ECO TOURISM - Spread by snails is also one of the com mon
diseases in certain areas
DEFINITION: It is a specialized form of tourism - The solution is to avoid urinating and
where people want to see and experience relatively defecating in areas of Lake Malawi.
untouched natural environments 3. INSUFICIENT ACCOMMODATION
- There is insufficient accommodation in the
Ty pical areas visited include game reserves, national different cities and towns such as Lilongwe
parks, mountains and forests. A good and classical and Blantyre
example include gorilla – watching in Africa

57
 - Solv ed by constructing hotels of high - Roads from direct links between producers
standards and consumers
4. POOR COMMUNICATION AND - It is cheap ov er shortest distances
INADQUATE AIR TRANSPORT - It is v ery convenient since it can be used for
SERVICES short distances
- Due to poor com m unication facilities e.g.
telephone and internet DISADVANTAGES
- Solv ed by maintenance of telephone lines to - High costs of building new roads and
im prove telephone services which improve repairing older ones. Lorries are relatively
internet and fax m achines. cheap
5. ACCESSIBILITY - Presence of m any routes from m otor ways to
- Many roads leading to tourist attraction m inor roads
centres are impassable because they are in - Heav ily congested in towns and on m ajor
poor condition i.e. pot holes which may m otor ways. There are daily and seasonal
becom e bad during rainy season peaks
- Solv ed by improving the condition of - Occurrence of fogs and ice in som e areas
secondary roads that lead to those places by cause accidents and blockages respectively
tar m arking or gravelling - Vehicles carry sm all quantities of goods.
- They also cause noise and air pollution, acid
IMPORTANCE OF THE TOURIST INDUSTRY rain as well as global warming
TO MALAWI’S ECONOMY - They cause strain for drivers

a. Source foreign exchange earnings 2. RAILWAY TRANSPORT

b. Creation of job opportunities to people who ADVANTAGES
work in hotels, m otels, game reserves and - Railways are fast ov er longer distances e.g. in
national parks and historical sites the com monwealth for independent states
c. Public relations as well as international (CIS) and USA
understanding are promoted - This form of transport is relatively cheap
d. Since tourists buy a lot of m ats, baskets and ov er longer distances with bulk goods
carvings, their visit promotes sm all scale - The carry heavy goods at one time
industries which include art and crafts - No truck congestion since they are limited to
e. It leads to dev elopment of Malawi since there com m uter trains
is im provement in the construction of roads - Not v irtually affected unless there is extreme
and railways, hotels, m otels and restaurants snow, cold and floods
f. Source of revenue to the government - Good ov er m edium distances
through taxation
DISADVANTAGES
TOPIC 8: - High cost of m aintaining trucks, new
signaling and new trains

TRANSPORT AND - They are mainly limited to intercity

passengers and freight
- There is noise and air pollution.
TRADE 3. AIR TRANSPORT
TRANSPORT: The carrying of goods and people ADVANTAGES
from place to place by air, land and sea - It is the fastest over long distances
- It is relatively cheap ov er longer distances
COMMUNICATION: The exchange of words and with bulky goods
m essages - It causes little congestion
- It is com fortable ov er long distances
TRADE: The buying and selling of goods and
serv ices. DISADVANTAGES
- Relatively high costs of use of land and fuel
ADVANTAGES AND DISADAVNTAGES OF where large air ports are created
DIFFERENT TY PES OF TRANSPORT - Norm ally, there are few internal airports
which impede m ovement and accessibility
1. ROAD TRANSPORT - There is no flexibility of routes
ADVANTAGES - It is som etim e affected by bad weather e.g. of
- Roads can be constructed anywhere high value and perishable
- Roads are fast over short distances and - It also cau ses noise and visual pollution
m otor ways coupled with som e air pollution

58
 - It is expensive com paratively with the other - They pose environmental problems e.g. the
form s of transport Trans Alaska pipeline i.e. water and air
- There is need to firstly obtain permission pollution
before air space is used because it is less free. - They are not flexible since fixed
- Vandalism – Pipes can be v andalized by
4. WATER (OCEANS) disgruntled people especially during times of
ADVANTAGES war.
- It carries heavy, bulky goods at one time
- It is cheapest means of transport 6. INLAND CANALS
- It offers good com fort ADVANTAGE
- There is very little congestion because routes - They are cheap over long distances
are normally wide - They carry bulky goods
- It causes no pollution unless oil tankers leak - They are good for recreation

DISADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
- There are few routes
- It is affected by bad weather e.g. storms, fog - They are narrow
and ice - They are expensive to build and maintain
- It is v ery slow because ships follow the
naturally existing routes which are often NOTE: There are several factors that influence the
indirect type of transport to be used and these include the
- High cost of port dues and large specialized following:
ships
- Presence of few coast ports a. The cost of transporting the items
- The construction and maintenance of ports b. The nature of item to be transported
are expensive c. Speeds with which the item needs to be
transported e.g. perishable goods such as
5. PIPELINES flowers and fruit need to be transported
ADVANTAGES rapidly whereas heavy goods such as coal
- They provide continuous flow can transported slowly by the cheapest
- They are fast means of transport
- There is no congestion
- They are useful for heavy liquids e.g. oil and MAJOR WORLD TRANSPORT ROUTES
gas
RAILWAY
DISADVANTAGES
- They are expensive to construct and a. The Trans Siberian Railway
m aintain - It is about 9000 km long.
- It has played a great role in the opening up
of the Siberian and Russian steppes

- It has helped in the opening up of Canadian

Prairies where wheat is grown
b. The Canadian Railway - Therefore, there is access to both local and
- It is about 4 800 km long. international m arkets.

59
INLAND WATER TRANSPORT - It exists in the Great Lakes region covering
Gary, Chicago, Detroit, Cleveland and
- The slowest but cheapest form of bulk Buffalo.
transport - It s joined by the Welland and Soo canals.
- In Europe and North America, many - These serve the industrial areas on both
industrial areas have their raw m aterials sides of USA and Canadian border.
(Coal, iron ore, rubber and timber) and bulky - Ships carrying wheat, dairy products, m eat
goods such as m achinery and steel are all and industrial goods sail from the prairies to
conv eyed entirely by inland waterways. the Atlantic and continue their journeys
across the North Atlantic to Western Europe.
The St . Lawrence Seaway - The water ways may be im prov ed by dams
and a sy stem of locks which helps to
- This constitutes one of the world’s most m aintain a uniform depth of water.
im portant inland waterways. - This sea way is closed to shipping for about
four m onths a year because of the freezing of
the water in the St. Lawrence river

HOW LOCKS ARE OPERATED

60
EXPLANATION b. From North East North America to North
West Europe
- In stage one, the arrival of the ship at the - Copper
lock N will m ake the gates to open to allow - Paper
the ship to pass through. - Tobacco
- In stage two, when the ship crosses lock N, - Wheat
its gates are closed. - Iron
- This m eans that both gates are now closed - Cotton
when the ship is between the locks M and N. - Tim ber
- As the ship approaches lock M, its gates - Wood pulp
sluices are opened so as to allow water to - Transport equipment
flow from the left of the lock M to between
locks M and N. NOTE: This is the busiest and most important route
- This m akes the ship to rise with the water linking regions which are highly developed and enjoy
lev el high standards of living. I t is another route of the
- In stage three, the gates of the lock M are present at peak of modern trade
opened and the ship sails on to the other side
after which the gates are closed. c. THE PANAMA CANAL ROUTE

WORLD SHIPPING ROUTES This route connects the following with Asia and
Australia
MAP OF THE WORLD
i. The East and West Coast of North America
a. The South Atlantic Route ii. The East Coast of North America and the
b. The North Atlantic Route West Coast of South America
c. The Panama Canal Route iii. Europe and West Coast of South America
d. Trans Pacific Route iv. The East Coast of North America
e. The Cape of Good Hope Route - This canal joins the Caribbean Sea (Atlanta)
f. The Suez Canal Route with the Pacific Ocean.
- It is 80 km long. It has three locks that slow
A. THE SOUTH ATLANTIC ROUTE down ship m ovement.
- This is the m ost recent route which started in
This connects North West Europe with South America 1 914 when the Panama Canal was opened
- It has replaced the old route of Cape Horn.
Exam ples of goods transported - It is one of the routes of the future for
countries bordering it.
a. From South America (Eastern Brazil and
Argentina) to Europe IMPORTANCE
- Coffee
- Wheat a. This has improved trade of Caribbean
- Meat countries such as Mexico, Cuba, Jamaica,
- Cocoa Venezuela and Central America States as well
- Dairy products as Colom bia, Ecuador, Peru and Chile
b. From Western Europe to South America b. It helps in the dom estic trade between the
- Manufactured products East and West Coast of USA .

This is one of the routes of the present at peak of EXAMPLES OF GOODS HANDLED
m odern trade
1. Oil
B. THE NORTH ATLANTIC ROUTE 2. Cotton
3. Coffee
This route connects North West Europe and North 4. Ores
East North America 5. Manufactured goods

Exam ples of goods transported C. TRANS PACIFIC ROUTE

a. From North West Europe to North East This is the longest in distance, connecting Yokohama,
North America San Francisco or Panama by way of Honolulu, Hawaii.
- Machinery It has excellent prospects for countries bordering it.
- Steel
- Fertilizers EXAMPLES OF GOODS SHIPPED
- Textiles
- Wine 1. Grain m ainly wheat

61
 2. Meat - These com bine freight with passenger and
3. Dairy products scheduled routes
4. Wool - They have a gross tonnage of about one third
5. Manufactured goods or half of an average passenger liner.
D. THE CAPE OF GOOD HOPE ROUTE - Many of them have refrigerators for carrying
- This is the oldest route first sailed by Vasco perishable fruits and meat
Da Gam a on his discovery voyage to India. - They reserve sufficient space for passengers
- This was extensively used by ships trading c. Cargo Boat s
between Europe and Australasia when the - They are independent cargo boats that have
Suez Canal was closed but its im portance is no fxed schedule and sail where there is
likely to decline with the reopening of the cargo to carry
canal in June, 1975. d. Indust rial Carriers
- The opening of the Suez Canal affected it - These include oil tankers (carrying only
because ships travelling between Colom bo petroleum), colliers (that carry coal), banana
and Southampton were saving about 6440 carriers and grain ships.
km . e. Cont ainer Ships
- It is one of the present routes at the peak of - These are used to carry goods by specially
m odern trade designed lorries, ships, and trains as well as
1. Why is it that the volume of the trade has designed crane equipment and port storage
increased through this route now? facilities.
- It is because of econom ical development of - The use of these container ships started in
South Africa States and their production of the United States of Am erica after World
m inerals (gold, diamonds, copper) War II and it is advantageous in that it sav es
2. What forced the Suez Canal to be closed in labour costs since handling of containers
1 9 67? requires less m anual labour.
- It was closed because of the Arab Israel war. - In addition, these containers minimize
breakage and theft and loading as well as off
NOTE: The cape route is likely to be used loading is done quickly
permanently even though the Suez Canal has been f. Bulk Cargo Ships
reopened because the Suez Canal was not able to - These are ships that are used to carry large
accommodate oil tankers over 20, 000 tonnes quantities of goods which is basically of one
ty pe e.g. wheat grain, oil and iron ore.
E. THE SUEZ CANAL ROUTE - Loading and unloading of goods is
- This is the route of the past with no real m echanized because of the nature of the
future goods which are usually large.
- It is 1 6 0 km long it connects the g. Tramp cargo Ships
Mediterranean and the Red Seas. - These are ships that carry assorted goods
- It has no locks easing the movement of ships. - They do not hav e regular sailing dates and
- It was closed in 1967 but later it was they are much slower than cargo liners and
reopened in 1975. bulk cargo ships
- The m ost important commodity shipped was
oil from Persian Gulf region to North West RAILWAY NETWORK IN AFRICA
Europe
FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE THE
NOTE: Canals are normally built across narrow DISTRIBUTION OF RAILWAY IN AFRICA
strips of land separating adjacent seas and oceans to
shorten the transit time between the trading 1. NORTH EAST AFRICA
countries - Relief plays a great role in construction of
railways in this region
OCEAN ROUTES - Presence of hilly areas such as the Ethiopian
Highlands which has several hills and deep
Much of the world’s trade passes along certain ocean river valleys hinder railway construction
routes saved by established junctions and terminals. 2. SOUTHERN PART OF AFRICA
- The degree of econom ical development is so
TY PES OF VESSELS USED high in this region and this has m ade it to
have the best network of railways within the
a. Passenger Liners continent
- The m ost luxurious and carry mainly - Agricultural and mining activities in SADC
passengers, express m ail and limited high region have paved way for the existence of
am ount of high value freight. abundant railways in the region. Mining in
- These are suffering m ore from competition SA, Zam bia, Zim babwe and Botswana and
from air ways tobacco growing in Malawi and Zimbabwe
b. Cargo Liners - Flat land

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 3. CENTRAL AFRICA d. The level of econom ic development in a
- It has low network of railways because of the particular area
low degree of econom ic activities coupled e. The availability of fuel to be used by the
with low productivity and the frequency of railway.
thunderstorms and landslides occurring
because of heavy convectional rainfall TRADE
- Relief is not so friendly to the construction of
railways since it m ountainous e.g. MEANING
Ruwenzori, Elgon and Kilimanjaro
4. NORTH AFRICA - This is the flow of com modities fr om
- It has low network of railways because of the producers to consumers and is im portant in
Sahara Desert. the development of any country
- Frequent occurrence of sandstorms in the - One way for countries to im prove their
region creates barriers to rail m ovement standard of living and to grow more so as to
because the sand covers the railways. export m ore and import less in order to
- Low productivity in the region because of m ake their balance of trade favourable
infertile soils
- More push factors e.g. harsh climate and FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE THE TYPE OF
poor soil that have driven people out of this TRADE OF PARTICULAR REGION
region.
a. Presence of natural resources e.g. gold in SA,
IMPORTANCE OF THE TANZARA AND Copper in Zam bia, rubber in Malaysia,
NACALA RAILWAY LINES TO ZAMBIA, Petroleum (Middle east), timber and wheat
TANZANIA AND MALAWI (Canada)
b. The degree of industrial development e.g.
- These lines are vital in that they promote South Africa which manufactures several
trade among the countries products
- They help in the transportation of raw c. Geographical position of a particular country
m aterials from areas of production to the i.e. A country can participate in trade with
production plants and finished products to countries having contrasting economies
the m arkets because its geographical position i.e.
entrepot trade
EXAMPLES OF GOODS THAT HANDLED d. Tariffs and import duties often reduce trade
THROUGH THE TANZARA ROUTE am ong countries.

i. Petroleum products e.g. diesel, petrol, NOTE: Countries can jointly impose external tariffs
paraffin, bitumen for m aking roads, candles, while ensuring that internal trade is freed among
seals, polishes, plastics e.t.c. themselves. Such countries normally form a customs
ii. Manufactured products such as clothes union within the free trade area (area covering
(baled) all sorts of v ehicles e.t.c. countries whose external tariffs against outside
countries differ among themselves while their
EXAMPLES OF GOODS HANDLED THROUGH internal trade becomes free)
THE NACALA CORRIDOR
REGIONAL TRADE GROUPINGS
i. From Malawi to Zambia, Zimbabwe, South
Africa and Mozambique 1. THE COMMON MARKET FOR
Tobacco EASTERN AND SOUTHERN AFRICA
Cotton (COMESA)
Tea
GOAL
Sugar
ii. From Zam bia to Zim babwe
- It aim s at ensuring that there is free trade
Lim e for decorating buildings and sugar am ong m ember countries so that output of
m anufacturing goods and services is increased.
Gy psum for cement m aking - It ey es at achieving a big dom estic m arket
thereby improving economies of the m ember
FACTORS THAT AFFECT RAILWAY countries.
CONSTRUCTION IN AFRICA - Furthermore, it also targets free m ovement
of labour and capital m ember countries.
a. Occurrence of landslides, thunderstorms and
sandstorms.
b. Steepness of land
c. Low industrial production

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MEMBER STATES 3. THE ECONOMIC COMMUNITY OF
WESTERN STATES (ECOWAS)
Zam bia
Mozam bique It was established in 1975
Tanzania
Zim babwe GOAL

2. THE SOUTHERN AFRICAN - It aim s at achieving rational division of

DEVELOPMENT COMMUNITY (SADC) labour among member countries.
- Furthermore, it targets full economic growth
It was established in 1980 and independence of its m embers through
sm ooth trade
GOAL - It also aim s at improving transport and
com m unications infrastructure to allow
- It aim s at achieving economic independence sm ooth trade
and self sufficiency through increased trade
am ong m embers MEMBER COUNTRIES
- Furthermore, it also aims at improving
transport and communications Chad
infrastructure to facilitate trade. Iv ory Coast
Senegal
MEMBER STATES Ghana
Mali
Malawi Nigeria
Dem ocratic Republic of Congo Burkina Faso
Lesotho Sierra Leone
Tanzania
Zam bia IMPORTANCE OF REGIONAL TRADE
South Africa GROUPINGS IN AFRICA
Nam ibia
Zim babwe a. Rational divisional of labour and
Mozam bique specialization of production among member
countries
Angola
b. The local or dom estic m arket is normally
Mauritius expanded to cater for all goods produced and
Sey chelles serv ices provided
c. There is full economic and political union
achieved through proper industrial planning
i.e. different member states assigned
different and specific industries

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