10-Analysis of Beam Foundation-En-Part IV

Beam Foundations after Kany and El Gendy
by GEO Tools
(Analysis and Design)
Part IV: Numerical Examples

P 1=1000 [kN] P 2=3000 [kN] P 3=1000 [kN]
Ground surface
Df =2.0 [m]
qall = 210 [kN/m2]

γa = 20 [kN/m3]
0.25 0.25
4.75 [m] 4.75 [m]
B = 3.0 [m]
C1 C2 C3
1000 [kN] 3000 [kN] 1000 [kN]
A =10.0 [m]
Mahmoud El Gendy
Mohamed El Gendy
Copyright ©
GEOTEC Software Inc.
PO Box 14001 Richmond Road PO, Calgary AB, Canada T3E 7Y7
Tele.:+1(587) 332-3323
geotec@geotecsoftware.com
www.geotecsoftware.com
2023
Analysis of Beam Foundations
Content
Page
10 Analysis and Design of Beam Foundations after Kany and El Gendy ........................ 4
10.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................ 4
10.2 Numerical Examples............................................................................................... 5
10.2.1 Calculation methods ........................................................................................... 5
10.2.2 Material and section for concrete design ............................................................. 6
10.2.3 Example 8: Analysis of a bottom slab for an aqueduct ........................................ 7
10.2.4 Example 9: Analysis of a beam foundation on compressible subsoil ................. 17
10.2.5 Example 10: Analysis of a beam foundation on compressible subsoil................ 24
-10.2-
GEO Tools
Preface
Various problems in Geotechnical Engineering can be investigated by the program GEO Tools. The
original version of GEO Tools in ELPLA package was developed by M. Kany, M. El Gendy, and A.
El Gendy to determine the contact pressure, settlements, and moments and shear forces of beam
foundations. After the death of Kany, (M. & A.) El Gendy further developed the program to meet the
needs of the practice.
This book describes the essential methods used in GEO Tools to analyze beam foundations with
verification examples. GEO Tools is a simple user interface program and needs little information to
define a problem.
There are three soil models with five methods available in GEO Tools for analyzing beam
foundations. Many test examples are presented to verify and illustrate the soil models and methods
for analyzing beam foundations available in GEO Tools.
-10.3-
10 Analysis and Design of Beam Foundations after Kany and El Gendy
10.1 Introduction
Different calculation methods are known in the literature for the calculation of shallow foundations.
The early one assumes a uniform contact pressure distribution under shallow foundations. This
assumption is too far from the reality, Winkler (1867) and Zimmermann (1930) developed the
Modulus of subgrade method. In this method, the subsoil is simulated by isolated springs. The
settlement of the spring is only dependent on the loading at the same point on the subsoil surface at
the spring location. This also applies to possible refinements with springs of different stiffness.
However, Boussinesq (1885) had already recognized that when the subsoil is loaded at one point, the
subsoil also settles outside the load point. Therefore, it does not behave like a spring. Because of this
finding, Ohde (1942) developed a calculation method for the first time, with which shallow
foundations can be analyzed, considering the soil structure interaction. This method, which is called
Modulus of compressibility method, was later further developed by different authors (Graßhoff
(1966-1978), Kany (1974), Graßhoff/Kany (1992)). The program GEO Tools is based on the Modulus
of compressibility method after Kany (1974) and the Modulus of subgrade reaction method after
Kany/ El Gendy (1995). However, some refinements are included, some of which are new and have
not yet been dealt with in detail in the literature. It is therefore necessary to explain the calculation
method in more detail than usual to be able to check the results and compare them with other results.
-10.4-
GEO Tools
10.2 Numerical Examples
10.2.1 Calculation methods
It is possible by GEO Tools to use the same data for analyzing beam foundations by five different
conventional and refined calculation methods. The interaction between the beam and the subsoil can
be analyzed by:
1 Linear contact pressure method

2 Modulus of subgrade reaction method after Kany/ El Gendy (1995)
3 Modulus of compressibility method after Kany (1974)
4 Rigid beam foundation
5 Flexible beam foundation
It is also possible to consider irregular soil layers and the thickness of the base beam that varies in
each element. Furthermore, the influence of temperature changes and additional settlement on the
beam foundation can be taken into account. With the help of GEO Tools, an analysis of different
examples was carried out to verify and test the methods and the program for analyzing the problems
of beam on elastic foundation.
In the analysis, the beam foundation is divided into equal elements according to Figure 10.1. Using
the available five calculation methods, the settlement and the contact pressure can be determined in
each element.
Concentrated load P 1 Uniform load pF 1 P2 GS
Tf
d1 i d2 d3
Edge moment
MRl (+) Beam thickness and loads MRr (+)
B 1 2 3 i n-1 n
A= n× a
Beam foundation with element division
Figure 10.1 Loads, beam thickness und beam foundation with element division
-10.5-
10.2.2 Material and section for concrete design
Concrete design of the beam foundations sections are carried out according to EC 2, DIN 1045, ACI
and ECP. The material and section for concrete design are supposed to have the following parameters:
10.2.2.1 Material properties
Concrete grade according to ECP C 250
Steel grade according to ECP S 36/52
Concrete cube strength fcu = 250 [kg/ cm2] = 25 [MN/ m2]
Concrete cylinder strength fc = 0.8 fcu [-] = 20 [MN/ m2]
Compressive stress of concrete fc = 95 [kg/ cm2] = 9.5 [MN/ m2]
Tensile stress of steel fs = 2000 [kg/ cm2] = 200 [MN/ m2]
Reinforcement yield strength fy = 3600 [kg/ cm2] = 360 [MN/ m2]
Young's modulus of concrete Eb = 3×107 [kN/ m2] = 30000 [MN/ m2]
Poisson's ratio of concrete νb = 0.15 [-]
Unit weight of concrete γb = 25 [kN/ m3]
In some examples, unit weight of concrete is chosen γb = 0.0 to neglect the own weight of the beam
foundation.
10.2.2.2 Section properties
Width of the section to be designed b = 1.0 [m]
Section thickness t [m]
Concrete cover + 1/2 bar diameter c=5 [cm]
Effective depth of the section d = t - c = 0.45 [m]
Steel bar diameter Φ = 16 to 22 [mm]
-10.6-
GEO Tools
10.2.3 Example 8: Analysis of a bottom slab for an aqueduct
10.2.3.1 Description of the problem

Figure 10.2 shows a cross-section of a concrete aqueduct filled with water and rested on Isotropic
elastic half-space soil medium. It is required to find the contact pressure distribution and the
settlement under the bottom slab by the Modulus of compressibility method after Kany (1974). The
loading and the bottom slab are symmetrical.
t = 0.2 [m]
Young's modulus of concrete Eb=2×107 [kN/ m2]

Unit weight of concrete γb=25 [kN/ m3]
h = 2.2 [m]
Unit weight of water γw=9.81 [kN/ m3]
L=4 [m]
l =2.1 [m]
Isotropic elastic half-space soil medium

Figure 10.2 Cross-section of the aqueduct with dimensions
Geometry:
The bottom slab and the wall of the aqueduct have a thickness of d = 0.2 [m]. The cross section
dimensions of the aqueduct are = 4.2 [m]×2.2 [m].
Material properties of the concrete and the water
Modulus of elasticity of the concrete Eb =2×107 [kN/m2]

Unit weight of the concrete γb=25 [kN/ m3]
Unit weight of the water γw=9.81 [kN/ m3]
Soil properties
Modulus of elasticity of the soil Es =5000 [kN/m2]
Poisson’s ratio of the soil νs =0.3 [kN/m3]
10.2.3.2 Solving the problem

The bottom slab can be regarded as a beam on elastic foundation subjected to:
• A uniformly distributed loading pf equal to the weight of the bottom slab itself plus the weight
of the water.
• Two concentrated forces P1 and P2 due to the weight of the sidewalls.
• Two moments Ml and Mr due to the water pressure on the walls.
-10.7-
Computing the loads on the bottom slab
Own weight of the bottom slab wo = γb×d = 25×0.2 =5 [kN/m2]

Own weight of the water ww = γw×h = 9.81×2.2 =21.582 [kN/m2]
Total pf = =26.582 [kN/m2]
Own weight of the wall P1 =P2 = γb×d×h=25×0.2×2.3=11.5 [kN/m]
Moment due to water pressure Mrl=Mrr = γw×h3/6=9.81×2.33/6=17.41 [kN.m/m]
Assume one-meter strip width from the bottom slab and consider it as a beam on elastic foundation.
The beam is divided into eight equal elements, each 0.525 [m] long (Figure 10.3). Because of the
symmetry of the system, the analysis can be carried out by considering only half of the beam. Hence,
the total number of equations is reduced to four.
-10.8-
GEO Tools
P 1=11.5 [kN] P 2=11.5 [kN]
pF =26.582 [kN/m]
GS 4
MRl =-17.41 [kN.m] MRr =-17.41 [kN.m]

Beam foundation with loads
a= 0.525 [m]
B=1 [m] 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
A =8×0.525=4.2 [m]
Plan of beam foundation with elements
4
s1 s2 s3 s4
Settlement
a= 0.525 [m]
q1 q2 q3 q4
Contact pressure
Figure 10.3 One meter strip width of the foundation
-10.9-
10.2.3.3 Hand calculation

According to Kany (1974), the analysis of beam on elastic foundation is carried out in the following
steps:
10.2.3.3.1 Calculation of ui, vi and wi:
1  I 
ui = 1 + i  ,
2  I i -1 
1  Ii 
vi =  + 14 + I i  ,
4  I i -1 I i+1 
1  Ii 
wi = 1 + 
2  I i+1 
For a constant beam moment of inertia Ii =I:
1 I
ui = 1 +  = 1,
2 I
1I I
vi =  + 14 +  = 4 ,
4 I I
1 I
wi = 1 +  = 1
2 I
Moment of inertia Ii =I:
Bd i3 1  0.2 3
Ii = I = = = 0.000667 [m 4 ]
12 12
and
a4B 0.525 4  1
= = = 5.7  10 −6 [m 3 /kN]
Eb I ( )
2  10 7 (0.000667 )
10.2.3.3.2 Determining external moments M i(l )

The external moments M i(l ) at points 2, 3, 4 and 5 are:
M 1(l ) = 17 .41 [kN.m]
M 2(l ) = 17 .41 + 11.5  1.50.  525 + 26.582

(1.5  0.525 )2
= 34 .71 [kN.m]
2
M 3(l ) = 17 .14 + 11.5  2.50.  525 + 26.582

( 2.5  0.525 )
2
= 55 .40 [kN.m]
2
M 4(l ) = 17 .41 + 11.5  3.50.  525 + 26.582

(3.5  0.525 )2 = 83.42 [kN.m]
2
M 5(l ) = 17 .41 + 11.5  4.50.  525 + 26.582

(4.5  0.525 )
2
= 118 .76 [kN.m]
2
-10.10-
GEO Tools
10.2.3.3.3 Determining the right hand side Ri

The right hand side Ri of the contact pressure equation is:
2
Ri = (u i M ( l)
i -1
( l)
+ vi M + wi M i
( l)
i+1 ) a
6E I i
2
Ri = (M ( l)i -1 + 4 M ( l)i + M ( l)i+1)
0.525
6  2  10 70.  0.000667
Ri = 3.445  10
−6
(M ( l)i-1 + 4 M ( l)i + M ( l)i+1)
Apply the above equation at points 2, 3 and 4:
R2 = 3.445  10 (17 .1 + 4  34 .399 + 55 .09 ) = 7.228  10

−6 −4
R3 = 3.445  10 (34 .399 + 4  55 .09 + 83 .107 ) = 1.164  10

−6 −3
R4 = 3.445  10
−6
(55.09 + 4  83.107 + 118 .451) = 1.743  10 −3
10.2.3.3.4 Determining the flexibility coefficients
10.2.3.3.4.1 Flexibility coefficients co, o of point o due to a load at that point o

For Isotropic elastic half-space soil medium, the settlement so,o at the center of a circular element o
of a radius ro [m] having a circular loaded area of intensity qo [kN/m2] =Qo/ πro2 acting on the surface
as shown in Figure 10.4 is given by:
2qo (1 − ν 2s ) ro
s o ,o =
Es
2Qo (1 − ν 2s )
s o ,o =
πro E
or
s o ,o = co, o Qo
ro o
Qo
qo= ____
a ×B
Ground surface
so,o o
Figure 10.4 Settlement So,o at point o due to a circular loaded area on that point
-10.11-
where
co,o Flexibility coefficient of point o due to a load at that point, [m/kN]
This coefficient is given by:
co,o =
2 (1 − ν 2s ) 2 1 − 0.3 2
=
( )
πro E π 5000 ro
The rectangular element of size B×a =1×0.525 is converted to an equivalent circular area.
𝜋 𝑟02 = 𝑎 × 1 𝑚 𝑠𝑜 𝑟0 = 0.409 [m]
Flexibility coefficient co,o due to contact force under the same point
2 (1 − 𝜈 2 ) 2(1 − 0.32 )
𝑐 𝑜,𝑜 = = = 28.329 × 10−5 [m/kN]
𝜋 𝑟 0 𝐸𝑠 𝜋 × 0.409 × 5000
10.2.3.3.4.2 Flexibility coefficients ci, j of point i due to a concentrated load at point j

For Isotropic elastic half-space soil medium, the settlement si,j at point i due to a concentrated load
Qj [kN] at point j is given by (Figure 10.5):
si , j =
(
Q j 1 − ν 2s )
π E ri , j
or
s i , j = ci, j Q j
r i,,j
Qj
Ground surface i j
si,,j
Figure 10.5 Settlement si,j at point i due to a concentrated loaded on point j
where
ri,j Distance between points i and j, [m]
ci, j Flexibility coefficient of a point i due to a load Qj at point j, [m/kN]
ci, j =
(1 − ν ) = (1 − 0.3 )
2
s
2
π E ri , j π 5000 ri , j
-10.12-
GEO Tools
The flexibility coefficients ci, j and ci are calculated in Table 10.1, while the constants Ci, which are
related to the flexibility coefficients ci are calculated in Table 10.2.
Table 10.1 Flexibility coefficients ci and ci, j

Flexibility coefficient ci, j=cj, i Distance Flexibility coefficient
ci ri, j ci, j=
[m] ri, j×5.793 ×10-5
[m/kN]
c0 c1,1 0 28.329×10-5
c1 c1,2 a=0.525 11.0347×10-5
c2 c1,3 2a=1.050 5.51737×10-5
c3 c1,4 3a=1.575 3.67825×10-5
c4 c1,5 4a=2.100 2.75869×10-5
c5 c1,6 5a=2.625 2.20695×10-5
c6 c1,7 6a=3.150 1.83912×10-5
c7 c1,8 7a=3.675 1.57639×10-5
Table 10.2 Flexibility coefficients Ci

Flexibility coefficient Flexibility coefficient
Ci Ci
[m/kN]
C0 =2(c1- c0) -0.0003459
C1=c0-2c1+c2 1.18×10-4
C2=c1-2c2+c3 3.68×10-5
C3=c2-2c3+c4 9.20×10-6
C4=c3-2c4+c5 3.68×10-6
C5=c4-2c5+c6 1.84×10-6
C6=c5-2c6+c7 1.05×10-6
-10.13-
10.2.3.3.5 Determining contact pressures

The contact pressure equation at points 2, 3 and 4 for a symmetrical beam foundation with n=8
elements is:
(C1 + C6 +  )q1 +  C0 + C5 +  q 2 + (C1 + C 4 )q3 + (C 2 + C3 )q 4 = R2 


 6 


  
(C 2 + C5 + 2 )q1 + (C1 + C 4 +  )q 2 +  C0 + C3 + q3 + (C1 + C 2 )q 4 = R3 
 6 


 
(C3 + C 4 + 3 )q1 + (C 2 + C3 + 2 )q 2 + (C1 + C 2 +  )q3 +  C0 + C1 + q 4 = R4 
 6 
Apply the above equation at points 2, 3 and 4:
−6.808𝑞1 + 17.969𝑞2 − 6.376𝑞3 − 2.414 𝑞4 = −73.63
−3.167𝑞1 − 6.946 𝑞2 + 17.582𝑞3 − 8.115𝑞4 = −116.4
−2.290 𝑞1 − 3.458 𝑞2 − 8.589 𝑞3 + 11.977𝑞4 = −162.145
There are four unknown q1, q2, q3, and q4, so a farther equation is required. This can be obtained by
considering the overall equilibrium of vertical forces.
∑𝑉 = 0
𝑎𝐵( 𝑞1 + 𝑞2 + 𝑞3 + 𝑞4 + 𝑞5 + 𝑞6 + 𝑞7 + 𝑞8 ) = 𝑃1 + 𝑃2 + 𝐴 𝐵 𝑃𝑓
or
𝑞1 + 𝑞2 + 𝑞3 + 𝑞4 = 128.23
Contact pressure equations in matrix form:
−6.808 17.969 −6.376 −2.414 𝑞1 −73.63

−3.167 −6.946 17.582 −8.115 𝑞2 −116.4
[ ][ ] = [ ]
−2.290 −3.458 −8.589 11.977 𝑞3 −162.145
1 1 1 1 𝑞4 128.23
Solving the above system of linear equations to obtain the contact pressures q1, q2, q3, and q4.
-10.14-
GEO Tools
𝑞1 53.736
𝑞2
[ 𝑞 ] = [27.893] [kN/m2]
3 24.350
𝑞4 22.255
10.2.3.3.6 Settlements si
The settlement at the center of the element is given by:
i n
si =  ci- j q j +  c j -i q j
j=1 j=i+1
with considering the following:

𝑄𝑗 = 𝑞𝑗 𝑎 𝑏
Area of the element = 𝑎 𝐵, 𝐵 = 1 [m] and 𝑎 = 0.525 [m]
Due to the symmetry
𝑞1 = 𝑞8 , 𝑞2 = 𝑞7 , 𝑞3 = 𝑞6 , 𝑞4 = 𝑞5
Settlements as a function in contact pressure are:
𝑠1 = (𝑐0 + 𝑐7 )𝑎 𝑞1 + (𝑐1 + 𝑐6 )𝑎 𝑞2 + (𝑐2 + 𝑐5 )𝑎 𝑞3 + (𝑐3 + 𝑐4 )𝑎 𝑞4
𝑠1 = 0.000157009 𝑞1 + 6.75878 × 10−5 𝑞2 + 4.05527 × 10−5 𝑞3 + 3.37939 × 10−5 𝑞4
𝑠2 = 6.75878 × 10−5 𝑞1 + 0.000160319 𝑞2 + 7.24155 × 10−5 𝑞3 + 4.8277 × 10−5 𝑞4
𝑠3 = 4.055 × 10−5 𝑞1 + 7.24155 × 10−5 𝑞2 + 0.000168043𝑞3 + 8.68986 × 10−5 𝑞4
𝑠4 = 3.379 × 10−5 𝑞1 + 4.8277 × 10−5 𝑞2 + 8.6899 × 10−5 𝑞3 + 0.0002𝑞4
-10.15-
or
𝑠1 = 0.000157009 𝑞1 + 6.759 × 10−5 𝑞2 + 4.055 × 10−5 𝑞3 + 3.379 × 10−5 𝑞4
𝑠2 = 6.759 × 10−5 𝑞1 + 0.000160319 𝑞2 + 7.242 × 10−5 𝑞3 + 4.828 × 10−5 𝑞4
𝑠3 = 4.055 × 10−5 𝑞1 + 7.242 × 10−5 𝑞2 + 0.000168043𝑞3 + 8.69 × 10−5 𝑞4
𝑠4 = 3.379 × 10−5 𝑞1 + 4.828 × 10−5 𝑞2 + 8.69 × 10−5 𝑞3 + 0.0002𝑞4
s1 = 1.21 [cm]
s2 = 1.09 [cm]
s3 = 1.02 [cm]
s4 = 0.98 [cm]
-10.16-
GEO Tools
10.2.4 Example 9: Analysis of a beam foundation on compressible subsoil

For the beam foundation in Figure 10.6, it is required to determine numerically:
a) The settlement under the flexible beam.

b) The settlement and contact pressure under the rigid beam.
The beam foundation rested on Isotropic elastic half-space soil medium.
Geometry:
Dimensions of the beam = 4.2 [m]×1.0 [m]
Soil properties
Modulus of elasticity of the soil Es =5000 [kN/m2]
Poisson’s ratio of the soil νs =0.3 [kN/m3]
Loads on the beam

Uniform load pf =100 [kN/m2]
pF =100 [kN/m2]
GS 4
a= 0.525 [m]
B=1 [m] 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
A=8×0.525=4.2 [m]
Figure 10.6 Beam foundation with loads and dimensions
-10.17-

The beam is divided into eight equal elements, each 0.525 [m] long (Figure 10.6). Because of the
symmetry of the system, the analysis can be carried out by considering only half of the beam. Hence,
the total number of equations is reduced to four.
The analysis of beam foundation on compressible subsoil is carried out in the following steps:
10.2.4.2.1 Determining the flexibility coefficients

For Isotropic elastic half-space soil medium, the settlement so,o at the center of a circular element o
of a radius ro [m] having a circular loaded area of intensity qo [kN/m2] =Qo/ πro2 acting on the surface
as shown in Figure 10.7 is given by:
2qo (1 − ν 2s ) ro
s o ,o =
Es
2Qo (1 − ν 2s )
s o ,o =
πro E
or
s o ,o = co, o Qo
ro o
Qo
qo= ____
a ×B
Ground surface
so,o o
where
co,o Flexibility coefficient of point o due to a load at that point, [m/kN]
co,o = =
(
2 (1 − ν 2s ) 2 1 − 0.3 2 )
πro E π 5000 ro
The rectangular element of size B×a =1×0.525 is converted to an equivalent circular area.
-10.18-
GEO Tools
𝜋 𝑟02 = 𝑎 × 1 𝑚 𝑠𝑜 𝑟0 = 0.409 [m]
Flexibility coefficient co,o due to contact force under the same point
2 (1 − 𝜈 2 ) 2(1 − 0.32 )
𝑐 𝑜,𝑜 = = = 28.329 × 10−5 [m/kN]
𝜋 𝑟 0 𝐸𝑠 𝜋 × 0.409 × 5000

For Isotropic elastic half-space soil medium, the settlement si,j at point i due to a concentrated load Qj
[kN] at point j is given by (Figure 10.8):
si , j =
(
Q j 1 − ν 2s )
π E ri , j
or
s i , j = ci, j Q j
r i,,j
Qj
Ground surface i j
si,,j
Figure 10.8 Settlement si,j at point i due to a concentrated loaded on point j
where
ri,j Distance between points i and j, [m]
ci, j =
(1 − ν ) = (1 − 0.3 )
2
s
2
π E ri , j π 5000 ri , j
The flexibility coefficients ci, j and ci are calculated in Table 10.1.
-10.19-
Table 10.3 Flexibility coefficients ci and ci, j

Flexibility coefficient ci, j=cj, i Distance Flexibility coefficient
ci ri, j ci, j=
[m] ri, j×5.793 ×10-5
[m/kN]
c0 c1,1 0 28.329×10-5
c1 c1,2 a=0.525 11.0347×10-5
c2 c1,3 2a=1.050 5.51737×10-5
c3 c1,4 3a=1.575 3.67825×10-5
c4 c1,5 4a=2.100 2.75869×10-5
c5 c1,6 5a=2.625 2.20695×10-5
c6 c1,7 6a=3.150 1.83912×10-5
c7 c1,8 7a=3.675 1.57639×10-5
10.2.4.2.2 Determining matrix equation of settlement-contact pressure
i n
si =  ci- j q j +  c j -i q j
j=1 j=i+1
With considering the following:

Due to the symmetry
𝑞1 = 𝑞8 , 𝑞2 = 𝑞7 , 𝑞3 = 𝑞6 , 𝑞4 = 𝑞5
-10.20-
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Settlement-contact pressure
𝑠1 = 0.000157009 𝑞1 + 6.75878 × 10−5 𝑞2 + 4.05527 × 10−5 𝑞3 + 3.37939 × 10−5 𝑞4
𝑠2 = 6.75878 × 10−5 𝑞1 + 0.000160319 𝑞2 + 7.24155 × 10−5 𝑞3 + 4.8277 × 10−5 𝑞4
𝑠3 = 4.055 × 10−5 𝑞1 + 7.24155 × 10−5 𝑞2 + 0.000168043𝑞3 + 8.68986 × 10−5 𝑞4
𝑠4 = 3.379 × 10−5 𝑞1 + 4.8277 × 10−5 𝑞2 + 8.6899 × 10−5 𝑞3 + 0.0002𝑞4
or
𝑠1 = 0.000157009 𝑞1 + 6.759 × 10−5 𝑞2 + 4.055 × 10−5 𝑞3 + 3.379 × 10−5 𝑞4
𝑠2 = 6.759 × 10−5 𝑞1 + 0.000160319 𝑞2 + 7.242 × 10−5 𝑞3 + 4.828 × 10−5 𝑞4
𝑠3 = 4.055 × 10−5 𝑞1 + 7.242 × 10−5 𝑞2 + 0.000168043𝑞3 + 8.69 × 10−5 𝑞4
𝑠4 = 3.379 × 10−5 𝑞1 + 4.828 × 10−5 𝑞2 + 8.69 × 10−5 𝑞3 + 0.0002𝑞4
Settlement contact pressure equations in matrix form:
𝑠1 15.701 6.759 4.055 3.379 𝑞1

𝑠2 𝑞2
[𝑠 ] = 10−5 [ 6.759 16.032 7.242 4.828] [ 𝑞 ]
3 4.055 7.242 16.804 8.69 3
𝑠4 3.379 4.828 8.69 20 𝑞4
-10.21-
10.2.4.2.3 Determining flexible settlements si
For flexible beam analysis q1, q2, q3, and q4 are known, while s1, s2, s3, and s4 are required to determine.
Substituting q1=q2=q3=q4=100 [kN/m2] in matrix equation of the settlement-contact pressure:
𝑠1 15.701 6.759 4.055 3.379 100

𝑠2 100
[𝑠 ] = 10−5 [ 6.759 16.032 7.242 4.828] [ ]
3 4.055 7.242 16.804 8.69 100
𝑠4 3.379 4.828 8.69 20 100
gives:
s1 = 1.21 [cm]
s2 = 1.09 [cm]
s3 = 1.02 [cm]
s4 = 0.98 [cm]
10.2.4.2.4 Determining rigid settlements so

For rigid beam analysis s1, s2, s3, and s4 are equal and have the same value so. The unknown of the
problem are so, q1, q2, q3, and q4.
Inversing the flexibility matrix, gives:
−6.808 17.969 −6.376 −2.414 𝑞1 𝑠1

−3.167 −6.946 17.582 −8.115 𝑞2 𝑠2
[ ] [ ] = [𝑠 ]
−2.290 −3.458 −8.589 11.977 𝑞3 3
1 1 1 1 𝑞4 𝑠4
For rigid beam 𝑠1 = 𝑠2 = 𝑠3 = 𝑠4 = 𝑠𝑜 [m]

Then
−6.808 17.969 −6.376 −2.414 𝑞1 𝑠𝑜

−3.167 −6.946 17.582 −8.115 𝑞2 𝑠𝑜
[ ] [ 𝑞 ] = [𝑠 ]
−2.290 −3.458 −8.589 11.977 3 𝑜
1 1 1 1 𝑞4 𝑠𝑜
or
−6.808 17.969 −6.376 −2.414 𝑎. 𝐵. 𝑞1 𝑠𝑜
1 −3.167 −6.946 17.582 −8.115 𝑎. 𝐵. 𝑞2 𝑠𝑜
[ ][ ] = [𝑠 ]
𝑎. 𝐵 −2.290 −3.458 −8.589 11.977 𝑎. 𝐵. 𝑞3 𝑜
1 1 1 1 𝑎. 𝐵. 𝑞4 𝑠𝑜
-10.22-
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or
−6.808 17.969 −6.376 −2.414 𝑄1 𝑠𝑜
1 −3.167 −6.946 17.582 −8.115 𝑄2 𝑠𝑜
[ ] [ ] = [𝑠 ]
𝑎. 𝐵 −2.290 −3.458 −8.589 11.977 𝑄3 𝑜
1 1 1 1 𝑄4 𝑠𝑜
Expanding the above equation matrix for all elements and equating all settlements by uniform rigid
body translation so, yields to the contact forces as a function in so as follows:
𝑄1 = 1.570𝑠𝑜 + 6.759𝑠𝑜 + 4.055𝑠𝑜 + 3.379𝑠𝑜
𝑄2 = 6.759𝑠𝑜 + 1.603𝑠𝑜 + 7.242𝑠𝑜 + 4.828𝑠𝑜
𝑄3 = 4.055𝑠𝑜 + 7.242𝑠𝑜 + 1.680𝑠𝑜 + 8.692𝑠𝑜
𝑄4 = 3.379𝑠𝑜 + 4.828𝑠𝑜 + 8.691𝑠𝑜 + 7.123𝑠𝑜
Carrying out the summation of all contact forces, leads to:

4
∑ 𝑄𝑖 = 123456𝑠𝑜
𝑖=1 1
Replacing the sum of all contact forces by the resultant force N=100×1×4.2=420 [kN], gives rigid
body translation so, which equals to the settlement si at all elements, is obtained from:
420 = 123456𝑠𝑜
or
so = 2.3 [cm]
10.2.4.2.5 Determining rigid contact pressures si

Substituting the uniform rigid body translation so=0.023 gives the n unknown contact pressures qi by:
−6.808 17.969 −6.376 −2.414 𝑞1 𝑠𝑜

−3.167 −6.946 17.582 −8.115 𝑞2 𝑠𝑜
[ ] [ 𝑞 ] = [𝑠 ]
−2.290 −3.458 −8.589 11.977 3 𝑜
1 1 1 1 𝑞4 𝑠𝑜
q1 = 120 [kN/m2]
q2 = 90 [kN/m2]
q3 = 80 [kN/m2]
q4 = 60 [kN/m2]
-10.23-
10.2.5 Example 10: Analysis of a beam foundation on compressible subsoil

A beam foundation having dimensions of 2×10 [m2] and a uniform load of 120 [kN/m2]. The subsoil
under the beam is Isotropic elastic half space soil medium with Modulus of Elasticity of Es = 7000
[kN/m2] and Poission’s ratio of the soil νs=0.3 [-].
For the beam foundation in Figure 10.9, it is required to determine numerically:
a) The settlement under the flexible beam.

b) The settlement and contact pressure under the rigid beam.
120 [kN/m2]
8×1.25=10 [m]
Figure 10.9 Beam dimensions and loads
Geometry:
Dimensions of the beam = 10 [m] × 2 [m]
Soil properties
Modulus of elasticity of the soil Es = 7000 [kN/m2]
Poisson’s ratio of the soil νs = 0.3 [kN/m3]
Loads on the beam

Uniform load pf = 120 [kN/m2]

The beam is divided into eight equal elements, each 1.25 [m] long. Because of the symmetry of the
system, the analysis can be carried out by considering only half of the beam. Hence, the total number
of equations is reduced to four (Figure 10.10).
The analysis of beam foundation on compressible subsoil is carried out in the following steps:
-10.24-
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pF =120 [kN/m2]
GS 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
a= 1.25 [m]
B= 2 [m] 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
A = 8 × 1.25 = 10 [m]
Figure 10.10 Beam foundation with loads and dimensions
10.2.5.2.1 Determining flexibility coefficients

The settlement so,o at the center of a circular element o of a radius ro [m] having a circular loaded area
of intensity qo [kN/m2] =Qo/ πro2 acting on the surface is given by (Figure 10.1):
2qo (1 − ν 2s ) ro
s o ,o =
Es
2Qo (1 − ν 2s )
s o ,o =
πro E
or
s o ,o = co, o Qo
-10.25-
ro o
Qo
qo= ____
a ×B
Ground surface
so,o o
where,
co,o Flexibility coefficient of point o due to a load at that point o, [m/kN]
co,o =
2 (1 − ν2s ) 2 1 − 0.32
=
( )
πro E π 7000 ro
The rectangular element of size B×a = 2 × 1.25 is converted to an equivalent circular area.
𝜋 𝑟02 = 𝑎 × 2 𝑚 𝑠𝑜 𝑟0 = 0.8921 [m]
Flexibility coefficient co,o due to contact pressure under the same point
2 (1 − 𝜈 2 ) 2(1 − 0.32 )
𝐶 𝑜,𝑜 = = = 9.2771 × 10−5 [m/kN]
𝜋 𝑟 0 𝐸𝑠 𝜋 × 0.8921 × 7000

The settlement si,j at point i due to a concentrated load Qj [kN] at point j for isotropic elastic half-
space soil medium is given by (Figure 10.2):
si , j =
(
Q j 1 − ν 2s )
π E ri , j
or
s i , j = ci, j Q j
-10.26-
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r i,,j
Qj
Ground surface i j
si,,j
Figure 10.2 Isotropic elastic half-space soil medium
where,
ri,j Radial distance between points i and j, [m]
ci, j =
(1 − ν ) = (1 − 0.3 )
2
s
2
π E ri , j π 7000 ri , j
The flexibility coefficients ci, j and ci are calculated as:

Flexibility coefficient ci, j = cj, i Radial Flexibility
ci distance coefficient
ri, j [m] ci, j [m/kN]
c0 c1,1 0 9.2771×10-5
c1 c1,2 a = 1.25 3.3104×10-5
c2 c1,3 2a = 2.5 1.6552×10-5
c3 c1,4 3a = 3.75 1.1035×10-5
c4 c1,5 4a = 5 8.2761×10-6
c5 c1,6 5a = 6.25 6.6208×10-6
c6 c1,7 6a = 7.5 5.5174×10-6
c7 c1,8 7a = 8.75 4.7292×10-6
10.2.5.2.1.3 Determining matrix equation of settlement-contact pressure
i n
si =  ci- j q j +  c j -i q j
j=1 j=i+1
With considering the following:

Due to the symmetry
𝑞1 = 𝑞8 , 𝑞2 = 𝑞7 , 𝑞3 = 𝑞6 , 𝑞4 = 𝑞5
Settlement-contact pressure
-10.27-
𝑠1 = (𝑐0 + 𝑐7 )𝑎. 𝐵 𝑞1 + (𝑐1 + 𝑐6 )𝑎. 𝐵 𝑞2 + (𝑐2 + 𝑐5 )𝑎. 𝐵 𝑞3 + (𝑐3 + 𝑐4 )𝑎. 𝐵 𝑞4
𝑠1 = 2.43751 × 10−4 𝑞1 + 9.65535 × 10−5 𝑞2 + 5.7932 × 10−5 𝑞3 + 4.82778 × 10−5 𝑞4
𝑠2 = 9.65535 × 10−5 𝑞1 + 2.4848 × 10−4 𝑞2 + 1.0345 × 10−4 𝑞3 + 6.8968 × 10−5 𝑞4
𝑠3 = 5.7932 × 10−5 𝑞1 + 1.0345 × 10−4 𝑞2 + 2.59515 × 10−4 𝑞3 + 1.2414 × 10−4 𝑞4
𝑠4 = 4.82778 × 10−5 𝑞1 + 6.8968 × 10−5 𝑞2 + 1.2414 × 10−4 𝑞3 + 3.14688 × 10−4 𝑞4
Settlement contact pressure equations in matrix form:
𝑠1 24.3751 9.65535 5.7932 4.82778 𝑞1

𝑠2 6.8968 ] [ 𝑞2 ]
[𝑠 ] = 10−5 [9.65535 24.848 10.345
3 5.7932 10.345 25.9515 12.414 𝑞3
𝑠4 4.82778 6.8968 12.414 31.4688 𝑞4
10.2.5.2.1.4 Determining flexible settlements si
For flexible beam analysis q1, q2, q3, and q4 are known, while s1, s2, s3, and s4 are required to determine.
Substituting q1=q2=q3=q4=120 [kN/m2] in matrix equation of the settlement-contact pressure:
𝑠1 24.3751 9.65535 5.7932 4.82778 120

𝑠2 9.65535 24.848 10.345 6.8968 120
[𝑠 ] = 10−5 [ ][ ]
3 5.7932 10.345 25.9515 12.414 120
𝑠4 4.82778 6.8968 12.414 31.4688 120
Gives:
s1 = 5.36 [cm]
s2 = 6.21 [cm]
s3 = 6.54 [cm]
s4 = 6.67 [cm]
-10.28-
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10.2.5.2.1.5 Determining rigid settlements so

For rigid beam analysis s1, s2, s3, and s4 are equal and have the same value so. The unknown of the
problem are so, q1, q2, q3, and q4.
Inversing the flexibility matrix gives:
𝑠1 24.3751 9.65535 5.7932 4.82778 𝑞1

𝑠2 6.8968 ] [ 𝑞2 ]
[𝑠 ] = 10−5 [9.65535 24.848 10.345
3 5.7932 10.345 25.9515 12.414 𝑞3
𝑠4 4.82778 6.8968 12.414 31.4688 𝑞4
Inversing the flexibility matrix, gives:
𝑞1 4900.92 −1712.38 −285.1 −264.1 𝑠1

𝑞2 −278.6 ] [𝑠2 ]
[ 𝑞 ] = [−1712.38 5458.4 −1660.4
3 −285.1 −1660.4 5403.5 −1723.99 𝑠3
𝑞4 −264.1 −278.6 −1723.99 3959.42 𝑠4
For rigid beam 𝑠1 = 𝑠2 = 𝑠3 = 𝑠4 = 𝑠𝑜 [m]
Then
𝑞1 4900.92 −1712.38 −285.1 −264.1 𝑠𝑜

𝑞2 −278.6 ] [𝑠𝑜 ]
[ 𝑞 ] = [−1712.38 5458.4 −1660.4
3 −285.1 −1660.4 5403.5 −1723.99 𝑠𝑜
𝑞4 −264.1 −278.6 −1723.99 3959.42 𝑠𝑜
or
𝑎. 𝐵. 𝑞1 4900.92 −1712.38 −285.1 −264.1 𝑠𝑜
𝑎. 𝐵. 𝑞2 −278.6 ] [𝑠𝑜 ]
] = 𝑎. 𝐵 x [−1712.38 5458.4 −1660.4
[
𝑎. 𝐵. 𝑞3 −285.1 −1660.4 5403.5 −1723.99 𝑠𝑜
𝑎. 𝐵. 𝑞4 −264.1 −278.6 −1723.99 3959.42 𝑠𝑜
or
𝑄1 12252.3 −4280.95 −712.74 −660.3 𝑠𝑜
𝑄 𝑠𝑜
[ 2 ] = [−4280.95 13646.12 −4150.92 −696.49 ] [𝑠 ]
𝑄3 −712.74 −4150.92 13508.82 −4309.97 𝑜
𝑄4 −660.3 −696.49 −4309.97 9898.54 𝑠𝑜
Expanding the above equation matrix for all elements and equating all settlements by uniform rigid
body translation so, yields to the contact forces as a function in so as follows:
𝑄1 = 12552.3𝑠𝑜 − 4280.95𝑠𝑜 − 712.74𝑠𝑜 − 660.3𝑠𝑜 = 6598.31𝑠𝑜
𝑄2 = −4280.95𝑠𝑜 + 13646.12𝑠𝑜 − 4150.92𝑠𝑜 − 696.49𝑠𝑜 = 4517.76 𝑠𝑜
-10.29-
𝑄3 = −712.74𝑠𝑜 − 4150.92𝑠𝑜 + 13508.82𝑠𝑜 − 4309.97𝑠𝑜 = 4335.19 𝑠𝑜
𝑄4 = −660.3𝑠𝑜 − 696.49𝑠𝑜 − 4309.97𝑠𝑜 + 9898.54𝑠𝑜 = 4231.78 𝑠𝑜
Carrying out the summation of all contact forces, leads to:

4
∑ 𝑄𝑖 = 19683.04𝑠𝑜
𝑖=1 1
Replacing the sum of all contact forces by the resultant force N/2=120×10×2/2=1200[kN], gives rigid
body translation so, which equals to the settlement si at all elements, is obtained from:
1200 = 19683.04𝑠𝑜
or
so = 6.1 [cm]
10.2.5.2.1.6 Determining rigid contact pressures si

Substituting the uniform rigid body translation so=0.061 gives the n unknown contact pressures qi by:
𝑄1 12252.3 −4280.95 −712.74 −660.3 0.061

𝑄2 −4280.95 13646.12 −4150.92 −696.49 0.061
[ ]=[ ][ ]
𝑄3 −712.74 −4150.92 13508.82 −4309.97 0.061
𝑄4 −660.3 −696.49 −4309.97 9898.54 0.061
Q1 = 402.5 [kN]
Q2 = 275.6 [kN]
Q3 = 264.4 [kN]
Q4 = 258.1 [kN]
q1 = 161 [kN/m2]
q2 = 110.24 [kN/m2]
q3 = 105.8 [kN/m2]
q4 = 103.3 [kN/m2]
-10.30-

10-Analysis of Beam Foundation-En-Part IV

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Beam Foundations after Kany and El Gendy

Part IV: Numerical Examples

qall = 210 [kN/m2]

1000 [kN] 3000 [kN] 1000 [kN]

10 Analysis and Design of Beam Foundations after Kany and El Gendy

10.2 Numerical Examples

10.2.1 Calculation methods

1 Linear contact pressure method

Concentrated load P 1 Uniform load pF 1 P2 GS

10.2.2 Material and section for concrete design

10.2.3 Example 8: Analysis of a bottom slab for an aqueduct

10.2.3.1 Description of the problem

Young's modulus of concrete Eb=2×107 [kN/ m2]

Unit weight of water γw=9.81 [kN/ m3]

Isotropic elastic half-space soil medium

Material properties of the concrete and the water

Modulus of elasticity of the concrete Eb =2×107 [kN/m2]

10.2.3.2 Solving the problem

Computing the loads on the bottom slab

Own weight of the bottom slab wo = γb×d = 25×0.2 =5 [kN/m2]

Own weight of the wall P1 =P2 = γb×d×h=25×0.2×2.3=11.5 [kN/m]

Moment due to water pressure Mrl=Mrr = γw×h3/6=9.81×2.33/6=17.41 [kN.m/m]

P 1=11.5 [kN] P 2=11.5 [kN]

MRl =-17.41 [kN.m] MRr =-17.41 [kN.m]

Figure 10.3 One meter strip width of the foundation

10.2.3.3 Hand calculation

10.2.3.3.1 Calculation of ui, vi and wi:

For a constant beam moment of inertia Ii =I:

10.2.3.3.2 Determining external moments M i(l )

M 1(l ) = 17 .41 [kN.m]

M 2(l ) = 17 .41 + 11.5  1.50.  525 + 26.582

M 3(l ) = 17 .14 + 11.5  2.50.  525 + 26.582

M 4(l ) = 17 .41 + 11.5  3.50.  525 + 26.582

M 5(l ) = 17 .41 + 11.5  4.50.  525 + 26.582

10.2.3.3.3 Determining the right hand side Ri

R2 = 3.445  10 (17 .1 + 4  34 .399 + 55 .09 ) = 7.228  10

R3 = 3.445  10 (34 .399 + 4  55 .09 + 83 .107 ) = 1.164  10

10.2.3.3.4.1 Flexibility coefficients co, o of point o due to a load at that point o

This coefficient is given by:

𝜋 𝑟02 = 𝑎 × 1 𝑚 𝑠𝑜 𝑟0 = 0.409 [m]

10.2.3.3.4.2 Flexibility coefficients ci, j of point i due to a concentrated load at point j

Figure 10.5 Settlement si,j at point i due to a concentrated loaded on point j

This coefficient is given by:

Table 10.1 Flexibility coefficients ci and ci, j

Table 10.2 Flexibility coefficients Ci

10.2.3.3.5 Determining contact pressures

(C1 + C6 +  )q1 +  C0 + C5 +  q 2 + (C1 + C 4 )q3 + (C 2 + C3 )q 4 = R2 

−6.808𝑞1 + 17.969𝑞2 − 6.376𝑞3 − 2.414 𝑞4 = −73.63

−3.167𝑞1 − 6.946 𝑞2 + 17.582𝑞3 − 8.115𝑞4 = −116.4

−2.290 𝑞1 − 3.458 𝑞2 − 8.589 𝑞3 + 11.977𝑞4 = −162.145

Contact pressure equations in matrix form:

−6.808 17.969 −6.376 −2.414 𝑞1 −73.63

with considering the following:

Area of the element = 𝑎 𝐵, 𝐵 = 1 [m] and 𝑎 = 0.525 [m]

Due to the symmetry

Settlements as a function in contact pressure are:

𝑠1 = (𝑐0 + 𝑐7 )𝑎 𝑞1 + (𝑐1 + 𝑐6 )𝑎 𝑞2 + (𝑐2 + 𝑐5 )𝑎 𝑞3 + (𝑐3 + 𝑐4 )𝑎 𝑞4

𝑠1 = 0.000157009 𝑞1 + 6.75878 × 10−5 𝑞2 + 4.05527 × 10−5 𝑞3 + 3.37939 × 10−5 𝑞4

𝑠2 = (𝑐1 + 𝑐6 )𝑎 𝑞1 + (𝑐0 + 𝑐5 )𝑎 𝑞2 + (𝑐1 + 𝑐4 )𝑎 𝑞3 + (𝑐2 + 𝑐3 )𝑎 𝑞4

𝑠2 = 6.75878 × 10−5 𝑞1 + 0.000160319 𝑞2 + 7.24155 × 10−5 𝑞3 + 4.8277 × 10−5 𝑞4