DE LA SALLE UNIVERSITY-DASMARIÑAS

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, ARCHITECTURE, AND TECHNOLOGY

ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING PROGRAM

MEET 312
MODULE 1
INTRODUCTION /
CONDUCTION HEAT
TRANSFER
BY:

ENGR. EDGARDO L. ALASCO

 TABLE OF CONTENTS

I. MODULE – INTRODUCTION / CONDUCTION HEAT TRANSFER

1.1 GOSPEL READING

1.2 INTRODUCTION

1.3 COURSE LEARNING OUTCOMES

1.4 DEFINITIONS

1.5 CONDUCTION HEAT TRANSFER

1.5.1 CONDUCTION THROUGH PLANE WALL

1.5.2 CONDUCTION THROUGH COMPOSITE WALL

1.1 GOSPEL READING

Let us put ourselves in the presence of God..

In the name of the Father, the Son, and the Holy Spirit..

Proverbs 2:6 and 10, “For the Lord gives wisdom, and from His mouth come

knowledge and understanding. For wisdom will enter your heart, and knowledge

will be pleasant to your soul”

St. John Baptist de la Salle..pray for us.. Live Jesus in our hearts. Forever
 1.2 INTRODUCTION

According to thermodynamic systems, heat transfer is defined as

“The movement of heat across the border of the system due to a difference in

temperature between the system and its surroundings.”

Interestingly, the difference in temperature is said to be a ‘potential’ that causes the

transfer of heat from one point to another.

How is Heat Transferred?

Heat can travel from one place to another in several ways. The different modes of

heat transfer include:

• Conduction

• Convection

• Radiation

Meanwhile, if the temperature difference exists between the two systems, heat will

find a way to transfer from the higher to the lower system.

What is Conduction?

Conduction is defined as

The process of transmission of energy from one particle of the medium to another

with the particles being in direct contact with each other.

An area of higher kinetic energy transfers thermal energy towards the lower kinetic

energy area. High-speed particles clash with particles moving at a slow speed, as a

result, slow speed particles increase their kinetic energy. This is a typical form of heat
transfer and takes place through physical contact. Conduction is also known as thermal

conduction or heat conduction.

Conduction Examples:

Following are the examples of conduction:

• Ironing of clothes is an example of conduction where the heat is conducted from

the iron to the clothes.

• Heat is transferred from hands to ice cube resulting in the melting of an ice cube

when held in hands.

• Heat conduction through the sand at the beaches. This can be experienced

during summers. Sand is a good conductor of heat.

What is Convection?

Convection is defined as:

The movement of fluid molecules from higher temperature regions to lower

temperature regions.

Convection Examples
Examples of convection include:

• Boiling of water, that is molecules that are denser move at the bottom while the

molecules which are less dense move upwards resulting in the circular motion of

the molecules so that water gets heated.

• Warm water around the equator moves towards the poles while cooler water at

the poles moves towards the equator.

 • Blood circulation in warm-blooded animals takes place with the help of

convection, thereby regulating the body temperature.

What is Radiation?

• Radiant heat is present in some or other form in our daily lives. Thermal

radiations are referred to as radiant heat. Thermal radiation is generated by the

emission of electromagnetic waves. These waves carry away the energy from

the emitting body. Radiation takes place through a vacuum or transparent

medium which can be either solid or liquid. Thermal radiation is the result of the

random motion of molecules in matter. The movement of charged electrons and

protons is responsible for the emission of electromagnetic radiation. Let us know

more about radiation heat transfer.

• Radiation heat transfer is measured by a device known as thermocouple. A

thermocouple is used for measuring the temperature. In this device sometimes,

error takes place while measuring the temperature through radiation heat

transfer.

Radiation Example
Following are the examples of radiation:

• Microwave radiation emitted in the oven is an example of radiation.

• UV rays coming from the sun is an example of radiation.

• The release of alpha particles during the decaying of Uranium-238 into Thorium-

234 is an example of radiation.

 Rhttps://byjus.com/physics/heat-transfer-conduction-convection-and-

radiation/eference:

1.3 COURSE LEARNING OUTCOMES:

By the end of this course, students are expected to:

TLO1. Identify the systems of units, numerical analyses in thermal engineering

TLO2. Identify and derive the formulas for the heat of conduction.

TLO3. Solve problems related to conduction of heat.

TLO4. Solve problems using materials such as graphs and tables.

1.4 DEFINITIONS:

1.41. Heat Transfer – any device which effects a transfer of heat from one

substance to another.

1.42. Mode of Heat Transfer:

A. Conduction- mode of heat transfer by molecular communication through

solid materials or stagnant fluid.

B. Convection – mode of heat transfer in which the heat is carried from one

point to another by actual movement of the substance.

a, Free convection – the substance moves because of the decrease

in its density which is caused by increase in temperature.

b. Forced convection – the substance moves because of the

application of mechanical power such as that of a fan.

 C. Radiation – mode of heat transfer in which invisible electromagnetic

waves are passed from one body to another through a space.

Example: heat of the sun

1.5 CONDUCTION HEAT TRANSFER

1.5.1 Conduction Through a Plane Wall

1. Steady state heat conduction- the temperature distribution between

the body does not change in time.

2. Unsteady state heat transfer – the temperature gradient changes in

time.

For unidirectional flow, steady flow, homogenous material and

independent thermal conductivity:

𝑑𝑇
Q=-kA
𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑇
dx = - k A
𝑄
 𝑥 𝑘𝐴 𝑏
∫0 𝑑𝑥 = - 𝑄
∫𝑎 𝑑𝑇

𝑘𝐴
x=- (𝑇𝑏 − 𝑇𝑎 )
𝑄

𝑘𝐴
Q=- (𝑇𝑏 − 𝑇𝑎 )
𝑥

𝒌 𝑨 (𝒕𝒂 −𝒕𝒃 )
Q = 𝒙

where: Q = heat transferred

A = area of the material perpendicular to the path of the

heat flow

𝑡𝑎 = surface temperature on the hot side

𝑡𝑏 = surface temperature on the cold side

k = thermal conductivity

x = thickness of the material along the path of the heat

flow

1.5.2 Conduction Through a Composite Plane Wall

𝑘1 𝐴 (𝑡𝑎−𝑡𝑏 ) 𝑘2 𝐴 (𝑡𝑏 −𝑡𝑐 ) 𝐴 (𝑡𝑎−𝑡𝑐 )

Q= = = 𝑥1 𝑥
𝑥1 𝑥2 + 2
𝑘1 𝑘2

𝑥
and = R → thermal resistance
𝑘

𝑨 (𝒕𝒂 −𝒕𝒄 ) 𝑨 (𝒕𝒂 −𝒕𝒄 )

thus, Q= =
𝑹𝟏 + 𝑹𝟐 ∑𝑹

1
and U = , where U = coefficient of heat transfer for the
𝑅
composite walls
 = reciprocal of resistance

so that, Q = UA (𝒕𝒂 − 𝒕𝒄 )

or Q = UA Δt

Example 1. A 20.82 cm x 20.32 cm test panel, 2.54 cm thick is placed between

two plates and the whole is properly insulated. The interface surface of one plate

is maintained at 79.4oC by an electric energy supply of 50 Watts. The other plate

𝑊
has an interface surface temperature of 21.1oC. find k for the test panel in .
𝑚𝐶

Solution:

𝒌 𝑨 (𝜟𝒕 )
Q= 𝒙

𝑗
𝑸 𝒙 50 𝑠 ( 2.54 𝑐𝑚 )
k = =
𝑨 (𝜟𝒕 ) (20.32)2 𝑐𝑚2(79.4−21.1 ) 𝐶

𝐽 100 𝑐𝑚
k = 0.005276 x
𝑠 𝑐𝑚 𝐶 𝑚
 𝑾
k = 0.5276 ans.
𝒎𝑪

Example 2. A furnace wall consists of 125 mm wide refractory brick and 125 mm

wide insulating firebrick separated by an air gap. The outside wall is covered with

a 12 mm thickness of plaster. The inner surface of the wall is 1100oC and the

room temperature is 25oC. The thermal conductivity of refractory brick, insulating

𝑊
firebrick and plaster are 1.6, 0.3 and 0.14 . The resistance to heat flow of
𝑚𝐾

𝑚2 𝐾
the air gap is 0.16 .
𝑊

Calculate: 1. the total resistance of the furnace wall

2. the rate at which heat is lost

3. each interface temperature

Solution:

1. 𝑅𝑇 = 𝑅𝑅𝐵 + 𝑅𝐴𝑖𝑟 + 𝑅𝐼𝐵 + 𝑅𝑃

 𝑥
R=
𝑘

0.125𝑚 𝑚2 𝐾
𝑅𝑅𝐵 = 𝑊 = 0.078
1.6 𝑚 𝐾 𝑊

𝑚2 𝐾
𝑅𝐴𝑖𝑟 = 0.16 𝑊

0.125𝑚 𝑚2 𝐾
𝑅𝐼𝐵 = 𝑊 = 0.417
0.3 𝑊
𝑚𝐾

0.012𝑚 𝑚2 𝐾
𝑅𝑃 = 𝑊 = 0.0857
0.14 𝑊
𝑚𝐾

𝑅𝑇 = 0.078 + 0.16 + 0.417 + 0.0857

𝒎𝟐 𝑲
𝑅𝑇 = 0.7407 ans.
𝑾

𝑨 (𝑻𝟏−𝑻𝟓 ) 𝑨 (𝑻− 𝑻𝟓 )
2. Q = =
∑𝑹 𝑅𝑇

𝑄 ( 𝟏𝟏𝟎𝟎 −𝟐𝟓 ) 𝑲 𝑾
= 𝒎𝟐 𝑲
= 1,451.33 ans.
𝐴 𝟎.𝟕𝟒𝟎𝟕 𝒎𝟐
𝑾

𝑨 (𝑻𝟏 − 𝑻𝟐 )
3. 𝑄1−2 = 𝑅𝑅𝐵

𝑄1−2 (𝑻𝟏 − 𝑻𝟐 )
=
𝐴 𝑅𝑅𝐵

𝑄1−2
𝑇2 = 𝑇1 - ( ) 𝑅𝑅𝐵
𝐴
 𝑊 𝑚2 𝐶
𝑇2 = 1100oC - (1,451.33 ) ( 0.078 )
𝑚2 𝑊

𝑚2 𝐾 𝑚2 𝐶
Note: 0.078 = 0.078
𝑊 𝑊

𝑡2 = 986.8oC ans.

𝑨 (𝑻𝟏 − 𝑻𝟑 )
𝑄1−3 =
𝑅𝑅𝐵 + 𝑅𝐴𝑖𝑟

𝑄1−3 (𝑻𝟏 − 𝑻𝟑 )
=
𝐴 𝑅𝑅𝐵 + 𝑅𝐴𝑖𝑟

𝑊 𝑚2 𝐶
𝑡3 = 1100oC - (1,451.33 ) ( 0.078 + 0.16 )
𝑚2 𝑊

𝑡3 = 754.6oC ans.

𝑨 (𝑻𝟏 − 𝑻𝟒 )
𝑄1−4 =
𝑅𝑅𝐵 + 𝑅𝐴𝑖𝑟 + 𝑅𝐼𝐵

𝑄1−4 (𝑻𝟏 − 𝑻𝟒 )
=
𝐴 𝑅𝑅𝐵 + 𝑅𝐴𝑖𝑟 + 𝑅𝐼𝐵

𝑊 𝑚2 𝐶
𝑡4 = 1100oC - (1,451.33 ) ( 0.078 + 0.16 + 0.417 )
𝑚2 𝑊

𝑇3 = 144.38oC ans.

𝑊
Example 3. A certain food storage has a 4 in. layer of common brick ( k = 0.7 )
𝑚𝐶

𝑊
followed by a 1.5 in. layer of gypsum plaster ( k = 0.48 ). If it is desired to reduce the
𝑚𝐶
heat loss through the wall by further insulating it with loosely pack of rock wool
𝑊
( k = 0.065 𝑚 𝐶 ) by 80%, what thickness of rockwool would be needed?

Solution:

𝒌 𝑨 (𝜟𝒕 )
Q= 𝒙

𝑨 (𝜟𝒕 )
Q= 𝒙
𝒌

𝑨 (𝜟𝒕 )
Q= 𝑹

QR = 𝐴 (𝛥𝑡 )

𝑄𝑤/𝑜 𝑅𝑤/𝑜 = 𝐴𝑤/𝑜 (𝛥𝑡 )𝑤/𝑜

w/o = without additional insulation

w/ = with additional insulation

𝑄𝑤/ 𝑅𝑤/
= 0.20
𝑄𝑤/𝑜 𝑅𝑤/𝑜

or
𝑄𝑤/ 𝑅𝑤/𝑜
= 0.20 =
𝑄𝑤/𝑜 𝑅𝑤/

or
𝑅𝑤/𝑜
𝑅𝑤/ =
0.20

and

𝑥𝑏 𝑥𝑝
𝑅𝑤/𝑜 = +
𝑘𝑏 𝑘𝑝

where: 𝑥𝑏 , 𝑘𝑏 = thickness and thermal conductivity of brick respectively

𝑥𝑝 , 𝑘𝑝 = thickness and thermal conductivity of plaster respectively
 2.54 𝑐𝑚 1𝑚
𝑥𝑏 = 4 in x = = 0.1016 m
𝑖𝑛 100 𝑐𝑚
2.54 𝑐𝑚 1𝑚
𝑥𝑝 = 1.5 in x = = 0.0381 m
𝑖𝑛 100 𝑐𝑚

hence,
0.1016 𝑚 0.0381 m 𝑚2 𝐶
𝑅𝑤/𝑜 = 𝑊 + 𝑊 = 0.2245
0.7 0.48 𝑊
𝑚𝐶 𝑚𝐶

𝑚2 𝐶
0.2245
𝑊 𝑚2 𝐶
and 𝑅𝑤/ = = 1.1225
0.20 𝑊

𝑥𝑏 𝑥𝑝 𝑥
𝑅𝑤/ = + + 𝑘𝑤
𝑘𝑏 𝑘𝑝 𝑤

𝑥𝑤 , 𝑘𝑤 = thickness and thermal conductivity of wool respectively

𝑥𝑏 𝑥𝑝 𝑥𝑤
𝑅𝑤/ - + =
𝑘𝑏 𝑘𝑝 𝑘𝑤
𝑥𝑏 𝑥𝑝
𝑥𝑤 = ( 𝑅𝑤/ - + ) 𝑘𝑤
𝑘𝑏 𝑘𝑝

𝑚2 𝐶 𝑚2 𝐶 𝑊
𝑥𝑤 = (1.1225 - 0.2245 ) ( 0.065 𝑚 𝐶 )
𝑊 𝑊
100 𝑐𝑚 1 𝑖𝑛
𝑥𝑤 = 0.898 m x x
𝑚 2.54 𝑐𝑚

𝑥𝑤 = 2.30 in ans.

REFERENCES

Call Reference Material

number or
e-provider
QC 319.8 M.M. Rathore, Raul R.A. Kapuno, Jr. (2011). Engineering heat transfer. 3rd edition. Sudbury,
.In82 2008 MA : Jones & Bartlett Learning, c2011.
TJ 260 Yunus A. Çengel, Afshin J. Ghajar. et al. (2012). Heat and mass transfer : fundamentals &
.C332 2011 applications McGraw-Hill Education (Asia), c2011
QC 320 Holman, Jack Philip (2010). Heat transfer. Singapore: McGraw Hill Education (Asia),
.H731 2010
TJ260.L445 Lienhard IV & Lienhard V (2019). A Heat Transfer Textbook v500. Phlogiston press, Cambridge
2019
TJ 260 .J261 Janna, William S.(2009)
2009 . Engineering heat transfer Boca Raton : CRC Press,
Online Part 3 Introduction to heat transfer . https://ocw.mit.edu/courses/aeronautics-
and...thermal.../10_part3.pdf
Online Heat and mass transfer pdf books. https://easyengineering.net/heat-and-mass-transfer-books

Online Thermal Conductivity, Stefan Boltzmann Law, Heat Transfer, Conduction, Convecton,
Radiation, Physics. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LR5bYxC4syI
Online JP_Holman. Heat_Transfer.
https://www.academia.edu/.../Heat_Transfer_10thEdition_by_JP_Holman_pdf

Online https://docs.google.com/file/d/0B3_fsg2ipzHca0NkUkpjcThFNnc/view
 DE LA SALLE UNIVERSITY-DASMARIÑAS
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, ARCHITECTURE, AND TECHNOLOGY
ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING PROGRAM

MEET 312
MODULE 2
HEAT CONDUCTION
THROUGH PIPE
BY:

ENGR. EDGARDO L. ALASCO

 TABLE OF CONTENTS

II. MODULE – CONDUCTION OF HEAT THROUGH PIPE

2.1 GOSPEL READING

2.2 INTRODUCTION

2.3 COURSE LEARNING OUTCOMES

2.4 EQUATION FOR A STEADY STATE CONDUCTION THROUGH A

PLANE PIPE

2.5 EQUATION FOR A STEADY STATE CONDUCTION THROUGH A

COMPOSITE PIPE

2.1 GOSPEL READING

Let us put ourselves in the presence of God..

In the name of the Father, the Son, and the Holy Spirit..

Proverbs 2:6 and 10, “For the Lord gives wisdom, and from His mouth come

knowledge and understanding. For wisdom will enter your heart, and knowledge

will be pleasant to your soul”

St. John Baptist de la Salle..pray for us.. Live Jesus in our hearts. Forever
 2.2 INTRODUCTION

According to thermodynamic systems, heat transfer is defined as

“The movement of heat across the border of the system due to a difference in

temperature between the system and its surroundings.”

Interestingly, the difference in temperature is said to be a ‘potential’ that causes the

transfer of heat from one point to another.

How is Heat Transferred?

Heat can travel from one place to another in several ways. The different modes of

heat transfer include:

• Conduction

• Convection

• Radiation

Meanwhile, if the temperature difference exists between the two systems, heat will

find a way to transfer from the higher to the lower system.

What is Conduction?

Conduction is defined as

The process of transmission of energy from one particle of the medium to another

with the particles being in direct contact with each other.

An area of higher kinetic energy transfers thermal energy towards the lower kinetic

energy area. High-speed particles clash with particles moving at a slow speed, as a

result, slow speed particles increase their kinetic energy. This is a typical form of heat
transfer and takes place through physical contact. Conduction is also known as thermal

conduction or heat conduction.

Conduction Examples:

Following are the examples of conduction:

• Ironing of clothes is an example of conduction where the heat is conducted from

the iron to the clothes.

• Heat is transferred from hands to ice cube resulting in the melting of an ice cube

when held in hands.

• Heat conduction through the sand at the beaches. This can be experienced

during summers. Sand is a good conductor of heat.

What is Convection?

Convection is defined as:

The movement of fluid molecules from higher temperature regions to lower

temperature regions.

Convection Examples
Examples of convection include:

• Boiling of water, that is molecules that are denser move at the bottom while the

molecules which are less dense move upwards resulting in the circular motion of

the molecules so that water gets heated.

• Warm water around the equator moves towards the poles while cooler water at

the poles moves towards the equator.

 • Blood circulation in warm-blooded animals takes place with the help of

convection, thereby regulating the body temperature.

What is Radiation?

• Radiant heat is present in some or other form in our daily lives. Thermal

radiations are referred to as radiant heat. Thermal radiation is generated by the

emission of electromagnetic waves. These waves carry away the energy from

the emitting body. Radiation takes place through a vacuum or transparent

medium which can be either solid or liquid. Thermal radiation is the result of the

random motion of molecules in matter. The movement of charged electrons and

protons is responsible for the emission of electromagnetic radiation. Let us know

more about radiation heat transfer.

• Radiation heat transfer is measured by a device known as thermocouple. A

thermocouple is used for measuring the temperature. In this device sometimes,

error takes place while measuring the temperature through radiation heat

transfer.

Radiation Example
Following are the examples of radiation:

• Microwave radiation emitted in the oven is an example of radiation.

• UV rays coming from the sun is an example of radiation.

• The release of alpha particles during the decaying of Uranium-238 into Thorium-

234 is an example of radiation.

 Rhttps://byjus.com/physics/heat-transfer-conduction-convection-and-

radiation/eference:

2.3 COURSE LEARNING OUTCOMES:

By the end of this course, students are expected to:

TLO1. Identify and derive the formulas for the heat of conduction through plane

pipe

TLO2. Identify and derive the formulas for the heat of conduction through

composite pipe

TLO3. Translate and apply the skills and knowledge acquired by solving,

analyzing and synthesizing problems in heat conduction in pipe.

2.4 Equation for a Steady State Conduction Applied to Plane Pipe.

𝑑𝑇
Q= -kA
𝑑𝑟
 𝑑𝑇
Q = -k2∏rL
𝑑𝑟

𝑑𝑟 −k2∏ L
= 𝑑𝑇
𝑟 𝑄

2 𝑑𝑟 −k2∏ L 𝑏
∫1 𝑟
=
𝑄
∫𝑎 𝑑𝑇

𝑟2 −k2∏ L
ln = (𝑇𝑏 -𝑇𝑎 )
𝑟1 𝑄

𝑟2 k2∏ L
ln = (𝑇𝑎 -𝑇𝑏 )
𝑟1 𝑄

𝟐 ∏𝒌 𝑳 (𝑻𝒂−𝑻𝒃 ) 𝟐 ∏𝒌 𝑳 (𝑻𝒂−𝑻𝒃 )
Q= 𝒓 = 𝑫
𝒍𝒏 𝟐 𝒍𝒏 𝑫𝟐
𝒓𝟏 𝟏

where: L = length of the pipe

𝑟2 , 𝑟1 = radius of outer and inner wall pipe respectively

𝐷2 , 𝐷1 = diameter of outer and inner wall pipe respectively

where: Q = heat transferred

𝑇𝑎 = surface temperature on the hot side (inside)

𝑇𝑏 = surface temperature on the cold side (outside)

k = thermal conductivity

L = length of pipe
2.5 Equation for a Steady State Conduction Applied to Composite Pipe.

𝟐 ∏𝒌 𝑳 (𝒕𝒂 −𝒕𝒃 ) 𝟐 ∏𝒌 𝑳 (𝒕𝒃 −𝒕𝒄 )

Q= 𝒓 = 𝒓
𝒍𝒏 𝒓𝟐 𝒍𝒏 𝒓𝟑
𝟏 𝟐

𝟐 ∏ 𝑳 (𝒕𝒂 −𝒕𝒄 )
Q = 𝒓 𝒓
𝒍𝒏 𝒓𝟐 𝒍𝒏 𝒓𝟑
𝟏 + 𝟐
𝒌𝟏 𝒌𝟐

where: 𝑘1 = thermal conductivity of inner pipe

𝑘2 = thermal conductivity of outer pipe

L = common length of pipe

Example 1. A saturated vapor at 7.384 KPa enters a 60 m length of 11.5 cm OD

𝑘𝑔
and 10 cm ID steam pipe with a flow rate of 0.5 . The pipe is covered with
𝑠

𝑊
1.5 cm of 85% magnesia insulation with k = 0.022 𝑚 𝐾 . Pipe wall thermal

𝑊
conductivity is 43 . Surrounding air temperature is 20oC. Neglecting the
𝑚𝐾

outside and inside convective coefficient, determine the quality steam exiting the

pipe and amount of condensate in the steam trap in 1 hr.

𝐼𝐷 10
𝑟1 = = = 5 cm
2 2

𝑂𝐷 11.5
𝑟2 = = = 5.75 cm
2 2

𝑟3 = 5.75 + 1.5 = 7.25 cm

 𝑇1 = 𝑇𝑠𝑎𝑡 ]𝑃=0.007384 𝑀𝑃𝑎 = 40oC

2 ∏ 𝐿 (𝑡1−𝑡3 )
Q = 𝑟 𝑟
𝑙𝑛 𝑟2 𝑙𝑛 𝑟3
1 + 2
𝑘1 𝑘2

2 ∏(60 𝑚)( 40 −20 )𝐾

Q = 5.75 7.25
𝑙𝑛 𝑙𝑛
5 + 5.75
𝑊 𝑊
43 0.022
𝑚𝐾 𝑚𝐾

𝐾𝐽
Q = 714.77 W = 0.71477 KW = 0.71477
𝑠

Q = m ( ℎ1 - ℎ2 )

𝑄
ℎ2 = ℎ1 -
𝑚

𝐾𝐽
ℎ1 = ℎ𝑔 ] 𝑇=40 𝐶 = 2574. 3 𝑘𝑔

𝐾𝐽
0.71477 𝑠
𝐾𝐽
ℎ2 = 2574.3 - 𝑘𝑔
𝑘𝑔 0.5 𝑠

𝐾𝐽
ℎ2 = 2572.87 𝑘𝑔

and ℎ2 = ℎ𝑓2 + 𝑥2 ℎ𝑓𝑔2 ]𝑇=40𝐶

ℎ2 −ℎ𝑓
2
𝑥2 = ℎ𝑓𝑔
x 100%
2

𝐾𝐽
ℎ𝑓2 = ℎ𝑓 ]𝑃=0.007384 𝑀𝑃𝑎 = 167.57 𝑘𝑔

𝐾𝐽
ℎ𝑓𝑔2 = ℎ𝑓𝑔 ]𝑃=0.007384 𝑀𝑃𝑎 = 2406.7 𝑘𝑔
 2572.87−167.57
𝑥2 = 2406.7
x 100%

𝑥2 = 99.94%

𝑦2 = 100 - 𝑥2 = 100 – 99.94 = 0.06%

𝑘𝑔 𝑙𝑖𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑑
or 0.0006 𝑘𝑔 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑎𝑚

𝑘𝑔 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑎𝑚 𝑘𝑔 𝑙𝑖𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑑 𝑘𝑔 𝑙𝑖𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑑

amount of condensate = 0.5 x 0.0006 = 0.0003
𝑠 𝑘𝑔 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑎𝑚 𝑠

𝑘𝑔 𝑙𝑖𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑑 3600 𝑠
amount of condensate = 0.0003 x x 1 hr = 1.08 kg liquid ans.
𝑠 ℎ𝑟

or amount of condensate = 1.08 kg condensate ans.

𝑊
Example 2. A 10.16 cm schedule 40 wrought iron pipe ( k = 55.4 ) is covered with
𝑚𝐶

𝑊
2.54 cm of 85% magnesia insulation ( k = 0.07 ). For an inside pipe wall
𝑚𝐶

temperature of 149oC and an outer insulation surface temperature of 29oC. Find the

heat loss per meter of the length of the pipe.

For schedule 40, 10.16 cm wrought iron pipe:

𝑟1 = 5.118 cm

𝑟2 = 5.715 cm
 𝑟3 = 5.715 cm + 2.54 = 8.255 cm

𝟐 ∏ 𝑳 (𝑻𝟏−𝑻𝟑 )
Q = 𝒓 𝒓
𝒍𝒏 𝒓𝟐 𝒍𝒏 𝒓𝟑
𝟏 + 𝟐
𝒌𝟏 𝒌𝟐

𝑄 𝟐 ∏ (𝑻𝟏−𝑻𝟑 ) 𝟐 ∏ (𝟏𝟒𝟗−𝟐𝟗 )𝑪
= 𝒓 𝒓 = 𝟓.𝟕𝟏𝟓 𝟖.𝟐𝟓𝟓
𝐿 𝒍𝒏 𝟐 𝒍𝒏 𝟑 𝒍𝒏 𝒍𝒏
𝒓𝟏 𝒓𝟐 𝟓.𝟏𝟏𝟖 𝟓.𝟕𝟏𝟓
+ 𝑊 + 𝑊
𝒌𝟏 𝒌𝟐 55.4 𝑚 𝐶 0.07 𝑚 𝐶

𝑄 𝑾
= 143.41 ans.
𝐿 𝒎

REFERENCES
Call Reference Material
number or
e-provider
QC 319.8 M.M. Rathore, Raul R.A. Kapuno, Jr. (2011). Engineering heat transfer. 3rd edition. Sudbury,
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TJ 260 Yunus A. Çengel, Afshin J. Ghajar. et al. (2012). Heat and mass transfer : fundamentals &
.C332 2011 applications McGraw-Hill Education (Asia), c2011
QC 320 Holman, Jack Philip (2010). Heat transfer. Singapore: McGraw Hill Education (Asia),
.H731 2010
TJ260.L445 Lienhard IV & Lienhard V (2019). A Heat Transfer Textbook v500. Phlogiston press, Cambridge
2019
TJ 260 .J261 Janna, William S.(2009)
2009 . Engineering heat transfer Boca Raton : CRC Press,
Online Part 3 Introduction to heat transfer . https://ocw.mit.edu/courses/aeronautics-
and...thermal.../10_part3.pdf
Online Heat and mass transfer pdf books. https://easyengineering.net/heat-and-mass-transfer-books

Online Thermal Conductivity, Stefan Boltzmann Law, Heat Transfer, Conduction, Convecton,
Radiation, Physics. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LR5bYxC4syI
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https://www.academia.edu/.../Heat_Transfer_10thEdition_by_JP_Holman_pdf

Online https://docs.google.com/file/d/0B3_fsg2ipzHca0NkUkpjcThFNnc/view