Fluid Mechanics 1-Meng 215 Lecture 1

MECHANICAL AND MAINTENANCE ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
FLUID MECHANICS 1-MENG 215

Time: Mondays-11:00 am -1:00 pm
Tuesdays - 2:00 pm – 3:00 pm
Lecturer/s: Ing. Sahr Tamba Nyalloma
Ing. Martin Sankoh
Texts/ Learning resources:
 Fluid mechanics by John F. Douglas, Janusz M. Gasiorek, John A. Swaffield.
 Solutions to problems in Fluid mechanics 1 by John F. Douglas
 Fluid mechanics by John Cimbala and Yunus A. Cengel
 A textbook of Fluid Mechanics and hydraulics by R.J.Rajput
FLUID MECHANICS I-MENG 215/FBC/USL/STN
 Assessment
• Attendance -5%
• Tests assignments, quizzes, and presentations -25%
• End of semester examination-70%
COURSE OUTLINE-FIRST SEMESTER 2023/2024
 RECAP OF FLUID MECHANICS FROM ENGINEERING

PRINCIPLES-FENG 123
 PRESSURE IN FLUIDS
o What is pressure in fluids
o Characteristics of pressure in fluids
o Types of pressures in fluids
o Measurement of fluid pressure (pressure gauges)
 MEASUREMENT OF PRESSURE IN FLUIDS USING PIEZOMETERS
AND MANOMETERS
 HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE ON IMMERSED SURFACES IN FLUIDS

o Horizontal surfaces
o Vertical surfaces
o Inclined surfaces
o Curved surfaces
o Pressure intensity diagrams
 FLOATATION/BOUYANCY
o Law of floatation
o Archimedes principles
o Stability and oscillations of floating bodies
o Liquids with constant acceleration

123 I-MENG 215
FLUID MECHANICS
LECTURE
LECTURE 4 1
FLUID MECHANICS
Introductory Concepts and Definitions
RECAP OF FLUID MECHANICS FROM FENG 123

Lecture 1-learning outcomes
Demonstrate understanding of what is Fluid Mechanics and what fluids

are.
Distinguish between the three states of matter in our material universe
Establish the basis for classifying liquids and gases as fluids
Understand why we study fluids
Understand some major applications of fluids in real life.

WHAT IS FLUID MECHANICS
As the name suggests Fluid Mechanics is the branch of Applied

Mechanics that is concerned with the statics and dynamics of
fluids.
Fluid Statics: This treats fluids in the equilibrium state. In this state
the resultant forces in any direction is zero and all forces must be
perpendicular to the planes on which they are acting. It is known as
hydrostatics.
Fluid Dynamics: This treats portions of fluids in motion relative to

other parts. It is known as hydrodynamics.

WHAT IS FLUID MECHANICS ?
Fig. 1:Fluid under static Fig 2:Fluid under dynamic

conditions-Hydrostatics as in conditions-Hydrodynamics
water storage tanks/ reserviors as in domestic showers

The behaviour of fluids is based on the fundamental laws of
mechanics which relates
 the conservation of mass,
The conservation of energy and
The conservation of momentum together with the familiar solid

mechanics properties such as the equilibrium of forces under
static and dynamic conditions
A fluid is also considered as a continuum.

A huge mass of water behind a dam

A stream of flowing water
with a great potential for energy
with a great energy .
generation

WHAT ARE FLUIDS ?
The above definition of Fluid Mechanics begs the following research

questions;
What are the states of matter, and to which of the states of matter do
fluids belong?
What makes fluids different from the other state/s of matter (solids) ?
What common concepts of analysis do fluids have with solids?
 What are some fundamental areas of difference?

WHAT ARE FLUIDS ?
In our daily interaction with the material universe, we encounter three
states of matter.
 SOLIDS
 LIQUIDS
Solid as in a rock
 GASES
Liquid as in water
Although these three states of matter are

different in many respects, there are a number
of common characteristics that they share Gas as in air
WHAT ARE FLUIDS ?
In order to properly understand the similarities and differences between
these three states of matter, let us consider the following features of matter
as the basis of comparison:
 Arrangement of the constituent particles and their behaviour in the

bulk.
 Capacity to support their geometric configuration-shape
 The portion of space that can be occupied at any instant in time-volume
 Response to deforming loads/forces

WHAT ARE FLUIDS ?
Molecular arrangement in solids, liquids and gases

WHAT ARE FLUIDS ?
Liquid state Gaseous state

WHAT ARE FLUIDS ?
Basis of comparism solids Liquids Gases
Arrangement of constituent Particles are closely packed Particles are closely packed Particles are loose and have no
particles and their behaviour in together in such a manner as to together but with enough order to the arrangement. They
the bulk exhibit vibrational motion about latitude to allow them to move have unlimited latitude
mean positions freely within the bulk. (freedom) to move within the
confines of their containing
vessels.
Capacity to support their Because of the compact Because of the freedom of Because of the very loose nature
geometric configuration-shape arrangement and very limited movement of the particles of of the particles of gases, they
freedom of motion of their liquids through the bulk, they cannot support/have definite
constituent particles solids can cannot support/have a definite shapes.
support their own shapes, hence shape
they have definite shapes
The portion of space that can be They occupy a fixed portion of Like solids they, they also occupy They fill any space made
occupied at any instant in time- space that is to say they have a fixed portion of space. They available to them, hence they do
volume fixed volumes. have fixed volumes not have fixed volumes.
Response to deforming They offer permanent resistance They are unable to offer Like liquids, they deform
forces/loads to deforming forces/loads permanent resistance to continuously under the action of
deforming forces/loads for as a deforming force for as long as
long as they are applied the force/loads is applied

WHAT ARE FLUIDS ?
From the comparative characteristics of the three states of matter,
we can see that although different in many respects ,we can now
clearly see that liquids and gases have a common characteristic
and that is;
Liquids and gases can FLOW. They can suffer deformation

continuously when subjected to tangential loading/forces
We can now define fluids as follows;
Fluid are substances that deforms continuously under the

influence or action of shearing forces/loads.

WHAT ARE FLUIDS ?
In view of the foregone with respect to fluids; we can deduce the

following;
If a fluid is at rest, there can be no shearing force acting and,

therefore, all forces in the fluid must be perpendicular to the
planes upon which they act.
To the engineer and scientist, matter can also be classified as solids
and fluids

WHAT ARE FLUIDS ?

APPLICATIONS OF FLUIDS
Fluids are already an integral part of our day-to-day life. Engineering
allows us to explore the potential of fluids for a number of new
applications and various functions. Some of these include:
1) They can be burnt as fuel to provide energy and power our

engines. Example diesel,petrol , liquid petroleum gas (LPG)
2) They can be used to transmit power by pressure transmission

as in hydraulic and pneumatic systems. Examples include the
automobile braking system, the hydraulic jack, ram, press etc.
3) Some fluids have excellent flow properties which can be

used for the lubrication of various machines.
4) Fluids like water possess kinetic and potential energy, which is

used for generation of electricity as in hydroelectric power plants.
5) Our very being is predominantly composed of fluids in the form of

blood, lymph, water etc.
6) Water is used in homes and industries for various processes. It is

sourced, purified (as the case may be) and distributed through network
of pipes and pressure transformers.

1) Hydroelectric Power Plants
In hydroelectric power plants (HEPs), water is used to generate
electricity on a large-scale. Water stored in the dam possesses potential
energy, which is converted into the electrical energy in the power
generation unit of the plant. Hydroelectric power plants are one of the
major suppliers of power throughout the world. In some countries power
requirements are fulfilled entirely by these plants.
WATER
dam
WATER
WATER
WATER

2) Hydraulic machines
Machines that operate on a fluid like water and oil are called hydraulic
machines. Fluids have the capacity to lift heavy loads and exert
extremely high pressures. Some hydraulic machines are used to perform
various operations such as lifting, pressing etc. In most of these
machines, oil is used as the fluid.

3) Automobiles
No automobile can run without fluids. Fluids perform three crucial
operations in automobiles: generation of power, lubrication, and
cooling of the engine. Petrol or diesel generates power upon
combustion in the engine. This is commonly referred to as fuel. Oil is
used for the lubrication of the engine and the gearbox and also various
other moving parts of the vehicle. In larger automobiles like cars, busses
and trucks, water is used for cooling the engine.

4) Refrigerators and Air Conditioners
This is another important area where fluids play a crucial role. In

refrigerators and air-conditioners, the fluids are known as
refrigerants. The refrigerant absorbs the heat from whatever is being
kept in the chiller or evaporator, which is at a low temperature, and
delivers that heat to the atmosphere, which is at a high temperature. In
air conditioners, the refrigerant absorbs room heat and throws it in to
the atmosphere, thereby keeping the room cool. The entire operation of
refrigerators and air-conditioners depends on the use of a refrigerant.
APPLICATIONS
APPLICATIONSOF
OFFLUIDS
FLUIDS

5) Thermal Power Plants
In thermal power plants, water is used as the working fluid. After

getting heated in a boiler, water is converted into superheated steam
which is passed through the blades of turbines, thus rotating them. The
shaft of the turbine rotates in the generator, where electricity is
produced. Thermal power plants are one of the major suppliers of
power in various parts of the world, and water working as the fluid is
their most important component.


6) Nuclear power plants
Water is again a crucial power plant component. Here it is both the

working fluid and a coolant. In some nuclear power plants, heat
produced within the nuclear reactor is used to directly heat water, which
is converted into steam. This steam is passed through the turbines
similar to thermal power plants, rotating turbine blades to generate
power. This is an application of water as the working fluid.



7) Fluids as a Renewable Energy Source
There are number of fluids that are being used as a renewable energy
source. Air or wind is one of the most popular sources of renewable
energy. Wind is used for generation of electricity on a small as well as
large scale basis. Water is used in tidal power plants to generate
electricity on a small scale basis. Ocean/river tides are used to rotate
turbine blades within the power generation unit. Biodiesel, a type of the
vegetable oil, is used as a fuel for vehicles along with traditional diesel.


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MECHANICAL AND MAINTENANCE ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

FLUID MECHANICS 1-MENG 215

COURSE OUTLINE-FIRST SEMESTER 2023/2024

 RECAP OF FLUID MECHANICS FROM ENGINEERING

 HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE ON IMMERSED SURFACES IN FLUIDS

FLUID MECHANICS I-MENG 215/FBC/USL/STN

FLUID MECHANICS I-MENG 215/FBC/USL/STN

Demonstrate understanding of what is Fluid Mechanics and what fluids

Distinguish between the three states of matter in our material universe

Establish the basis for classifying liquids and gases as fluids

Understand why we study fluids

Understand some major applications of fluids in real life.

FLUID MECHANICS I-MENG 215/FBC/USL/STN

As the name suggests Fluid Mechanics is the branch of Applied

Fluid Dynamics: This treats portions of fluids in motion relative to

FLUID MECHANICS I-MENG 215/FBC/USL/STN

Fig. 1:Fluid under static Fig 2:Fluid under dynamic

FLUID MECHANICS I-MENG 215/FBC/USL/STN

The conservation of energy and

The conservation of momentum together with the familiar solid

A fluid is also considered as a continuum.

FLUID MECHANICS I-MENG 215/FBC/USL/STN

A huge mass of water behind a dam

FLUID MECHANICS I-MENG 215/FBC/USL/STN

The above definition of Fluid Mechanics begs the following research

What common concepts of analysis do fluids have with solids?

 What are some fundamental areas of difference?

FLUID MECHANICS I-MENG 215/FBC/USL/STN

Although these three states of matter are

 Arrangement of the constituent particles and their behaviour in the

 Capacity to support their geometric configuration-shape

 The portion of space that can be occupied at any instant in time-volume

 Response to deforming loads/forces

FLUID MECHANICS I-MENG 215/FBC/USL/STN

Molecular arrangement in solids, liquids and gases

FLUID MECHANICS I-MENG 215/FBC/USL/STN

Liquid state Gaseous state

FLUID MECHANICS I-MENG 215/FBC/USL/STN

FLUID MECHANICS I-MENG 215/FBC/USL/STN

Liquids and gases can FLOW. They can suffer deformation

We can now define fluids as follows;

Fluid are substances that deforms continuously under the

FLUID MECHANICS I-MENG 215/FBC/USL/STN

In view of the foregone with respect to fluids; we can deduce the

If a fluid is at rest, there can be no shearing force acting and,

FLUID MECHANICS I-MENG 215/FBC/USL/STN

FLUID MECHANICS I-MENG 215/FBC/USL/STN

1) They can be burnt as fuel to provide energy and power our

2) They can be used to transmit power by pressure transmission

3) Some fluids have excellent flow properties which can be

4) Fluids like water possess kinetic and potential energy, which is

5) Our very being is predominantly composed of fluids in the form of

6) Water is used in homes and industries for various processes. It is

FLUID MECHANICS I-MENG 215/FBC/USL/STN

FLUID MECHANICS I-MENG 215/FBC/USL/STN

FLUID MECHANICS I-MENG 215/FBC/USL/STN

FLUID MECHANICS I-MENG 215/FBC/USL/STN

4) Refrigerators and Air Conditioners

This is another important area where fluids play a crucial role. In