MECHANICS OF FLUID 1

INTRODUCTION
WHAT IS
WHAT IS
HYDRAULICS
FLUID
MECHANICS?

•Greek word “HUDAR” , means –

“WATER”
•It’s that branch of engineering
science deals with water ( at rest •Mechanics of fluids
or in motion) •It’s that branch of engineering
•Or its that branch of engineering science which deals with the
science which is based on behaviour of fluid under the
experimental observation of conditions of rest & motion
water flow.
FLUID MECHANICS
FLUID MECHANICS is a study of the
behavior of liquids and gases either at
rest (fluid statics) or in motion (fluid
dynamics).

The analysis is → relate continuity

of mass and energy with force and
momentum.

FLUID is a substance which deforms

continuously under the action of
shearing force (however small it is may
be)
 WHAT IS FLUID MECHANICS?
❑ Fluid – a substance that continually deforms (flows) under applied shear
stress

❑ Mechanics – science concerned with behaviour of physical bodies when

subjected to forces

❑ Fluid Mechanics – the science that deals with the behaviour of fluids at
rest (fluid statics) or fluids in motion (fluid dynamics), and their
subsequent effects on the surrounding environment

Last Updated:27 September 2023 © LMS SEGi education group 4

Application Areas of Fluid Mechanics
 IMPORTANT OF FLUID MECHANICS

To determine flow and

energy losses in pipe

To determine the To design fluid

hydrostatic forces → machines → pumps
dams and turbines

To determine flow
To determine the IMPORTANT rate, energy
stability of floating and OF FLUID dissipation from
submerged objects → MECHANICS spillway and flow in
pontoons, ships TO ENGINEER open channels such as
rivers
 HISTORY06)
❑ Archimedes (285-212 BC) - buoyancy ❑ Louis Navier (1785-1836), George Stokes
❑ Blaise Pascal (1623-1662) - hydrostatics (1819-1903) – equations of fluid motion

❑ Daniel Bernoulli (1700-1782) – energy with friction

equation ❑ William Froude (1810-1879) – resistance

❑ Antonie Chezy (1718-1798) – velocity in of partially submerged objects

channel ❑ Lord Rayleigh (1842-1919) – 1-D flow

❑ Henry Darcy (1803-1858) – groundwater through constant area duct with heat

flow transfer

❑ Jean Poiseuille (1799-1869) – laminar flow ❑ Sir Horace Lamb (1849-1934) – waves in
solids
❑ Lord Osborn Reynolds (1842-1912) – flow
regime ❑ Wilbur & Orville Wright – 1st aeroplane

❑ Ludwig Prandtl (1875-1953) – boundary

layer

Last Updated:27 September 2023 © LMS SEGi education group 7

Last Updated:27 September 8
© LMS SEGi education group
2023
 DIFFERENCE BETWEEN SOLID AND FLUID

ITEM 1 ITEM 2

SOLID FLUID
Does not have
Have preferred
any preferred
shape
shape

Hard & not

Soft & easily
easily
deformed
deformed

Cannot
Deformed
deformed
continuously
continuously
under shear
under shear
force
force
 3 CONDITIONS OF FLUIDS

• The study of • Deals with the –

incompressible fluid velocities, • Deal with the
under static conditions accelerations and relationship between
(hydrostatics) pattern of flow only velocities and
accelerations of fluid
• That dealing with the • Force and energy with the FORCES @
compressible static causing velocities and ENERGY causing them.
gases- aerostatics accelerations are not
deal under this head.
STATICS KINEMATICS DYNAMICS
 CONCEPT OF FLUID
In FLUID:
-The molecules can move freely but are constrained through a traction force called
cohesion.
-This force is interchangeable from one molecule to another.

For GASES:
-It is very weak which enables the gas to disintegrate and move away from its container.
-A gas is a fluid that is easily compressed and expands to fill its container.
-It fills any vessel in which it is contained. There is thus no free surface.

For LIQUIDS:
-It is stronger which is sufficient enough to hold the molecule together and can withstand
high compression, which is suitable for application as hydraulic fluid such as oil.
-On the surface, the cohesion forms a resultant force directed into the liquid region and the
combination of cohesion forces between adjacent molecules from a tensioned membrane
known as free surface.
1.1 FLUID AS CONTINUUM
Continuum mechanics and its concept

• It is a branch of mechanics that deals with the analysis

of the kinematics and mechanical behaviour of materials
modelled as a continuum. (eg. solids and fluids), (eg.
liquids and gases)

• A continuum concept assumes that the substance of the

body is distributed uniformly throughout, and
completely fills the space it occupies.

• Fluid properties is depends on their molecular

structure.However, engineering applications hardly
analyses fluids at molecular level.

• It is the fluid’s bulk behavior of main concern in

engineering applications.
CONTINUUM CONCEPTS
• Atoms are widely spaced in the
gas phase.
• However, we can disregard the
atomic nature of a substance.
• View it as a continuous,
homogeneous matter with no
holes, that is, a continuum.
• This allows us to treat properties
as smoothly varying quantities.
• Continuum is valid as long as
size of the system is large in
comparison to distance between
molecules.
 • A continuous substance
where quantities such as
Fluid as a velocity and pressure can be
taken as constant at any
continuum section irrespective of the
individual fluid particle
velocity.
 PRESSURE

➢Pressure acts
perpendicular to the
surface and increases
at greater depth.

force
pressure =
area

Pressure is the force per unit area, where the force is perpendicular to the area.
❖ A measure of the amount of force exerted on a surface area
1.2 UNITS AND DIMENSION USED IN ENGINEERING
FLUIDS

WHAT IS WHAT IS
UNITS? DIMENSION?

•Standardized system of
•Measurable properties used to
measurements used to
describe a body/system
describe the magnitude
•The standard element, in terms
of the dimension
of which these dimensions can
•A properties that can be
be described quantitatively &
measured
assigned numerical values.
 VARIOUS SYSTEM OF UNIT
• The primary quantities which are also referred to as basic dimensions, such as
L for length, T for time, M for mass and F for force.
• Student also expected to be familiar with the various systems of units used in
engineering. These systems include :

Imperial units ( British

Parameter SI UNITS c.g.s system of unit Gravitational system; English
Units)
Length Meters (m) Centimeters (cm) Foot (ft)

Mass kilogram(kg) Gramme (g) Pound ( Ib)

Time Seconds (s) Seconds (s) Seconds (s)
Temperature Kelvin (K) Degree Fahrenheit ( oF)

As any quantity can be expressed in whatever way you like it is sometimes easy to become confused
as to what exactly or how much is being referred to. This is particularly true in the field of fluid
mechanics.
DERIVED UNIT
1. DENSITY
Regardless of form (solid, liquid,
gas) we can define how much mass
is squeezed into a particular space

Density of a material is defined by

the amount of matter per unit
volume.

Density of material may be referred

to in many ways.
 1.1 MASS DENSITY, 
Definition
Density of a fluid, , is defined as the mass per unit
volume
• It is denoted by the Greek symbol, .

kg

 == m
kgm-3 V m3

 water= 1000 kgm-3

air =1.23 kgm-3

 1.2 SPECIFIC WEIGHT, 
Definition
❖Specific weight of a fluid,  , is defined as the weight of the fluid per
unit volume .
❖Force exerted by gravity, g, upon unit volume of substance

 = the density of the material (kgm-3)

w g = acceleration due to gravity (ms-2)
= = g
V

Units: N/m3

 Water = 9.81 X 103 N/m3

 1.3 RELATIVE DENSITY
@ SPECIFIC GRAVITY, SG
Definition
❖A ratio of the specific weight of a substance to the specific weight of
water at standard temperature (4C) and atmospheric pressure.

 
SG = s = s
 
w @ 4C w @ 4C

Units: dimensionless

❖Unit is none, since ratio is a pure number. SG is a dimensionless quantity

 2. SPECIFIC VOLUME, V
Definition
❖The reciprocal of the mass density i.e. the volume per unit mass or the
inverse of density

v = 1/ = V/m
Units: m3/kg
3. VISCOSITY

Dynamic

Kinematic
 3.1 DYNAMIC VISCOSITY, µ
Definition
❖Dynamic viscosity, µ , is defined as the Shear force per unit area
(shear stress, ) needed to drag a layer of fluid with a unit velocity past
another layer at a unit distance away from it in the fluid
❖Measure of internal friction of fluid particles
•Molecular cohesiveness
•Resistance fluid has to shear (or flow)

Water:

Air:

Units:
 3.2 KINEMATIC VISCOSITY, ν
Definition
❖It defined as the ratio of dynamic viscosity to mass density


v=

• Will be found to be important in cases
in which significant viscous and
gravitational forces exist.

Typical values:
μ = dynamic viscosity Water = 1.14x10-6 m2/s;
ρ= mass density Air = 1.46x10-5 m2/s;

Units: m2/s or stokes (10,000 St = 1m2s-1)

 NEWTON LAW OF VISCOSITY
When fluid moves, it generates shearing stress
If no movement between the moving fluid particles → no shear stresses
developed

Fluid particles which in contact with solid boundaries will adhere to these
boundaries → will have same velocities as the solid boundaries

Movement of a fluid over solid boundary can be visualized as layers of a

fluid moving one above the other.

The velocity of fluid layers increases as the distance from the solid
boundary increases
y

v
Flowing passing over a solid boundary
 TEMPERATURE VS VISCOSITY (LIQUID AND GASES)
• Viscosity is caused by the cohesive
forces between the molecules in liquids
and by the molecular collisions in
Viscosity
gases, ant it varies greatly with
temperature.
Liquids • The viscosity of liquid decreases with
temperature, whereas the viscosity of
gases increases with temperature.
• This is because in a liquid the
molecules possess more energy at
higher temperature and they can
Gases oppose the large cohesive
intermolecular forces more strongly.
• As a result, the energized liquid
Temperature
molecules can move more freely.
• In gases, the intermolecular activities
are negligible and the gas molecules at
high temperature move randomly at
higher velocity.
VISCOSITY IN GASES & LIQUIDS
Viscosity in gases
• Due to intermolecular collision
between randomly moving particles
• For gas, temperature , amount of
intermolecular collision , viscosity

Viscosity in liquid
• Due to intermolecular collision
between liquid particles
• For liquid, temperature ,
intermolecular collision is weakened,
viscosity
 NEWTON LAW OF VISCOSITY
It is important to evaluate the magnitude of the shear stress
generated by the moving fluid

du
Newton’s Law of viscosity:  = (1.1)

 = shear stress (tau) dy

 = viscosity of fluid
du/dy = shear rate, rate of strain
or velocity gradient
• The viscosity  is a function only of the condition of the fluid, particularly its
temperature.
• The magnitude of the velocity gradient (du/dy) has no effect on the magnitude of .
 NEWTONIAN &
NON NEWTONIAN FLUID
obey refer
Fluid Newton’s law Newtonian fluids
of viscosity

Example: Air, Water, Oil, Gasoline, Alcohol, Kerosene, Benzene, Glycerine

not obey refer

Fluid Newton’s law Non Newtonian fluids
of viscosity
 NON NEWTONIAN FLUID

*The slope of a curve at a point is the apparent viscosity of the fluid at that point
 PROPERTIES OF FLUID
1.4 VAPOUR PRESSURE, SURFACE TENSION,

AND CAPILLARITY

At the end of this topic student should:

•Be able to define the fluid parameters.(CO1-PO1)
•Be able to apply surface tension and capillarity in solving fluid
engineering problem.(CO1-PO1)
•Be able to use the Newton’s law of viscosity which are the
relationship of shear stress and velocity gradient in solving fluid
engineering problems (CO1-PO3)
 4. SURFACE TENSION, σ
Surface tension
• defined as the force acting a unit length of
a line drawn in the liquid surface

Surface tension
• Surface tension tend to reduce the surface
area of a body of liquid
p
• The internal pressure within the droplet, p
and the surface tension forces, must be in
  equilibrium.
 Surface tension
• Taking vertical equilibrium of the forces acting on
the droplet
• The magnitude of surface tension forces are very
small compared to other forces
• Normally are neglected

2r = pr 2

2 pr
p= = Units : N/m

r 2
5. VAPOR PRESSURE, Pv
Vapor pressure
• defined as the pressure at which a liquid
turns to vapour
• the pressure exerted by its vapor in phase
equilibrium with its liquid at a given temperature
• The molecules which moves above the surface of
the liquid exert pressure in the confined surface

Vapor pressure

Pvapour = P saturation
Units: N/m2 or Pascal
 6. CAPILLARITY
When a liquid comes into contact with a solid surface:
- Adhesion forces: forces between solid and liquid
- Cohesion forces: forces within liquid

If cohesive forces > adhesive forces, the meniscus in a glass tube will take
a shape as in figure (a) and (b).

Figure (a) and (b)

 Capillary effect is
the rise or fall of a
liquid in a small-
diameter tube

4 cos 4 cos 2 cos

h= @ h= @ h=
gd d gr
where h = height of capillary rise (or depression)
 = surface tension
Units= m @ mm  = wetting (contact) angle
 = specific weight of liquid
r = radius of tube