International Journal of Research in Engineering and Science (IJRES)

ISSN (Online): 2320-9364, ISSN (Print): 2320-9356

www.ijres.org Volume 10 Issue 10 ǁ October 2022 ǁ PP. 104-131

Development of Multigrain Cookies

Tejaswini R Megeri1, Bharati S Meti2, Goutami Hadimani3 and Savita Harke4
Department of Biotechnology, Basaveshwar Engineering College (A), Bagalkote
Department of Food Biotechnology, Basaveshwar Engineering College (A), Bagalkote

ABSTRACT
Baking Industry is considered as one of the major segments of food processing in India. Bakery products have
become popular among different cross sections of the population due to an increased demand for convenience
foods. Cookies, among the bakery products, are most significant in the world. These are an important food
product used as snacks by children and adults. Cookies differ from other baked products like bread and cakes
due to their low moisture content which ensures that they are free from microbial spoilage and confer a long
shelf life on the product.The present study is an attempt to formulate higher nutritional value of cookies with
added health benefit by addition of whole wheat flour, finger millet flour and oats flour along with the addition
of chia seeds. Sugar is replaced by jaggery power. In the present study, C1, C2, C3 and C4 were formulated in
which multigrain cookies were prepared by using whole wheat flour: Finger millet flour: Oats flour (WWF:
FMF: OF) in the ratio of (40:15:15, 15:40:15, 15:15:40, 23.3:23.3:23.3) respectively. Among all the
formulations C2 and C4 were mostly liked by all the panelists. Proximate analysis was carried out for the four
formulations, where the moisture content ranges between 3.3 to 3.7%., total ash ranges between 0.86-0.95%,
acid insoluble ash ranges between 0.07 -0.09%, fat content ranges between 7.2-9.3%, acidity of extracted fat
ranges between 0.9-1.22%, protein ranges between 11.5-13.8% and carbohydrate ranges between 67- 78.4%.
The shelf-life studies revealed that the cookies can be stored for 30 days and can be eaten.
Key words: Multigrain cookies; Chia seeds and Health benefits of multigrain cookies
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Date of Submission: 20-09-2022 Date of acceptance: 04-10-2022
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I. INTRODUCTION
Advancement of innovative features in product is the new tacticalpart of the food industry. Nowadays,
due to hectic life, people have been demanding ready-to-Cook foods that are easy to prepare, consumes less time
in cooking, are healthy, have a good shelf life, and have a delicious taste.So, in this study, all these attractive
features are tried to include into the cookie. Cookies are processed food that all age group of people highly eat
as a snack. Its production is more and available worldwide.In these days customers are expecting, foods that
show two main vital properties: first-one deals with the traditional nutritional features of the food, as well as, a
second feature,supplementary health benefits are predictable from its regular ingestion.Foods which are having
high nutrition have expandedincredible attention worldwide over the earlier few years due to healthy lifestyle
fluctuations. One of the encouraging reasons to move to a healthier lifestyle is the growing number of people
suffering from high blood pressure, cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), diabetes, obesity, and other related
diseases. These conditions are generally due to alazy lifestyle and poor diet where the regular food consumed
holdsmorequantities of saturated fatty acids (SFAs). The total dietary fiber (TDF) has become
anoteworthyelement in the daily diet because intake of total dietary fiber has health advantageous effects. One
of the foremosttasks in baking trade is the production of gluten-free products. Cookies are extensivelyfamiliar
and consumed in developing countries. Traditionally cookies are made out of wheat flour. The name “Cookie”
originates from the Dutch word „Koekie‟ or „Koekie‟ that means little cake. Cookies, like cakes, are chemically
leavened with baking powder and baking soda. Cookies, however, contains more sugar and shortening agent and
less water proportionately. In this study, we tried to access the suitability of replacement of “Maida” by using
other flours[9]
Nutritional enhancement is one of existingattentionsince it is a consumer trends, government guiding
principle and altering demographics. These aspects are instigating the industry to be alert of the necessity for
nutritional food products. Protein subjoining is one of theways to lightthe necessity for nutritious foods,
predominantly baked products. The nutritional implication of the bakery products is well known. Efforts are
being made to boost the products with fine quality non-wheat flours. Bakery products can oblige as a
virtuousvehicle for carrying the added proteins to marked populations for use in fighting the protein
malnourishmentdominant in innumerable parts of the World.Cookiesare generally flat, small, and round. It is
available in several flavours. The main ingredients are flour, fat, sugar, salt, and water, depending on the
type[10]
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 Development of Multigrain Cookies
In this study the cookies were prepared where refined wheat flour is replaced by whole wheat flour,
finger milletflour and oats flour.

1.1 Whole wheat

Wheat is the greatest amount of cereal accessible all around the world and it has gained much more
popularity in recent years due to its plentifulhealth advantage.Wheat is a colossal energy source through all
pieces of the grain bit, including the bran, kernel, and endosperm. Wheat is the significant grain generally
utilized for making bread than some other cereal.The protein assembled gluten makes bread mixture stick and
empowers it to hold gas.Wheat gives around 20% of the food calories for the world's people and is a public
staple in numerous nations. Wheat is the principal fixing in most crackers, breads, rolls,biscuits, cakes, cookies
, macaroni, puddings,doughnuts, pizza, spaghetti and many arranged hot and cold breakfast food varieties.Wheat
is plentiful in reactant components, zinc, mineral salts, magnesium, chlorine, iodide,potassium, sulphur, vitamin
B arsenic, silicon, manganese,copper, calcium and vitamin E. Wheat is the chief contributor of protein content
of regular diet. This abundance of supplements is the reason it is habitually utilized as a cultural base or root of
nutrition. Issues like gallstones, breast feeding problems, tuberculosis,mineral deficiencies, breast cancer,
obesity, chronic inflammation pregnancy, anaemia and asthenia,quickly worked on by consuming entire wheat.
Plentiful of thewheat utilized for domesticated animals and poultry feed is a side-effect of the flour processing
industry. The supplements are in it remained even after making it into flour. Wheat flour is a powder produced
by grinding the wheat used for human feeding. Wheat variabilities are calledare called soft, in the event that
gluten content is low and are called hard assuming they have high gluten content.Hard flour, or bread flour, is
more in gluten, with 12% to 14% gluten content, and mixture has elastic toughness that holds its shape well
once baked.Soft flour is nearly less in gluten and consequently brings about a portion with a better, brittle
surface. As human population kept on expanding, there is a significant overall interest in the use of wheat-based
food items [8]

1.2 Oats
Oats (Avena Sativa L.) are good source of fiber, proteins and minerals. The quantity of oats used for
human feeding has enlargedgradually, the fact that the health properties of oats benefitmostly on the B-glucan
content and total dietary fiber. The germ of oats and bran also cover phytochemicals including tocotrienols,
phenolic compounds, tocopherols and plant sterols, supposed to have anadvantageousoutcome on health.
Usually, oats have been proficient as afeedstuff grain of minute value.In Polish practice flaked oat grains are
consumed as a part of healing weight control plans and tracked down rather in the menu of needy individuals.
Oats are rich in dietary fiber but more prominently, oats are rich in fiber,explicitly, b-glucan, which diminishes
blood cholesterol level by expanding the discharge of bile in the body. Oats can be measured as a high calorie
food comprising 19% higher number of calories than wheat. Oats are also rich in the B vitamins, contain the
anti-oxidant, vitamin E and oats areplentiful in minerals also. Oatmeal is stimulant for treats anorexia, general
debility is good for recovery and fatigue, helps to control hormonal activity and lowers blood cholesterol
levels.Oatmeal diminishes the gamble of strokes and respiratory failures from impeded supply routes, settles
glucose and expands the body's capacity to fight off irresistible illness. [9]

1.3 Finger millet

Finger millet [Eleusinecoracana (L.)] normallycalled as ragi is vital minor millet broadlygrown in Asia
and Africa. It is formerly native to the Ethiopian highlands and was familiarised in India a very long time
ago.Karnataka has the abundantpart under finger millet and is the principal producer of ragi in India.Ragi is the
central staple food ate by most of the population in South Karnataka.Millets are chieflyrich in minerals like
magnesium,potassium phosphorous and iron. Finger millet (Ragi) is thes the richest in calcium content, multiple
times that of wheat or paddy rice.Calcium and iron are vital mineralsexpected by a human body to appropriately
work. Lack of calcium can lead to osteoporosis,increase the risk of fractures, cramping of muscles and
osteopenia. Lack of iron generallyleads in anaemia.Ragi the centre of wellbeing assists in losing with
weighting.It diminishes cholesterol content of the body and returns skin maturing. It improves bone strength and
go about as a characteristic treatment for different illnesseslikeosteoporosis, diabetes, brittle bones and
anaemia.It has remarkable healthy benefit and is even better than other normal cereals.Despite of finger millet's
rich supplement profile, late examinations shows that lower utilization of millets in everyday by metropolitan
Indians. Finger millet is processed bymalting, fermentation, milling, decortication and popping.Vermicelli,
noodles, pasta, Indian sweet (halwa) mixes, papads, soups and bakery products from finger millet are also
emerging [9]

1.4 Chia seeds

The health advantages of chia seeds are not precisely new as a matter of fact; individuals have been
consuming them for over 5,000 years. Chia seeds are initially from Mexico and Guatemala, chia i.e., Salvia
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 Development of Multigrain Cookies
hispanica L., an individual from the mint family was involved by the Aztecs and Mayans in everything from
dinners to drugs to beauty care products.Chia seeds are wealthy in fiber, which helps with satiety, the sensation
of fullness.A 25grams of chia seeds contains roughly 9grams of fiber. The day to day suggested measure of fiber
is 30grams, so countinga 25grams of chia seeds, every day could be a beneficial contribution. Fiber is
significant for a well digestive system and most of the population do not even reach the recommended target [9]

1.5 Health benefits ofMultigrain Cookies

Reduce constipation symptoms:Major health benefits of multigrain cookies is that they contain fiber nutrients.
But regular cookies do not contain any fiber nutrients because of the refining process they have gone
through.Multigrain cookies are not artificially processed, includes all the whole grains, including fiber-rich
ingredients. Because of the fiber ingredients, multigrain cookies help to diminish various major health issues
like diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and constipation issues. It also improves digestive system.

Boost your daily energy levels: Multigrain cookies includes various vitamins, mostly B-vitamins. As per
medical research, B-vitamins are the energy source in human bodies so that anyone can be more energized
throughout their workdays. Also, Vitamin B3 aids to nourish our skin health and gives us the energy to keep us
going throughout the whole day. The vitamins present in multigrain cookies aid to nourish our nervous system
and regulate our appetite. Even vitamin B6 works as a healthy nutrient in human body and produces healthy red
cells. That can aid fight serious health problems and decrease the risk of viral infections in our bodies.
It produces healthy red cells: Multigrain cookies are enhanced with iron and other nutrients. Consuming iron
on regular basis helps in producing functional red blood cells in human bodies. So, the red cells can depend on
oxygen transport in the body.Iron benefits muscle cells to stock oxygen for future use. That participate
inanimportantpart in the energy construction of DNA synthesis, which is the power source of human cell
growth[12]

II. REVIEW OF LITERATURE

Ingredients used for the cookies:
Cookies are popular among all age groups because of its affordable price, convenience, shelf life and
nutritive value. Most of the cookies used refined flour as a common flour because of its elastic property. It gives
the assembly in baked products. Refined wheat flour has proteins that interrelates with one another when they
mixed with water, creating gluten. Gluten is flexible in property which elasticities to cover the expanding
leavening gases during rising. Soo, refined wheat flour is used as a base flour for all the cookies. In addition to
refined wheat flour other flours were also used in some of the research papers to enhance the nutrient contents of
the cookies such as little millet flour, red rice flour, foxtail millet flour, fenugreek flour, oats flour, defatted soy
flour, soyabean flour, moth bean flour and chick pea flour. In most of the papers, for the preparation of cookies
the sweetening agent used was sugar. In paper [6], stevia leaves powder was used. in paper [5], icing sugar was
used. Fat is important in making of cookies. It acts as shortening agent. It lubricates dough, more importantly it
helps to retain the gases released during baking thus making sure that it is well risen loaf which will have a soft
crumb. Different types of fats used in different paper such as vegetable oil, butter, ghee, vanaspati and
margarine. Other than flour, fat and sweetening agent, other ingredients are also important in preparation of
cookies. Other ingredients used in making of cookies are egg, milk powder, salt, baking powder leavening
agents such as sodium bicarbonate and ammonium bicarbonate, flavours used are vanilla extract, vanilla
essence, coffee and custard powder. These cookies were baked at different temperatures at a different period of
time. Most commonly used baking time and temperature was 150ºC for 20 minutes.

Table 2.1: Ingredients used for the cookies

SL Name of the Flour Fat Sweetening Others Baking Reference
NO. cookie agent time and
Temp
1 Little millet Refined wheat Vegetable oil sugar Sodium 180ºC for Biradar et al.,
cookies flour and little bicarbonate, 12 mins 2020. [1]
millet flour ammonium
bicarbonate
2 Red rice cookies Refined wheat Butter Sugar Vanilla essence, 150ºC for Gebi and
flour, red rice egg and baking 30 mins Birinchi,
flour powder 2020. [2]
3 Foxtail millet Wheat flour and Margarine Sugar Vanilla and baking 165ºC for Sambavi, et
cookies foxtail millet powder 15 mins al., 2015. [3]
flour
4 Wheat based Wheat flour, oats Sunflower oil Sugar Vanilla extract, 200ºC for Abiyot, et al.,
cookies enriched flour and baking powder and 10 mins 2020. [4]
with fenugreek fenugreek flour salt
and oat flours

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 Development of Multigrain Cookies
5 Cookies enriched Wheat flour and Ghee Icing sugar Egg, milk powder, 170ºC for Arafat, et al.,
with mint leaf mint powder coffee, salt ang 15 mins 2021. [5]
powder baking powder
6 Protein rich and Defatted soy Vanaspati Stevia leaves Vanilla essence, 150ºC for Amith, et al.,
less-calorie flour and refined powder ammonium 20 mins 2011. [6]
cookies wheat flour bicarbonate and
ammonium
bicarbonate
7 High protein Refined wheat Vegetable oil Sugar Custard powder as 160ºC for Nihir, et al.,
cookies flour, soybean flavouring agent 15 mins 2018. [7]
flour, moth bean and leavening
flour and agents
chickpea flour
8 High nutrient Refined wheat Margarine Sugar Skimmed milk 160ºC for Deepali, et al.,
cookies flour, flax seed powder, lemon 15 mins 2015. [8]
flour and poppy grass powder,
seed flour sodium
bicarbonate,
ammonium
bicarbonate and
tertiary butyl
hydroquinone
9 Cookies Wheat flour and Butter Sugar Fresh milk, baker‟s 120ºC for Garsa, 2020.
incorporated with pumpkin seed yeast and sodium 20 mins [41]
pumpkin seeds powder bicarbonate
10 Cookies Refined wheat Butter Sugar Milk and baking 180- Manpreet
incorporate with flour and powder 220ºC for etal., 2017.
pumpkin seeds pumpkin seeds 15-20 [40]
powder mins
11 Cookies Refined wheat Vanaspati Sugar Skimmed milk 120ºC for Harish et al.,
incorporate with flour, defatted powder and baking 20 mins 2022. [42]
Pomegranate seed soybean flour and powder
pomegranate seed
powder
12 High protein and Wheat flour, Vegetable oil Sugar Skimmed milk 200ºC for Ashwath et
dietary fiber sorghum, barley, powder, dextrose, 10 mins al., 2015. [44]
cookies defatted soya salt and vanilla
flour and essence
chickpea

Ingredients used for Multigrain cookies:

Multigrain cookies are rich in fibres. Usually, cookies are made with refined wheat flour that have less
fibre because the refining procedure eliminates the portion of the grain that include fiber, departing just the
starchy endosperm. Multigrain cookies are made with entire grains and it comprise all the three regions of the
grain, as well as the fibre enriched bran. There are different kinds of multigrain available. In most of the
research papers, they have used rolled oats flour, barley flour, whole wheat flour, maize flour, sweet potato four,
pearl millet flour, finger millet flour chickpea flour, buckwheat flour and water chestnut flour. Sugar is used as
sweetening agent in all the papers. In paper [17], they have used honey as a sweetening agent. Fat is the main
ingredient in making cookies because it acts as shortening agent. Different fats are used in the papers. Mostly,
vegetable oil is used in most of the papers. in some of the papers they have used margarine, ghee and butter.
Other ingredients used are sodium bicarbonate, ammonium bicarbonate, skimmed milk powder, baking powder
or baking soda, vanilla essence, salt, milk powder, egg, and peanut butter. The baking time and the baking
temperature is different for each of the cookies depending upon the multigrain they have used.

Table 2.2: Multigrain cookies ingredients

SL Name of the Multigrain Fat Sweetening Others Baking Reference
NO. cookie used agent time &
Temp.
1 Multigrain Green gram Butter Sugar Skimmed milk 160ºC for Veer, et al.,
cookie flour, oats flour powder and 20-25mins 2018. [9]
and whole baking powder
wheat flour
2 Functional Buckwheat Butter Sugar Egg, vanilla 180ºC for Ravi,et al.,
multigrain flour, chickpea essence, real mix 15-18mins 2018. [10]
cookie flour, water juice, peanut
chestnut flour butter and
and chia seeds baking powder
3 Multigrain Wheat flour, Vegetable oil Sugar Sodium 180-200ºC Naval, et al.,
cookie chickpea flour, bicarbonate, for 10- 2018. [11]
maize flour, ammonium 13mins

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 Development of Multigrain Cookies
finger millet bicarbonate, salt,
flour, pearl vanilla and
millet flour and baking powder
barley flour
4 Sweet potato Sweet potato Margarine Sugar Whole egg, 150ºC for Samuel& John,
and maize flour and maize powdered milk, 20 mins 2016. [12]
flour blend flour salt and baking
cookie powder
5 Multigrain Wheat flour and Ghee Sugar Powdered milk, 220º at 20 Ikuomola et al.,
cookie malted barley baking powder mins 2017. [13]
bran and salt
6 Multigrain Wheat flour, Vegetable oil Sugar Salt and baking 160ºC for Bibianaet al.,
cookie sweet detar powder 20 mins 2018. [14]
flour and
moringa leaf
flour
7 Multigrain Wheat flour and Margarine Sugar Egg, vanilla 180ºC for China et al.,
cookie cooking banana flavour, salt and 10-15 2020. [15]
flour baking powder mins
8 Cookies Rolled oats Vegetable oil Sugar Egg and baking 175ºC for Bornare, 2015.
incorporate flour and wheat powder 10-15 [16]
with oats flour mins
and honey
9 Gluten free Ragi, sorghum Butter Honey Dark chocolate, 150-180ºC Meenu, et al.,
millet and oats baking powder for 15-20 2018. [17]
cookies and baking soda mins
10 Multigrain Wheat flour, Vegetable oil Sugar Apricot powder 160ºC for Anwar, et al.,
cookie from ragi flour and and sodium 15 mins 2018. [18]
buckwheat- buckwheat flour bicarbonate
barley
composite
flours
11 Multigrain Finger millet, Vanaspati Sugar Glucose, 205ºC for Radhika et al,
gluten free pearl millet, skimmed milk 7-8 mins 2019. [19]
cookie groundnut powder,
powder and ammonium
soya bean flour bicarbonate and
sodium
bicarbonate
12 Bagasse Wheat flour Butter Jaggery Sodium 100ºC for Anwar et al.,
fiber mixed bicarbonate 25 mins 2017. [43]
jaggery
based
cookies

Nutritional factors of Multigrain cookies:

Cookies are usually prepared from wheat flour and production of cookies from wheat flour is lacking in
numerous nutrients counting some proteins, vitamins, mineral elements as well as dietary fibers. Which benefits
in the reducing cholesterol, heart diseases and causes low obesity levels. Till now there are some products like
biscuits, cookies, and breads which are fortified with some of the multigrain for dietary fiber, protein,
carbohydrates and other minerals such as potassium, Fe, Zn etc, and having good anti - oxidant properties. In
many of the papers the multigrain used are finger millet flour, pearl millet flour, maize flour, foxtail flour,
flaxseed flour, oats flour and barley flour. These are rich in nutrients such as vitamins, minerals, proteins as well
as dietary fibers. The flaxseed and foxtail millet flour are rich in carotenoid, lycopene, dietary fibers and omega-
3 fatty acids. These multigrain has many health benefits such as helps in prevention of various diseases cancer,
osteoporosis, helps in digestion and also plays a major role in preventing metabolic disorder like diabetes, helps
to reduce cholesterol, lowers the risk of obesity, boosts immune system. They have anticarcinogenic and
antitoxic activity.

Table 2.3: Nutritional factors of multigrain cookies

SL. NO Name of the cookie Value added Nutritional factors Health benefit Reference
ingredient
1 Multigrain cookies Corn flour and These are Helps to lower Khushboo, et al.,
barley flour significant source of plasma cholesterol, 2022. [20]
B-complex improves lipid
vitamins, metabolism and
tocotrienols and boosts immune
tocopherols system
2 Cookies incorporating Whole wheat flour Pumpkin seeds are Lower the chances Neeta, et al., 2021.
pumpkin seed flour and pumpkin seed rich in nutrients, of occurrence of [21]

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 Development of Multigrain Cookies
flour medicinal many types of
properties, protein, cancers such as lung
oil, minerals and and gastric cancer
dietary fibers
3 Beta-carotene contents of Verities cassava Provitamin A Help to tackle Ndulaka, et al.,
cookie flour carotenoid vitamin A 2018. [22]
deficiency
4 Multigrain cookies Ragi, barley, jowar, Excellent source of Used for the Manohar, et al.,
incorporating wheat grass bajra, soya bean and vitamins, minerals, treatment of acidity, 2021. [23]
powder wheat grass powder antioxidant, amino colitis, astringent,
acids, protein, laxative, diuretic
chlorophyll and and antibacterial
active enzymes
5 Organic jaggery based Little millet and It has several Anti-toxic activity Mahalaxi, et al.,
millet cookies organic jaggery nutritional and and has anti- 2019. [24]
medicinal properties carcinogenic
activity
6 Oat and finger millet Oats and finger Rich in dietary Lowering the Giram, et al., 2017.
cookie millet fibers, cholesterol and [25]
phytochemicals and reducing risk of
nutritional value heart disease
7 Multigrain cookies Flaxseed flour, Rich in carotenoid, Helps in prevention Daisy, et al., 2017.
foxtail millet flour, lycopene, dietary of various diseases [26]
carrot flour and rice fibers and omega- 3 cancer,
bran oil fatty acids osteoporosis, helps
in digestion and also
plays a major role in
preventing
metabolic disorder
like diabetes
8 Protein enriched Wheat flour, finger Rich in nutrients Helps in reducing Hemanth, 2020.
multigrain cookies millet flour and such as vitamins, cholesterol, heart [27]
barley flour minerals, proteins as diseases and causes
well as dietary low obesity levels
fibers

Proximate analysis of Multigrain cookies:

Proximate analysis includes estimation of moisture content, total ash, acid insoluble ash, acidity of
extracted fat, carbohydrate content, total fat and protein estimation. Proximate analysis helps to know the
nutritional contents present in the developed product. Moisture content is the amount of water present in a
product. It is normally estimated by weight loss upon drying. The most common method used for the
determination of moisture content in product is oven drying method. Total ash is a number of the mineral oxide
content of stimulated carbon on a weight basis. It is measured by altering the mineral elements to the particular
oxides at 500ºC. The ash includes mostly silica and aluminium and the number is dependent on the base raw
material used to yield the product. Total ash is determined in a muffle furnace. Total fat specifies the number of
fats contain in the product. Fat is usually estimated by using Soxhlet extraction method. Determination of
protein content is carried out by using Kjeldahl process. Estimation of carbohydrate content is carried out by
using phenol-sulphuric method. In the papers the moisture content ranges from 1.13% to 9%. Total ash content
varies from 0.97% to 1.5. Fat differs from 0.56% to 27.62%. Protein varies from 3.1% to 50.98%. carbohydrate
content varies from 47.85% to 83%.

Table 2.4: Proximate analysis of Multigrain cookies

SL. Name of the cookie Moisture Ash Fat Protein Carbohydrate Reference
NO.

1 Finger millet 4.0% 1.50% 19.6% 6.5% 76.4% Bhoite, et al.,

cookies 2018. [28]
2 Cookies 9.0% 1.42% 0.56% 3.1% 83% Anu, et al.,
supplemented with 2015. [29]
cassava flour and
water chestnut flour
3 Pumpkin and carrot 3.23% 1.98% 9.22% 9.04% 78.6% Nonny, et al.,
cookies 2021. [30]
4 Multigrain cookies 8.17% 1.63% 27.62% 18.45% 47.85% Veer, et al.,
2018. [9]
5 Multigrain cookies 4.5% 0.97% 22.5% 8.9% 64.33% Khushboo, et
al., 2022. [20]
6 High protein cookie 1.33% 1.14% 21.51% 6.83% 69.38% Nihir, et al.,

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 Development of Multigrain Cookies
2018. [7]
7 Hight protein and 4.5% 1.4% 21.6% 10.5% 66.8% Amit, et al.,
low-calorie cookie 2011. [6]
8 Multigrain cookies 4.61% 1.24% 7.12% 50.98% 76.02% Ravi, et al.,
incorporating 2018. [10]
different flour
blends
9 Multigrain cookies 3.87% 1.37% 16.32% 12.60% 66.90% Naval, et al.,
2018. [11]
10 Protein enriched 4.0% 1.68% 17.20% 10.77% 57.06% Hemanth,
multigrain cookies 2020. [27]
11 Chia and quinoa 2.28% 1.24% 20.59% 7.72% 69.82% Jyoti, et al.,
seed flour cookies 2018. [31]

Sensory methods used to evaluate the Multigrain cookies:

Sensory evaluation of a product is conducted by a panel of specialists and the affecting test conducted
out on customers, allow to gather added data about the product being analysed, its superiority and to validate
features inducing its satisfactoriness by clients, which allows work on enlightening the eminence of the product
or its reformulation. The number of panelists depends. The attributes considering for the evaluation of the
product depends on the type of the product. The attributes usually include taste, color, appearance, texture,
mouth feel after tasting, crispiness, flavour, aroma and overall acceptability. The most common sensory method
used in most of the papers for the evaluation of product is 9- point hedonic scale. It ranges from 1-9 rating. 1=
dislike extremely, 2= Dislike very much, 3= Dislike moderately, 4= dislike slightly, 5= neither dislike nor like,
6= like slightly, 7= like moderately, 8= like very much and 9= like extremely. The outcomes got from hedonic
scale are the scores that customer gives to each product. Depending on these statistics the average values of
suitability for each product and whether there are noteworthy alterations in the suitability of the product is
decided.

Table 2.5: Sensory methods used to evaluate the Multigrain cookies

SL. NO Sensory method used No. of Attributes considered Reference
panelists
involved
1 5-point hedonic scale 15 Physical appearance, mouth feel, color, Anu, et al., 2015. [29]
oiliness and stickiness
2 9-point hedonic scale 20 Appearance, taste, texture, crispiness and Laura, et al., 2013. [32]
general acceptability
3 9-point hedonic scale 30 Taste, aroma, color, crispiness and overall Zain, et al., 2022.[33]
acceptability
4 9-point hedonic scale 30 Color, texture, flavour, appearance and Jyoti, et al., 2018. [31]
overall acceptability
5 9-point hedonic scale 10 Surface color, appearance, taste, odour, Wallaa, et al., 2018.
interior colour, texture, and overall [34]
acceptability
6 9-point hedonic scale 30 Taste, color, texture, crispiness, flavour Thivani, et al., 2016.
and overall acceptability [35]
7 7-point hedonic scale 12 Color, flavour, taste, texture and overall Hawine, et al., 2017.
acceptability [36]
8 9-point hedonic scale 10 Taste, color, texture, crispiness, appearance Samuel&John, 2016.
and overall acceptability [12]

Shelf-life studies of Multigrain cookies:

Shelf life of cookies states to the duration for which they can be utilized while preserving the food
quality. Extrinsic factors such as, relative humidity, storage temperature including some of inherent factors of
cookies regulates the shelf-life of cookies. The shelf-life of cookie starts from the moment it has prepared. Its
shelf-life is rely on many aspects together with the type of components, manufacturing method, form of
packaging and how the cookies are warehoused. In most of the papers, cookies shelf-life is evaluated on the
basis of nutritional qualities, sensory qualities, microbial count, moisture, free fatty acids and peroxide value. In
most of the works, shelf-life is evaluated on the basis of nutritional qualities. In nutritional qualities moisture
plays a very important role. Moisture content i.e., water activity results in degrading of food as it causes
microbial attack very easily. The Acidity of extracted fat is another parameter where the value of it denotes the
extent of the rancidity of the cookie. As the acidity of extracted fat increases the rancidity also increases that
results in bad odour and off flavour.In most of the work the shelf-life is evaluated in the range of 30 days to 120
days. Most of the papers evaluated for 60 days. The cookies were stored in a different type of containers such as
polyethene zipper bags, aluminium foil, air tight container, Polypropylene pouches and laminated plastic

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pouches. The cookies were stored at 30 to 40ºC. In most of the works the cookies were warehoused at room
temperature in a close-fitting vessel.

Table 2.6: Shelf-life studies of Multigrain cookies

SL Name of the cookie Storage period Type of Attributes Storage Reference
NO. packaging used evaluating for temperature
for storage shelf-life
1 Cookies produced from 6 months Sealed laminate Physio-chemical 30ºC Jemziya, and
composite blends of aluminium foil and organoleptic Mahendra, 2017.
wheat and sweet potato qualities [37]
flour
2 Gluten free millet 60 days Air tight Nutritional and Room temperature Menu, et al.,
cookies container sensory qualities 2018. [17]
3 Pineapple powder 6 weeks Laminated Nutritional and 31ºC Thivani, et al.,
incorporated cookies plastic pouches sensory qualities 2016. [35]
4 Multigrain cookies 60 days Polypropylene Moisture Room temperature Jyoti, et al.,
pouches content, 2018. [31]
peroxide value,
free fatty acids,
sensory
evaluation and
microbiological
quality
5 Cookies incorporating 75 days Polythene zipper Sensory Room temperature Neeta, et al.,
pumpkin seed flour bag characteristics, 2021. [21]
peroxide value
and microbial
count
6 Millet cookies 90 days Air tight Nutritional and Room temperature Gunaseelan and
container sensory qualities A. Arun, 2021.
[38]
7 Cookies from 90 days Polyethene Nutritional Room temperature Anwar, et al.,
buckwheat- barley zipper bag qualities 2018. [18]
composite flour
8 Almond pastry cookies 45 days Aluminium foil Nutritional 30ºC Romeo, et al.,
qualities 2010. [39]

III. MATERIALS AND METHODOLOGY

3.1 Collection and Selection of the Materials:
Ingredients selected in the present studies arewhole wheat flour, finger millet flour, rolled oats flour, chia seeds,
jaggery powder, sunflower oil, cardamom, cashew, almonds, baking powder and baking soda which are
purchased from grocery shop at Vidyagiri, Bagalkote.

3.2 Formulations for preparation of cookies:

The multigrain cookies were prepared in four different formulations to check which among them are tasty and
nutritionally has extra health benefit. The flours such as whole wheat flour, finger millet flour and oats flour
have taken in different proportions for the preparation of cookies. The other ingredients were kept constant. The
formulations for the preparation of cookies were given below:

Table 3.1: Cookies with different formulations

SI. No Formulations Whole wheat flour (WWF) in gms Finger millet flour (FMF) in Oats flour (OF) in gms
gms
1. C1 40 15 15
2. C2 15 40 15
3. C3 15 16 40
4. C4 23.3 23.3 23.3

3.3 Preparation of cookies

Initially the rolled oats were grinded into flour. Dry fruits such as almonds and cashews along with the
chia seeds were grinded into powder. All the ingredients such as wheat flour, finger millet flour, oats flour, chia
seeds, jaggery powder, cardamom, almond, cashew and baking powder were weighed, mixed with water and
kneaded properly to form a dough. The standing time given for the dough was 5 minutes as all the flours has
high capacity of water absorption. After that, the dough was rolled or sheeted to cut them in cookie shape. After
cutting them, they were garnished with dry fruits to catch the customer‟s eyes. Now, the cookies were baked at a
temperature of 150ºC for about 20 minutes. After baking the cookies were allowed for cooling for 5-8 minutes.
Cooling is important for confirming the substantial loss of the moisture from the cookies. After cooling, the

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cookies were packed and warehoused in a polyethylene zipper bag. Further the cookies were taken for sensory
evaluation and proximate analysis. This process is also shown in the below flowchart.

Additionofall Dough Sheeting or

ingredients preparation rolling

Baking at 150°C Cutting

Cooling at room
for 20 minutes
temperature

Storing in airtight
zip locks

a. Dough preparation b. Cutting of cookies

d. Cookies after baking c. Baking at 150°C for 20 minutes

Fig 3.1: preparation of cookies

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C1

C3

Fig 3.2: Cookies of different formulations as per table 3.1

3.4 Sensory Evaluation

Sensory assessment is a science that measures, examines, and interprets the responses of individuals to products
as professed by the senses. The key purpose of sensory analysis are to:
 Choice qualified juries and learn human remark of food features
 Compare sensory with chemical and physical dimension
 learn processing effects, keep quality, check raw material choice, create storage constancy
 Assess quality of the product or regulate consumer reaction against the product

Multigrain cookies prepared by using whole wheat flour, finger millet flour and oats flour was served to panel
members consisting of 15 members which includes students and staff using 5-point hedonic scale (5-like
extremely, 4- like moderately, 3- neither like nor dislike, 2- dislike moderately, 1- dislike extremely). All the
samples were evaluated for color, taste, mouth feel, aroma and texture. [29]
The evaluation procedure was clarified to all the members present for the evaluation. The test was directed in
midmorning after 3-hour gap from tiffin. Cookie samples were given to the panel members and adequate
amount of period was given to avoid any misconception. Water was given to rinse the mouth after every sample
was tasted. The finestfused cookie samples were recogniseddepending on their sensorial satisfactoriness and
studied more for their nutritional assessment. Sensory evaluation sheet is prepared to get the information. The
sensory evaluation sheet is attached below:

HEDONIC RATING OF FOOD PRODUCT

Basaveshwar Engineering College (Autonomous), Bagalkote
Department of Biotechnology

Sensory evaluation of Multigrain Cookies

NAME:

Attributes C1 C2 C3 C4
Color (Appearance)
Taste
Mouth feel

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Aroma
Texture
Acceptability
Preference

Signature

Fig 3.3: Panelists tasting the samples

Fig 3.4: Sensory Evaluation

3.5 Proximate analysis of the developed product

Proximate examination refers for a process, which governs the values of the macronutrients in food
samples. In universal, those values are being specified as nutritional proofs shown generally on the tags of the
finished or end food products, but they are also being estimated during the manufactureprocedure. The start of
the nutritional investigationinitiates back in 1861 and later then it has been endlesslyadvanced, improved and
upgraded.
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 Development of Multigrain Cookies
3.5.1 Estimation of Moisture content [9]
Moisture estimation is most vital and broadly used dimensions in the testing and processing of foods. Moisture
is the volume of water available in a sample, articulated as a percentage. Moisture content shows a noteworthy
role in founding proper circumstances for storability, preservation and packaging of food products.
Sample was prepared by grinding the cookie with mortar pestle. Moisture was determined by Oven drying
method. Firstly, empty Petri dish was weighed (W1), then approximately 10gm of prepared sample is added to
the Petri dish and weight was noted (W2). Now, the Petri dish is kept in oven for 4 hours at 105ºC. After 4 hours
the Petri dish is taking out from the oven and kept in desiccator to bring it down to room temperature. Now, the
cooled Petri dish is weighed (W3). The moisture content is determined by using the formula as given below
Moisture (%) =[ (W2-W3)/(W2-W1)]×100
Where,
W1= Weight of empty Petri-dishes
W2= Weight of Petri-dishwith sample before drying
W3= weight of Petri-dish with the sample after drying

Fig 3.5: Hot Air Oven

3.5.2 Estimation of Total Ash content [9]

Ash states to the inorganic remainder remaining later ignition of organic stuff in a food sample. Estimating the
total ash content of a food is a portion of proximate investigation for nutritional assessment and it is often vital
quality characteristic for some food trials. Ash content reflects the quantity of mineral matter present in
materials.
Estimation of ash is carried out using muffle furnace. Firstly, empty crucible weight is noted (W1), then 5 gm of
sample is added to the crucible and weight (W2) is noted. Now keep the crucible in muffle furnace at 550ºC for
about 4 hours. After 4 hours take out the crucible with the help oftongs and keep in desiccator to bring it down
to the room temperature. Now, the crucible is weighed (W3). The total ash content is determined by using the
formula given below:
Ash (%) = [(W3-W1)/(W2-W1) (100-M)] × 10000
Where,
W1= Wight of empty crucible
W2= Weight of crucible with the sample taken for the test
W3= weight of crucible with ash
M= Moisture content of the sample

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Fig 3.6: Muffle furnace Fig 3.7: Muffle furnace inside view

3.5.3 Estimation of Acid insoluble ash [9]

Acid insoluble ash indicates the amount of siliceous matter present in the sample. Higher quantities of acid
insoluble ash is injurious to health.
5 grams of sample is used to find ash content. The ash obtained is used to find acid insoluble ash. To the ash
contained in the crucible add 5 ml of diluted HCl. Filter the insides in the crucibleusing a Whatman filter paper.
Wash the filter paper using distilled water till the washings are able to free from the acid and return them to the
crucible. Keep it in muffle furnace at 550ºC for about 3 hours. After 3 hours, take out the crucibles with the help
of tongs and keep in desiccator to bring it down to room temperature. Now, weigh the crucible and note the
reading. Acid insoluble ash is determined by using the formula given below:
Acid insoluble ash (%) =[(W4-W1)/((W2-W1)(100-M))] × 10000
Where,
W1= Empty crucible eight
W2= Weight of crucible with the sample taken for the test
W4= weight of crucible with acid insoluble ash
M= Moisture content of the sample

Fig 3.8: Estimation of acid insoluble ash

3.5.4 Estimation of fat content [9]

Amount of fat content in the sample is determined by Soxhlet process. Fat content is estimated by
extracting the fat from sample using petroleum ether as a solvent, then determined the weight of the fat
recovered.
Using a mortar and pestle, grind the sample into pieces so that it could fit into the extraction thimble.
Weigh the empty thimble (W1), add approximately 10 grams of sample into the thimble and note the weight
(W2). Weigh the empty round bottom flask (RBF1). Measure between 150 ml of petroleum ether into the round
bottom flak. Place it on the heating mantle. Assemble the Soxhlet apparatus on a working table making sure to
clamp everything is properly placed. Turn on the heat source and set the temperature to 70ºC as it is a boiling
temperature of petroleum ether. Extract the sample for 3 hours. At the last of extraction period, take away the

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thimble and distill off most of the petroleum ether by allowing it to gather in the Soxhlet tube. Kept on heating
mantle for 5 minutes to completely evaporate the sample. Weigh the flask and note the reading (RBF2). Fat
content is determined by using following formula:

Fat (%) = [(T2-T1)/(RBF2-RBF1)] × 100

Where,
T1= empty thimble weight
T2= thimble weight with sample
RBF1= empty round bottom flask
RBF2= round bottom flask weight after recovering the solvent

Fig 3.9: Soxhlet apparatus

3.5.5 Estimation of acidity of extracted fat [9]

The measure of fat acidity reflects the number of fatty acids which is present in oils/fats. It is a continued
procedure of fat determination process.
Once the fat is extracted by Soxhlet method, to the fat obtained in the round bottom flask add 50 ml of 95% of
ethanol and add 4-5 drops of phenolphthalein indicator. Titrate it in contrast to 0.05 N of NaOH until it turns to
pink color. Acidity of extracted fat is calculated by using the following formula:
Acidity of extracted fat = (TV× normality of NaOH × 28.2) / (RBF2-RBF1)
Where,
TV= Titre value
RBF1 = Empty round bottom flask
RBF2 = Round bottom flask weight after recovering the solvent
Note: Since the fat is less in the round bottom flask, hence the same round bottom flask is used for the titration.

3.5.6 Estimation of protein content[9]

Protein was estimated by Kjeldahl process which comprises a three-stepmethod to the quantification of protein
that is digestion, distillation and titration. The principle includes, digestion of carbon-based material is attained
using concentrated acid and a catalyst to rapid up the reaction.The food releases nitrogen which can be
estimated with the suitable titration method. The totalamount of protein available in the food is then determined
from the nitrogen concentration present in the food sample.
The food sample was grinded into powder and weighed 0.1 grams. Totally 6 digestive flasks were there in the
apparatus, where first tube was taken as blank (no test samples were added). To the digestion flask 0.5 grams of
copper sulphate, 4 grams of potassium sulphate and 15 ml of concentrated HCl were added. The digestion tubes
were kept for digestion process for one and half hour. Once the digestion process completes, the digestion tubes
were allowed for cooling at room temperature. Then, add 50ml of 2% of boric acid in a conical flask and few
droplets of methyl red indicator and then kept it for neutralization process against 50% of NaOH. After
completion of neutralization process, the conical flask is taken and titrated against concentrated HCl.

Calculation:
Nitrogen (%): [(TV-Blank) ×N of HCl×0.014/weight of sample] ×100
Where,
TV= titre value
Protein (%) = N%×6.25

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Fig 3.10: Kjeldahl apparatus

3.5.7 Estimation of total carbohydrate content[9]

The phenol-sulphuric methood was used for the estimation of carbohydrate content present in the developed
multigrain cookies. This methoddetects all classes of the carbohydrate which includes mono, di, oligo and
polysaccharides.
Sample preparation: The cookie was grinded into powder by using mortar and pistle. 0.1 gm of cookie was
weighed. This 0.1gm of sample was diluted in 50 ml of water. It is vortexed for 5 minutes to homoginise the
mixture. From this mixture 0.1 ml of sample was taken for the estimation of carbohydrate.
The glucose standard was prepared. The glucose standard prepared was 25µgm/100ml. For standard, 6 clean test
tubes were taken. To each test tube 0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8 and 1ml 0f standard glucose was added. Then, 1, 0.8, 0.6,
0.4, 0.2 and 0ml of distilled water was added to each test tube respectively. Then, another 4 test tubes were
taken for the test samples. To each test tubes 0.1ml of prepared sample was added. To each test tube 1ml of 5%
phenol and 5ml of concentated sulphuric acid was added. All the10 test tubes were incubated at room
temperature for 20 minutes. After 20 minutes the color turned into orange brown. Then, the O.D i.e., optical
density was read through calorimeter at 490 nm.

Calculation:
Carbohydrate (%)= (Unknown O.D×dilution factor×100)/sample weight

Fig 3.11: Standard Glucose Fig 3.12: colorimeter

3.7Shelf-life studies of developed multigrain cookies [35]

Shelf life is asignificant asset of any food and is of attention to everybody in food chain right from
themakers to customer.Well-arranged and conducted customersuitability tests inthe form of proper sensory
analysis, is a significant portionof the shelf-life assessment of any of the product. Water vapor and
moisturetransmission act as main influencing feature for shelf life. Physicochemicalvariations in food during
storing can be the reason fordamage of shelf-liferesultant to deterioration of its superiority. Water is a essential
for food which influences food safety, stability, excellence and physical properties.Amplified moisture of food

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 Development of Multigrain Cookies
due to water absorption from the surroundings or by mass conveyance from adjoining components outcomes in
a soft texture and soggy. Off-flavours, off-odours and damageto crispiness in wrappedfoods are the
chiefreasonbehindcustomer rejection. These may be brough about by oxidative rancidity of wrapped foods,
migration, permeation and reactions amongfood components with the packaging components.
In the shelf-life study of Multigrain cookies, which were prepared as described in 3.3 and stored in air tight
polyethene zipper bag at room temperature. The shelf-life study of the Multigrain cookies were carried out for a
duration of 1 month. The parameters involved for the study of Multigrain cookies were moisture, acidity of
extracted fat and taste. The shelf-life study was carried out once in a week for about 1 month.
For the estimation of moisture content in the multigrain cookies, oven method is used. for determination of
acidity of extracted fat of multigrain cookies, Soxhlet method was used followed by titration method.

IV. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

4.1 sensory evaluation
Table4.1: sensory scores of the formulation of sample C1
Attributes 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Total Mean
sum
Appearance 3 3 3 4 3 3 3 2 3 4 3 2 3 3 3 45 3.0
Taste 3 2 3 3 2 2 3 3 3 2 3 3 2 3 3 40 2.66
Mouth feel 3 3 3 2 2 3 2 3 2 3 3 2 3 2 3 39 2.6
Aroma 4 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 56 3.73
Texture 4 3 4 3 3 3 3 4 4 3 2 2 2 3 2 45 3
Acceptability 3 3 2 3 3 3 2 3 2 3 2 3 3 3 3 41 2.73

Fig 4.1: Graphical representation of acceptability of sample C1

Hedonic 5-scale rating method was carried out. In this formulation, 40gm of wheat flour, 15gm of finger millet
flour and 15gm of oats flour were added. Among all the attributes aroma was scored high and mouth feel was
scored low. The highest score given for the sample was 3 i.e., for appearance and texture.The lowest score given
was 2.6. i.e., for mouth feel. Appearance was neither liked nor disliked. Taste was moderately disliked. Mouth
feel was moderately disliked. Aroma was moderately liked. Texture was neither liked nor disliked. The overall
acceptability for the sample C1 given was 2.7 i.e., the sample was neither liked nor disliked by the panelists.

Attributes 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Total Mean

sum
Appearance 4 4 4 5 4 4 4 4 4 4 5 4 4 4 4 62 4.13

Taste 5 4 4 4 5 4 4 3 4 5 4 4 5 5 4 64 4.26

Mouth feel 4 3 4 5 5 4 5 4 4 4 4 4 5 5 4 64 4.26

Aroma 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 5 4 4 4 5 4 5 63 4.20

Texture 4 5 4 5 4 4 4 4 4 5 4 4 3 4 4 62 4.13

Acceptability 3 4 5 4 5 4 4 5 4 4 5 4 4 5 4 64 4.26

Table4.2: Sensory scores of the formulation of sample C2

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Fig 4.2: Graphical representation of acceptability of sample C2

Hedonic 5-scale rating method was carried out. In this formulation, 40gm of fingr millet flour, 15gm of
wheat flour and 15gm of oats flour were added. Taste and mouth feel was equally liked by the panelists. Among
all the attributes texture and appearance were scored low.The highest score given for the sample C1 was 4.2.
i.e., for aroma and taste.The lowest score given for the sample C2 was 4.1. i.e., appearance and
texture.Appearance was moderately liked. Taste was moderately liked. Mouth feel was moderately liked. Aroma
was moderately liked. Texture was moderately liked. The overall acceptability for the sample C2 given was 4.4
i.e., the sample was moderately liked by the panelists.

Table4.3: Sensory scores of the formulation of sample C3

Attributes 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Total Mean
sum
Appearance 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 2 3 3 3 3 4 3 3 44 2.93
Taste 2 2 3 3 3 3 1 2 2 3 3 3 3 1 4 40 2.66
Mouth feel 2 2 3 2 2 3 3 3 2 2 2 1 2 3 3 35 2.33
Aroma 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 2 2 3 3 2 2 4 3 41 2.73
Texture 3 3 4 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 44 2.93
Acceptability 3 2 3 2 3 3 3 3 3 2 2 3 1 3 3 39 2.60

Fig 4.3: Graphical representation of acceptability of sample C3

Hedonic 5-scale rating method was carried out. In this formulation, 40gm of oats flour, 15gm of wheat
flour and 15gm of finger millet flour were added.Among all the attributes mouth feel was scored low and
appearance and texture were scored high. The highest score given for the sample C3 was 2.9. i.e., for texture and
appearance, the lowest score given for the sample C3 was 2.3. i.e., for mouth feel. Appearance was neither liked
nor disliked. Taste was neither like nor disliked.Mouth feel was moderately disliked. Aroma was neither liked

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 Development of Multigrain Cookies
nor disliked. Aroma was neither liked nor disliked. The overall acceptability for the sample C3 given was 2.6
i.e., the sample was neither liked nor disliked by the panelists.

Table4.4: Sensory scores of the formulation of sample C4

Attributes 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Total Mean
sum
Appearance 4 4 5 5 5 5 5 5 4 4 4 4 4 4 5 67 4.46

Taste 4 4 4 5 3 5 4 4 4 3 4 5 5 5 5 64 4.26

Mouth feel 4 4 4 4 4 4 5 5 5 5 4 4 4 5 5 66 4.40

Aroma 4 4 4 4 4 5 5 5 5 4 4 4 5 4 4 65 4.33

Texture 4 4 5 5 4 4 4 4 4 5 5 5 5 5 5 68 4.53

Acceptability 4 4 4 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 4 4 4 4 68 4.53

Fig 4.4: Graphical representation of acceptability of sample C4

Hedonic -scale rating method was carried out.in this formulation, al the 3 flours were added equally i.e., 23.3gm
of wheat flour, 23.3gm of finger millet flour and 23.3gm of oats flour were added. Among all the attributes
texture was scored high and taste was scored low. The highest score given for the sample C4 was 4.5. i.e., for
texture. The lowest score given for the sample C4 was 4.2. i.e., for taste. Appearance was extremely liked. Taste
was moderately liked. Mouth feel was moderately liked. Aroma was moderately liked. Texture was extremely
liked. The overall acceptability for the sample C4 given was 4.5 i.e., the sample C4 was extremely liked by the
panelists.

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Fig 4.5: Overall acceptability of all formulations

The overall acceptability for the sample C1, C2, C3, and C4 were 2.7, 4.2, 2.6 and 4.5 respectively. Sample C1
and sample C3 were neither liked nor disliked by the panelists. Sample C2 was moderately liked by the
panelists. Sample C4 was extremely liked by the panelists.

4.2 Moisture content

The moisture content of the multigrain cookies were estimated by the standard oven method where the Petri
dishes were kept in oven for 4 hours at 105ºC. After 4 hours the petri dishes were taken out and noted the W3
weight. The moisture content was calculated by using the formula. The moisture content the cookies were given
below in the table.

Table4.5: Moisture content of the multigrain cookies of all the 4 formulations

SL. No Formulations Moisture (%)
1 C1 3.673
2 C2 3.419
3 C3 3.774
4 C4 3.391

Fig 4.6: Graphical representation of moisture content

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 Development of Multigrain Cookies

Fig 4.7: Petri dishes in oven for drying

According to AOAC, the stndard moisture content for the cookies is below 5%. The moisture content obtained
for the prepared multigrains were 3.673%, 3.419%, 3.774% and 3.391%.The moisture content obtained for
multigrain cookies were within the standard. For all the 4 formulations the moisture content obtained was
withinn the standard.

4.3 Total Ash content

Total ash was carried out in muffle furnace where the crucibles with sample were ignited for 4 hours in the
muffle furnace at 550ºC. after 4 hours the crucibles were taken out and noted down the W3 weight. The total ash
content was calculated by using the formula. The total ash of the cookies were given the below table.

Table4.6: Total ash content of the multigrain cookies of all the 4 formulations
SL. No Formulations Total ash (%)
1 C1 0.869
2 C2 0.914
3 C3 0.876
4 C4 0.946

Fig 4.8: Graphical representation of Total ash content

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Fig 4.9: Ash formed after ignition

According to AOAC, the standard total ash for cookies is 1% maximum. The total ash for the multigrain cookies
obtained were 0.869%, 0.914%, 0.876% and 0.946%. The total ash of the multigrain cookies were within the
standard. For all the 4 formulations the total ash were within the standard.

4.4 Acid Insoluble Ash

Acid insoluble ash is the continuous procedue of total ash. After compltion of 4 hours of the total ash procedure,
the W3 weight was noted and calculated for total ash. To the W3 crucible dilute HCl was added and the ash is
dissolved, that is fltered through a ashless filter paper and ignited again for 4 hours in muffle furnace. After 4
hours the crucible is taken out and was weighed, it is consodered as W4. Then acis insoluble ash is calculated by
using the formula. The acis insoluble ash of the multigrain cookies were given in the below table.

Table4.7: Acid insoluble ash of multigrain cookies of all the 4 formulations

SL. No Formulations Acid insoluble ash (%)
1 C1 0.071
2 C2 0.085
3 C3 0.089
4 C4 0.091

Fig 4.10: Graphical representation of Acid insoluble ash content

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Fig 4.11: Ash after the ignition

According to AOAC, the standard acid insoluble ash for cookies is 0.1%. The acid insoluble ash for multigrain
cookies obtained were 0.071%, 0.085%, 0.089% and 0.091%. The acidinsoluble ash of the multigrain cookies
were obtained within the standard.For all the 4 formulation the acid insoluble ash were within the standard.

4.5 Fat content

The fat content was carried out through sexhlet method. The fat was expressed in the form of percentage. The
fat was calculated using the formula. The fat content of the multigrain cookies were given below in the table.

Table4.8: Fat content of the multigrain cookies of all the 4 formulations

SL. No Formulations Fat (%)
1 C1 7.217
2 C2 9.314
3 C3 8.327
4 C4 9.271

Fig 4.12: Graphical representation of Fat content

Fig 4.13: Fat obtained after soxhlet process

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 Development of Multigrain Cookies

The total fat obtained were 7.217%, 9.314%, 8.327% and 9.271%. The standard fat percentage of cookies
according to AOAC ranges between 20-70%. As in this study, the fat was added in cookies was less. So the fat
content obtained for multigrain cookies ranges between 7 to 9%.

4.6 Acidity of extracted fat

Acidity of extracted fat is the continuous procedure of the fat. The fat extracted by the soxhlet procedure is
taken for the acidity of extracted fat. To the extracted fat ethanol and phenopthein indicator were added. It is
titrated against NaOH. The burette reading is noted down. The acidiy of extracted fat is calculated by using
formula. The acidity of extracted fat of multigrain cookies is given below in the table.

Table4.9: Acidity of extracted fat of the multigrain cookis of all the 4 formulations
SL. No Formulations Acidity of extracted fat (%)
1 C1 1.108
2 C2 1.205
3 C3 1.22
4 C4 0.970

X- axis= Samples
Acidity of extracted fat (%)
Y- axis= Acidity of
1.4
A extracted fat (%)
ci
1.2
dit
y1
of
0.8
ex
0.6
tra
ct
0.4
ed
0.2
fat
(0
% C1 C2 C3 C4
) Samples
Fig 4.14: Graphical representation of Acidity of extracted fat

Fig 4.15: Titation for acidity of extracted fat

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 Development of Multigrain Cookies
The acidity of extracted fat obtained were 1.108%, 1.205%, 1.22% and 0.970%. the standard Acidity of
extracted fat cookies is 1.50% maximum. If it exceeds the standard, the cookies are not fit to consume. The
AOAC standard for acidity of extracted fat is 1.50%. The acidity of extracted fat obtained for multigrain cookies
were within the standard. For all the 4 formulations the acidity of extracted fat were obtained within the
standard.

4.7 Protein content

The protein estimation was carried out in Kjeldhal apparatus. There are 3 steps in Kjeldhal method
which inclused digestion, distillation and titration . in the digestion process the polypeptide bonds are broken
toghether and convert them into simpler chemicals such as carbon dioxide, water and ammonia. Here, the
nitrogen in the sample is completely converted into nonvolatile ammonium sulphate. At the end of digestion
process, it converts into ocean blue color, indicating the completion of digestion process. In distillation process,
sodium hydroxide is added to covert the ammonium salt to ammonia and the color changes to brown color.
After the completion of distillation process the colour changes to transparent. In the last proces that is titarion, it
is titated against concentated HCl with methyl red indicator. The end point point of the reaction is pink colour.
The amount of HCl consumed to convert it into pink colour is noted down.
The protein content of the multigrain cookies is given in the below table.

Table4.10: Protein content of the multigrain cookies of all the formulations

SL. No Formulations Nitrogen (%) Protein (%)
1 C1 1.843 11.518
2 C2 1.849 11.556
3 C3 2.215 13.840
4 C4 2.181 13.631

X- axis= Samples
Protein (%)
Y- axis= Protein (%)
16

14

12
Pro
10
tein
8
(%)
6

0
C1 C2 C3 C4

Samples
Fig 4.16: Graphical representation of Protein content

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 Development of Multigrain Cookies

Fig 4.17:Digestion process Fig 4.18: Distillation process

Fig 4.19: Titration process

The protein content for the multigrain cookies obtained were 11.518%, 11.556%, 13.840% and 13.
From the referred paper 27, they have obtained 10.77% of protein content. In thus study, the multigrain cookies
protein content is higher than [27]. The protein content varies from 11% to 13.6%. There is no standard protein
content set by the AOAC or FSSAI. The protein content usually varies depending upon the raw ingredients they
have selected for the preparation of the cookies.

4.8 Carbohydrate Content

The carbohydrate estimation was carried out through phenol-sulphuric method, where the glucose was used as a
standard. The carbohydrate content of the multigrain cookies is given in the below table.

Table 4.11: Carbohydrate content of the multigrain cookies of all the formulations
SL. No Formulations Carbohydrate (%)
1 C1 70.211
2 C2 73.544
3 C3 67.988
4 C4 72.433

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 Development of Multigrain Cookies

Fig 4.20: Graphical representation of Carbohydrate content

Fig 4.21: Test samples

The carbohydrate percentage for the multigrain cookies obtained were 70.211%, 73.544%, 67.988 and
72.433%. From the literature of review, it is seen that carbohydrate ranges between 57% to 83%. From this
study, the obtained carbohydrate content ranges between 57% to 83%. There is no standard carbohydrate
content set by the AOAC or FSSAI. The carbohydrate content of the cookies varies according to the flour used.

V. CONCLUSION
Multigrain cookies were developed with four different formulations by varying the quantities of wheat
flour, finger millet flour and oats flour where other ingredients were kept constant. Additionally, chia seeds were
added as it is rich in fibre. The different formulations of multigrain cookies were coded as C1, C2, C3 and C4.
After developing the multigrain cookies, sensory evaluation was carried out with 15 panelists. 5-scale hedonic
rating method was used for sensory evaluation. Among the four formulations C2 and C4 samples were liked by
majority of the panelists. Proximate analysis was carried out for the four formulations, where the moisture
content ranges between 3.3 to 3.7%., total ash ranges between 0.86-0.95%, acid insoluble ash ranges between
0.07 -0.09%, fat content ranges between 7.2-9.3%, acidity of extracted fat ranges between 0.9-1.22%, protein
ranges between 11.5-13.8% and carbohydrate ranges between 67- 78.4%.Shelf-life studies were carried out for
30 days where the parameters such as moisture and acidity of extracted fat were within the standard
specifications even at the end of the shelf-life studies. The present study concluded that the multigrain cookies
were nutritionally rich and can be stored for 30 days.

FUTURE PROSPECT
In the further phase of the project, the nutritional content of the multigrrain cookies can be increased by
incorporating the nutritional rich ingredients. Nowadays the cookies demand is more in the market, so the
fortification of cookies can be easily accepted by the consumers. Multigrain cookies can be produced in large
scale by optimising the process. To incease the market in future, other multigrain products can also be produced
such as multigrain noodles, breads.

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