W H AT A R E T H E E F F E C T S O F

CLIMATE CHANGE ?
Health Effects and Spread
of Diseases Animal Migration/ Plant
such as Dengue Fever, Range Shift and
Malaria, Leptospirosis, Population Changes
Avian Flu

Sea Level Rising, Heavy

Rainfalls Forest Fires /
and Flooding Wild Fires

Droughts, Effects in
Crops/Food Supply and
Ecological System
STRATEGIES ON
CLIMATE CHANGE
ADAPTATION
STRATEGIES ON
CLIMATE CHANGE
MITIGATION
GREENHOUSE GAS INVENTORY
Definition
A greenhouse gas inventory is an
accounting of the amount of
greenhouse gases emitted to or
removed from the atmosphere over a
specific period of time
SOURCES OF GHG
SOURCES OF GHG
REPUBLIC ACT 9729
An Act mainstreaming Climate Change into Government Policy
Formulations, Establishing Framework Strategy and Program on
Climate Change, creating for this purpose the Climate Change
Commission, and for other purposes
CHAIRPERSON
(President of the Philippines)

Commissioner 2 Commissioner Commissioner 3

(Undersecretary) (Vice-Chair with (Undersecretary)
A Secretary rank)

CLIMATE CHANGE OFFICE

(Vice-Chair also concurrently
serves as the Executive Director)
Philippines’ GHG
emission is 3 tons
per year per
capita
WHY STILL CONDUCT AN
INVENTORY???
•GHG inventory is a CLIMATE CHANGE
STRATEGY
•Competitiveness in the industry
•Potential new business opportunity
•Be at par with environmental leaders in the
business
•CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY
•Climate change is EVERYONE’s business
 GHG INVENTORY
Identify
boundary/ies Organizational boundary defines
what part of the organization
Identify base should be included in the inventory.
year
Generally includes owned vehicles,
buildings and facilities
Identify emission
sources In case of rented buildings, then
the percentage occupancy needs
to be calculated.
Select emission
factor

Apply
calculations

Report results
 GHG INVENTORY
Identify
boundary/ies
Operational boundary defines
the scope of emissions that will be
Identify base addressed in the GHG inventory.
year

Identify emission
sources

Select emission
factor

Apply
calculations

Report results
• SCOPE 1
– DIRECT emissions from sources OWNED/CONTROLLED
– Stationary combustion: boilers, generator sets, etc.
– Physical/chemical processing: cement, aluminum, ammonia
manufacture, waste processing
– Mobile combustion: automobiles, planes, ship
– WASTE generated (whole organization)

• SCOPE 2
– INDIRECT emissions from PURCHASED energy, heat or steam

• SCOPE 3
– INDIRECT emissions of the organization’s activities from
sources owned/controlled by OTHERS
– Business travel, employee commuting, transportation of
purchased goods and services
Wake up!
How should the following operational boundaries be
reported?
•Top management travels business class to US where
mother company is located
•Fuel consumed by the company’s generator sets
•Fuel consumed by vehicles leased by the company (long
term lease)
•Electricity utilized by the company’s satellite offices
•Fuel consumed by the suppliers’ delivery trucks
•Methane from the company’s treatment plant
 GHG INVENTORY
Identify
boundary/ies
Base year is the reference year
Identify base against which emissions
year performance is tracked over time
• A single year, or
• An average of annual emissions over
Identify emission several consecutive years
sources Can be used as a basis for setting
and tracking progress
Select emission towards a GHG target.
factor Target base year
USAID Climate Change and Clean Energy Project
Apply
calculations

Report results
 GHG INVENTORY
Identify
boundary/ies

Identify base
year

Identify emission
sources

Select emission
factor

Apply
calculations

Report results
 GHG EMISSION SOURCES
• Fuel, Waste, Electricity

Sector Description
Buildings includes electricity consumption of owned/ operated
buildings
Generators includes fuel consumption of generators owned and/
or operated
Vehicles fuel consumption of light and heavy vehicles owned
and/ or operated
Water and Sewage includes emissions from waste treatment plants
owned and/ or operated
Solid Waste includes emissions from solid wastes generated by
the employees at the buildings and facilities
 GHG INVENTORY
Identify Emission Factor is the measurement
boundary/ies of the average amount of a specific
pollutant discharged in the atmosphere
by specific activities.
Identify base
year Carbon Dioxide equivalents or CO2e
is the standard unit of measurement
Identify emission used for GHG inventory
sources
Emissions from non-CO2 gases are
converted to CO2e based on the
Select emission
Global Warming Potential (GWPs) of
factor
each gas
• GWP for CH4 is 21
Apply
• GWP for N2O is 310
calculations
IPCC and WRI websites provide
Report results emission factors for different types
of activities.
 GHG INVENTORY
Identify
boundary/ies

Identify base
year Basic Formula:
Activity Data x Emission factor = GHG emissions

Identify emission Activity Data – gallons or liters of fuel,

sources kilowatt hours of electricity, air
miles or kilometers
Select emission
factor Emission Factor – kilograms of CO2 per
kilometer traveled, kilograms of CO2 per
Apply liter of fuel
calculations
e.g.
1,000 kWh x 0.594 kg CO2/kWh
Report results = 594 kg CO2
 GHG INVENTORY
Identify
boundary/ies Decide on the GHG Emission
Target
Identify base
Absolute target: absolute amount
year
e.g. 5% below the 2010 base year
emissions
Identify emission
sources Intensity target: amount is relative to
some measure of business
Select emission Activity
factor e.g. 5% reduction per unit produced

Apply GHG inventory reporting is currently

calculations
voluntary in the Philippines

Report results There are no established reporting

protocols or platform at the moment
Identify emission reduction opportunities

Reducing electricity use in buildings and facilities such as lighting,

computers, equipment, green building design

Emission reductions from transportation such as fuel use or switching to

cleaner fuel, reducing business travel and employee
Commuting.

CO2
OPEX = Efficiency
= footprint

Operational expenses have a DIRECT

impact on the Carbon Footprint
REDUCTION INITIATIVES
Support/buy local products
Switch to CFL/LED lighting
Reduce
Reuse
Recycle
Conserve water
Regular preventive maintenance
Travel less
Teleconference
PLANT TREES!
LET US DO SOME
CALCULATIONS
General Formula
Energy used X Coefficient = Kg eCO2

Electricity Consumption
KWH X 0.594 kg CO2 per KWH = Kg eCO2

Transportation
L of Gas X 2.27 kg CO2 per L = Kg eCO2
L of Diesel X 2.63 kg CO2 per L = Kg eCO2
Km travelled X Fuel efficiency for diesel is 5 km per liter = Liters of
diesel
Km travelled X Fuel efficiency for gas is 8 km per liter = Liters of gas

Waste Generation
Tons of waste x 0.4817 tons of eCO2 per ton of waste = ton eCO2
 SAMPLE PROBLEM 1
Quantity Net power rating Daily usage
Lights 4 25 watts each 7 hours/day
Television 2 123 watts each 5 hours day
Air conditioner 1 1,000 watts each 6 hours/day
Refrigerator 1 125 watts each 24 hours/day
Computer 1 870 watts each 10 hours/day

Diesel fueled van 1 3 liters/day

Gas fed car 2 2 liters/day
Example:
Air con: 1 unit x 1,000 watts/unit Compute for the following:
1,000 watts x 6 hours/day x 30 days = 180,000 watts-hour
180,000 watts-hour x 1 kilowatt/1,000 watts = 180 kwh
180 kwh x 0.594 kg CO2/kwh = 106.92 kg CO2 •Monthly kg CO2 e of Scope 1
•Monthly kg CO2 e of Scope 2
•Total monthly GHG emissions
Answers:

•Scope 1 = 509.1 kg CO2 e

•Scope 2 = 349.81 kg CO2 e
•Total monthly GHG emissions = 858.91 kg CO2 e
 SAMPLE PROBLEM 2
Calculate the annual GHG emissions of Makuliglig
Manufacturing Company based on the following data:
•The company has 1 main building generating an average of
2,671 KWH per month and 5 satellite offices generating an
average of 2,900 KWH per month.
•The total kilometers travelled of the company-owned vehicles
in 2010 is 19,485,179 wherein 84% of the vehicles utilized
gasoline and the remaining utilized diesel. While MMC’s
supplier Chaka Services consumed 15,809 liters of diesel on
the same year.
•The company has 3,840 employees in 2010 generating an
average of 0.66kg per pax per day. Assume that there are 22
working days per month
 ANSWER
Scope 2: Electricity purchased

Main building
• 2,671 KWH x 12 months/ year = 32,052 KWH
• 32,052 KWH x 0.594 kg CO2 e/ KWH = 19,038.89 kg CO2 e

Satellite offices
• 2,900 KWH x 12 months/ year = 34,800 KWH
• 34,800 KWH x 0.594 kg CO2 e/ KWH = 20,671.20 kg CO2 e

• 19,038.89 kg CO2 e + 20,671.20 kg CO2 e = 39,710.09 kg CO2 e

 ANSWER
Scope 1: Fuel consumption
Gas
•19,485,179km x 0.84 = 16,367,550.36 km
•16,367,550 km ÷ 8 km/ liter of gas = 2,045,943.80 liters of gasoline
•2,045,943.80 liters of gasoline x 2.27 kg CO2 e/liter = 4,644,292.42 kg
CO2 e

Diesel
•19,485,179km x 0.16 = 3,117,628.64 km
•3,117,628.64km ÷ 5 km/ liter of diesel = 623,525.73 liters of diesel
•623,526 liters of diesel x 2.63 kg CO2 e/liter = 1,639,872.67 kg CO2 e

•4,644,292.42 kg CO2 e + 1,639,872.67 kg CO2 e =

6,284,165.09 kg CO2 e
 ANSWER
Scope 1: Waste generated

• 3,840 employees x 22 working days per month x 12 months x 0.66 kg

waste per employee per day = 669,081.60 kg of waste
• 669,081.60 kg of waste x 1 ton/1,000 kg = 669.08 tons of waste
• 669.08 tons of waste x 0.4817 ton CO2 e/ ton of waste = 322.29 ton
CO2 e
• 322.29 ton CO2 e x 1000 kg/ton = 322,290 kg CO2 e

Scope 3: Fuel Consumption by the supplier

• 15,809 liters of diesel x 2.63 kg CO2 e/liter = 41,577.67 kg CO2 e
Scope 1
6,284,165.09 kg CO2 e + 322,290 kg CO2 e
Scope 2
39,710.09 kg CO2 e
Scope 3
41,577.67 kg CO2 e

TOTAL EMISSIONS: 6,687,742.85 kg CO2 e

 THANK YOU!

Sources:
www.epa.gov/climatechange/emissions/index.html
www.garlicchop.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/05/co2cycle.jpg
www.epa.gov/outreach/images/bnrmeth.jpg
www.climate-change-knowledge.org/uploads/N2O_cal.jpg
www.epa.gov/highgwp/images/sourceleft.jpg
World Research Institute – GHG Protocol Revised
KLIMA
Manila Observatory
USAID Climate Change and Clean Energy Project