FIGURE 17.8 Flat Belt Drive with Econ-o-matic Base. If the smaller pulley exerts clock: wise torque, the motor frame exerts an equal and opposite counterclockwise torque, with the supporting frame pivoting about the point indicated. Also used oh V-belt drives. (Courtesy American Polley Co., Philadelphia). the belt thickness, because the belt does bend about it, and moreover in the usual location, it results in a reversed bending. When a motor is delivering power, the torque on the stator (frame) is equal and opposite to that on the rotor—action and reaction are equal Hence, the frame tends to turn in the opposite direction to the motor shaft, and this tendency is utilized to provide the belt tension by mounting the motor on a cradle which is free to move through a small arc, Fig. 17.8, The higher the delivered torque, the greater is the effort of the motor frame to turn and the tighter it draws the belt, because the driving pulley moves away slightly from the driven pulley. Thus, this system can be designed to provide automatically an adequate, but not constant, amount of tension for any load. As a result, if the loading varies, the average net and total tensicns will be lower than.for a constant pull device, If the motor mounting is pivoted, Fig. 17.9, the center of gravity of the motor can be so located that its weight provides belt tension, In this type of drive, the design may be based on an appropriate value of the ratio of he tensions F,/Fa, say from Fig. 17.10, which are recommended by fatnall"7-19) for pivoted drives with a paper driving pulley, Fig. 17.36. 17.14 ANALYSIS OF PIVOTED-MOTOR DRIVE. Having de- cided upon a suitable value of F,/F,, one may solve directly for the corres- ponding location of the pivot axis.!17-!0) But due to space limitations, we shall proceed on a trial-and-error basis in accordance with the following outline: (a) Decide upon a suitable value of Fi/Fs, Fig. 17.10. (b) Compute the net tension Fi — Fs from the horsepower equation. (c) From the simultaneous solution. of these two equations, find the values of Fi and Fa. (4) The location and size of the pulleys are known or are determined from space and velocity-catio considerations affecting the drive. (e) Lay out the pulleys in size and location to scale. Since the dimension fy 42 Scanned with CamScannerFIGURE 179 Plvoted-motor Drive. (Courtesy The Rockwood Mfg. Co, fodlanapols Ind.) FIGURE 17.10 Ratio of Tensions. With paper driving pulley. 180 «160 M4010 FIGURE 17.11 , Location of Pivot Axis. Fig. 17.11, is known from the dimensions of the motor and pivoting base, ti line mn may be drawn. The lines of action of Fi and Fa are taken tangent to the pulleys, The line of action of the resultant weight of the motor assembly R is usually taken through the center line of the shaft of the motor, although it actually passes through the center of gravity of the assembly. (O Now assume a location for the pivot point B on the line mn, and measure the moment arms, a, 5, and ¢. Then, a sum of the moments pf Fi, Fs, and R about the pivot B should be equal to zero, Thus oO Re — Fra - Fob = 0. If this equation is not satisfied, assume another location of B and try (j) again. In the pivoted drive, the tight tension F, should be between the pivot B and the slack tension F,, but such a location is not essential in ali cases. In general, keep the moment arm a as small as possible. Base the design on the maximum output of the motor, which may be taken as (1.4)(rated hp Scanned with CamScannera 434 FLEXIBLE POWER-TRANSMITTING ELEMENTS (Ch, 17 of motor) if the electric motor is compensator-started and (2.5)(rated hp) if it is started across the line. 17.15. RUBBER BELTING. In addition to leather,.a number of other materials are used for belting, principally rubber, natural or synthetic, Rubber belts are made in layers (say 3 to 12), called plies, of canvas duck impregnated with rubber which is later vulcanized. A 6-ply rubber beit has six layers of duck of about 32-ounce weight. Also rubber belts are made of cord construction which is more stretch resistant. Since excessive heat causes a slow deterioration of rubber and since oil is particularly harmful, a natural rubber belt should not be used in very hot places or where oil is spattered, unless rapid deterioration’ is acceptable. Neoprene belts, or neoprene covered, less susceptible to damage by oil, are available. Since the belts are preferably endless, stock sizes should of course be chosen; for pedagogical purposes, let 6 vary by } in. to 2in, width, by }in. to 5 in., by Lin. to 10in., by 2in. to 24 in. Minimum recommended pully dia- meters"7-14) are: 3 ply, 3in.; 4 ply, 5 in.; 5 ply, Zin.; 6 ply, 10 in.; 7 ply, 14in.; 8 ply, 18in.; 9 ply, 22in. According to the Goodrich Company, the permissible net belt pull is 13.75 Ib/ply per inch of width, which gives a simple means for quick estimation; bon, ; & Fy Fy 13S 0Ny orp = EP From either of these equations, compute the width of belt 4 in. for Ny plies. Correction should be made for other than smooth service and for ares of contact other than 180°. Choose the arc of contact; factor Ky as follows: 7-14) [rasric PLits] 0 220 = 200 180 170 160 150 140 130 120 Ke 1.13 1.07 1.00 0.96 0.92 0.86 0.82 0.78 0.74 Examples of service factors, not necessarily the same as the rubber belt manufacturer's recommendations, are found in Tables 17.2 and 17.7. Rubber belts with cord construction have a higher capacity than those with fabric ply construction. Rubber belts should be mounted with an initial tenvion of 15 to 20 1b. per inch-ply, which is approximated if the belt is dinch per foot of belt length shorter than the steel tape measurement around the pulleys, 17.16 FLAT BELT DRIVES FOR NONPARALLEL SHAFTS. Belt-connected shafts do not ‘have to be parallei, but the law of belting must be satisfied, to wit: the approaching side mist approach .the pulle; in a direction perpendicular to the pulley's axis. Scanned with CamScannerFIGURE 17.12 V-Belt Construction. The minimum components in V-belt construction are: a rebberized, woven jacket material 4; tensile members B that carry the principal load, which Is sometimes a fabric, sometimes cords; a resilient cushlon or compression material C that provides the side-wall pressure; the tensile layer D, capable of withstanding the repeated flexing. (Courtesy United States Rubber Co., N.Y.C.). (a) Intersecting Shafts, If two intersecting shafts are to be belt connected, two guide pulleys, one on the approaching side and one on the receding side of the belt, must be used. Each guide pulley must be so located that it receives the belt from a direction perpendicular to its axis and de- livers the belt in a direction perpendicular to the axis of the next-approached pulley in accordance with the law of belting. Sec the guide pulley at the top of Fig. 17.15. (b) Shafts at Right Angles. Two shafts at right angles to each other may be connected by the quarter-turn: arrangement. The planes of the pulleys are of course perpendicular to each other. The relation of the pulleys should be such that a center-line plane. through each pulley is tangent to the face of the other pulley. This drive satisfies the law of belting for only one direction of rotation. If rotation is to be reversed, a guide pul- ley may be located to direct the belt properly. 17.17 V-BELTS. Since they are always used for various auxiliary drives under the hood of an automobile, the appearance of V-belts is fami- liar to nearly every one. Two typical internal constructions, which vary in detail among different manufacturers, are’ shown in Fig. 17.12. Inasmuch as rubber has a low strength and stretches easily, invariably there are ten- sion members B, Fig. 17.12, usually either fabric or cord construction. The cushion material C is natural or synthetic rubber. The grooved wheels. that V-belts run on are called sheaves (Fig. 17.38). ‘The factors that effect the capacity of a V-belt are much the same as those previously described, except that the wedging action, Fig. 17.13, results in a much larger normal force N for the same belt tension and there- fore a larger tangential (transmitted) force is obtainable for the same co- efficient of friction. By the same token the reasonably attainable tension ratio F,/Fy is greater than for flat belts (the ratings and the arc correction Ko below are for a net tension ratio of 5, equation (d), $17.3]. Also because of the wedging, V-belts do well on shert center distances without FIGURE 17.13 The groove angle 2¢ Is 34°, 36°, or 38°. Scanned with CamScanner456 FLEXIBLE POWER-TRANSMITTING ELEMENTS [Ch. 17 frequent adjustment for initial tension. In case one belt in a multiple-belt dzive breaks, the remaining belts will carry the load without the necessity of an immediate shut down (no lost production time): In this case, install a complete newset of belts with lengths especially matched (close tolerance).* * One belt much shorter than the others will take an excessive share of the load and soon fail. The theoretical equation (17.1) for.the assumptions made in the flat- belt derivation apply to V-belts if, instead of f, you insert f/sin $ (26 = groove angle). However, the practice is to use a standardized rated horse. power, equation (17.5) below. The second term in the brackets provides an allowance for bending,’ the effect of which is greater for the thicker V-belt.'717] The third term in the brackets is a correction for centrifugal action. For one belt, 103 0.09 c gt Un 17.5) Ratedhp =[a(—) — ae bie AGS.AP, [-( ) KgD, * 10°} 10° m where a, c, and e are constants for a particular belt section, D, is the pitch diameter of the smaller sheave| K, is a small-diameter factor, obtained from Table 17.4 for the given velocity ratio, and o,, fpm is the belt speed.{17-11) The most commonly used V-belt sizes in general industrial applica- tions are designated by letters A, B, C, D, E, each'with starfdard, nominal, cross-sectional dimensions 5 and #, Fig. 17.13, as given in Fig. 17.14. Premium belts with a greater capacity are available. A’ narrower design, designated 3V (b = 3), 5Y (6 = §), and 8V(b = 1) is gaining favor, and there are other i Esicateas belts. Equation (17.5) for one belt with a B section is 10°) 13,962 0 Rated np = [4.737 (—) = On On? Un KD, eens al 10” and values of a, c, and e for A, C, and D sections are given in Table 17.3 below the columns of standard lengths. Manufacturer's catalogs have voluminous tables with the rated horse- powers already calculated, but we cannot spare the space. In any case, the first step is to compute the design horsepower by mutliplying the horse- Power to be transmitted (or the nameplate horsepower on the motor) by a proper service factor N,,. Service factors are a consequence of engineering experience and judgments; those in Table 17.7 may be used here. (m) Design hp = N,,(transmitted hp). With the design horsepower and the rpm of the smaller sheave, enter Fig. 17.14 with these values and decide upon the cross section to be used, as suggested by the dotted lines, which indicate a C-section. If the point is close to a dividing line, either section is reasonable; design for both and decide upon which to use on the basis of cost or other consideration. * At least one manufacturer claims that the manufacturing tolerance on the length of his belts is so close that special selection of matched lengths is not necessary. Scanned with CamScannerRefer to Manufacturer B saepsEees £88 | Rpm of Small Sheave \) 234 6 810 20 3040 6 BO100 20 30 S00 Design Horsepower =(Tran-mitted Horsepower) Service Factor) FIGURE 17.14 Belt Sections from Horsepower and Speed. The design horse . poner is equal fo the transmitted horsepower times the service factor. The solid diagonal lines are ” from ASA 307-11) the dotted diagonal li sane g wgonal lines closely agree with more than one manufacturer's The horsepower from the rating equations must be corrected for length ‘of belt (K,) and arc of contact (Ky); that is ss () Adjusted rated hp = KX, (rated hp), where Ky is a correction factor for an arc of contact other than 180°. Since the arc of contact is a function of (Dz — 2,)/C, as equation (17.4) shows, this value is convenient to use in choosing Ky from. Table 17.5, the easy way to make the correction; D, = larger diameter, D, = smaller diameter, C =. center distance. This factor Ky is basically a correction of the net tension ratio equation (d), § 17.3, because the permissible value of this ratio decreases as 6 decreases.'!-15) If the sheave sizes are not known, they must be assumed, as well as an approximate center distance. If pos- sible, stay above the minimum sheave diameters D, given at the top of the columns of Table 17.3. Short belts are flexed more often about the sheaves than long belts. The factor K, in equation (n) corrects for the effect of the length and is obtgined.from Table 17.6, The pitch length of a belt is computed from equation (17.3), § 17.7; choose a standard length from Table 17.3. Ora length of belt may be known for which the center distance is desired; in this case, solve for C from equation (17.3). With B = 4L — 6.28(D, + Dj), we get B + /B? — 3D, — Dj? o os 16 If the size of the smaller sheave is assumed and the velocity ratio m, is known, choose a minimum center distance astiT.19) D, + Dy 2 ®. c +d; or C= Dz, {ranmums) whichever is larger. The center distance is made adjustable so that the belts 4st Scanned with CamScannerTABLE 17.3 STANDARD V-BELT LENGTHS; HORSEPOWER CONSTANTS!7-131 See equation (1) for the constants a, ¢, ¢, for a B belt. Miniroum D, is the smallest sheave itch dipmeter that should be used with that section, If a smaller sheave is used, short belt life should be expected; L in inches, 'B SECTION ‘Min, D, = 3in. | Min, D, = S.4in. Belt Pitch Belt Pitch Length No. — Length Rated hp. Constants: a = 2.684 b= 5.326 € = 0.0136 Varies by 0.2in. | Varies by 0.2 in, from 2.6 through | to 4.6; then 5, S.2in;then by0.4 | 5,2, 5.4, 5.6, 6, 6.4, 6.8, 7.4, 8.6, oy 11, 12.4, 15.4, 20, 25, 30, Be in. 438 SOME STOCK ’SHEAVE DIAMETERS Min. D, = 9 in. Belt Pitch No. — Length cs 53.9 C60 62.9 C68 70.9 cis 719 cet 83.9 ces 87.9 C90 92.9 C96 98.9 c10s 107.9 cz 114.9 C120. 122.9 ci2g 130.9 ciM44 146.9 CIs8 160.9 C73 175.9 C180 182.9 Ci9s 197.9 C20 212.9 C240 240.9 c270—«270.9 300 300.9 330 330.9 C360 360.9 C390 390.9 C420 420.9 Rated hp. Constants: a= 8,792 c= 38.819 - +e = 0.0416 Varies by 0.51n from 7 10 11 i then by I to 1 by 2 to 20; then 24, 30, 36, 44, S0in. D SECTION Min. Dy = 3 in. Belt Pitch No. Length Rated hp. Constants:, a = 18,788 ¢ = 137.7 ¢ = 0.0848 Varies by 0.5 in. from 13 to 16 in.; then 18, 22, 27, 33, 40, 48, 58 in. Scanned with CamScannerTABLE In! LENGTH CORRECTION FACTORS K,(07.111 1.000-1.019 1,020-1.032 1.033-1.055 1.056-1.081 1.082-1.109 1.010-1.142 1.143-1.178 1:179-1.222 1.231.274 1.275-1.340 1341-1429 1430-1562 1,563-1.814 1,815-2.948 2.949 and over TABLE 17.5 ARC-OF-CONTACT FACTORS, Ko"! Scanned with CamScannerTABLE 17.7 SERVICE FACTORS, Nis Add 0.2 to the vatees given for each of the following conditions: continuous (over 16 br/day) service; wet environment; idler in drive; speed-up drives. Subtract 0.2 If the operation is quite Intermittent or seasonal. These factors represent compromises of those found in the Uterature, with the most attention to Refs. (17.1, 17.12), and are primarily for V-belts; bat they may serve as a guide for other transmission elements. Electric Motors Electric Motors ‘AC Split Phase AC Normal Torque Squirrel ‘Cage, and Synchronous DC Shunt Wound Water Wheels Turbines, Steam and Water AC Single Phase Series Wound AC High Torque or High Slip AC Slip Ring AC Repilision Induction AC Capacitor DC Compound Wound Asitetors, liquid - Cam Cutters - Z| Conveyors, package . Screw machines . Small fans to 10 hp . Compressors and blowers, (rotating) Conveyors, ore, sand Generators 2 Line Shafts). . . Machine tools (other) Printing machinery . Pumps (rotating) - Shears... - + Beaters (paper) Circular saws . Conveyors, bucket, pron, screw, drag - Crushers, jaw, etc. Hammer mills Revolving screens Tube mills. Mine fans . Spinning frames . Tumbling barrels . Twisters (textile) - Scanned with CamScanner