P R O T E C T IO N SY ST E M S

FIRE IP M ENT A N D PR O CED U RES DESIGNED TO

CT ION SY ST EM IS A COMBINATION OF EQU TECTING PEOPLE
A FIRE PROTE ES SE N TI A L FO R PRO
N D EX TI N G UISH FI RES . THESE SYSTEMS ARE
DETECT, CONTROL, A E DEV A STAT ING EF FE C TS OF FIRE.
AND PROPERTY FROM TH
FIRE ALARM SYSTEMS
Purpose of Fire Alarm Systems
A properly designed, installed, operated, and maintained fire alarm system
can reduce the losses associated with an unwanted fire in any building. These
losses include property and, more importantly, human life. The primary motivation
for fire alarm system requirements in building and fire is to provide early
notification to building occupants so they can exit the building, and to notify the
fire service so it can respond to the fire.
BASIC COMPONENTS OF A FIRE ALARM SYSTEM
FIRE ALARM SYSTEMS GENERALLY HAVE THE FOLLOWING COMPONENTS.

Alarm Initiating Device Circuits

These are the circuits which connect
initiating devices such as smoke
detectors, heat detectors, manual pull
stations, and water flow alarms.
Additionally, many system monitor
devices important to the overall fire
safety of the building also tie in to
initiating circuits.
BASIC COMPONENTS OF A FIRE ALARM SYSTEM
FIRE ALARM SYSTEMS GENERALLY HAVE THE FOLLOWING COMPONENTS.

Alarm Indicating Appliance Circuits

Audible and visible alarm indicating
appliances tie in to these circuits to provide
warning to the building occupants. Devices
which send a signal off premises also can be
connected to these circuits.
BASIC COMPONENTS OF A FIRE ALARM SYSTEM
FIRE ALARM SYSTEMS GENERALLY HAVE THE FOLLOWING COMPONENTS.

Fire Alarm Control Panel

The fire alarm control panel contains
the electronics that supervise and
monitor the fire alarm system. The
initiating and indicating circuits are
connected directly into this panel.
BASIC COMPONENTS OF A FIRE ALARM SYSTEM
FIRE ALARM SYSTEMS GENERALLY HAVE THE FOLLOWING COMPONENTS.

Primary Power Supply

The primary electrical supply powers the
entire fire alarm system. Primary power
for fire alarm systems typically is
provided by connecting into the local
commercial power service.
BASIC COMPONENTS OF A FIRE ALARM SYSTEM
FIRE ALARM SYSTEMS GENERALLY HAVE THE FOLLOWING COMPONENTS.

Secondary Power Supply

A separate power supply that will
operate automatically when the
primary power fails and is capable of
operating the entire system is
considered a secondary power supply.
INITIATING DEVICES
Initiating devices fall into one of two main categories:

• Alarm condition

• Abnormal condition of a monitored device.

HEAT DETECTORS
They are commonly used for detecting fires. Less expensive than smoke
detectors and slower than smoke detectors. Heat detectors have several
different operating mechanisms.

FUSIBLE - ELEMENT TYPE

• Use eutectic alloy that melts rapidly at a fixed temperature.
• Electrical contact triggers an alarm.
• Requires replacement after each operation.
FUSIBLE SPRINKLER HEAD
BIMETALLIC TYPE
• Combine metals with different
thermal expansion coefficients.
• Element shape deflection causes
electrical contact, initiating an alarm.
• Self-resetting as the element cools.
RATE – COMPENSATED
• Respond to the surrounding air temperature regardless of the rate of
temperature rise.
• Compensates for thermal lag, suitable for specific scenarios.

RATE-OF-RISE DETECTORS
Principle:
• Alarm triggered if the detector senses a rapid rise in temperature exceeding a set
amount.
• Utilizes a container with a vent hole to regulate air expansion.
• Contacts close if the rate of temperature rise surpasses the vent hole's compensation
ability.
COMBINATION HEAT DETECTORS

Operating Principles:
• Combine reaching a fixed temperature
and a set rate of rise.
• Provide a comprehensive approach to
fire detection.
• Effective in diverse fire scenarios.
HEAT-SENSITIVE CABLES AND LIQUID EXPANSION DETECTORS
• Heat-sensitive cables: Detect temperature changes along the length of the cable.
• Liquid expansion detectors: Use liquid-filled chambers to detect temperature
variations.

SMOKE DETECTORS
• Smoke detectors are crucial for early fire detection by sensing the presence of
smoke particles.
• Effective in various scenarios.
• Vital for alerting occupants during the early stages of a fire.
IONIZATION SMOKE DETECTORS

• Radioactive material ionizes air

particles in the detection chamber.
• Smoke reduces the ionized air's
conductivity, triggering an alarm.
• Effective for fast-flowing, flaming
fires.
PHOTOELECTRIC SMOKE DETECTORS
• Utilizes light-emitting sources and
receivers.
• Light obscuration: Smoke particles
partially block emitted light.
• Light scattering: Scattered light on
smoke particles triggers an alarm.
• Suitable for slow-growing,
smoldering fires.
PROJECTED-BEAM DETECTORS
• Light-obscuration principle across
large areas.
• Effective in detecting smoke at any
location between the emitter and
receiver.

CLOUD CHAMBER SMOKE DETECTORS

• Uses a pump to sample air; detects condensation on smoke particles.
• Utilizes the photoelectric principle for smoke detection.
UNWANTED ALARMS AND CHALLENGES

Challenge:
• High incidence of unwanted alarms, averaging about 15 for every real alarm in
certain environments (e.g., healthcare facilities).
Consequences:
• Risk of people ignoring fire alarms during drills or emergencies due to frequent
false alarms.
• Potential for tragic outcomes.
CAUSES OF UNWANTED ALARMS SOLUTIONS AND MODIFICATIONS
Field Problems: Alarm Verification:
• Allows the fire alarm panel to wait and
• Insects in detectors.
verify the signal for a specified time.
• Maintenance deficiencies. • Helps differentiate between brief smoke
Environmental Factors: exposure and actual fire conditions.
• High humidity. Detector Design:
• Ongoing modifications by
• Electrical "noise."
manufacturers to reduce false alarm
• Brief exposure to smoke. rates.
• Compliance with U/L standards.
SYSTEM MAINTENANCE AND DESIGN
Proactive Measures:
• System maintenance plays a crucial role in reducing false alarms.
• Proper system design and installation.
• Acceptance test procedures to verify detector sensitivity.

FLAME DETECTORS
Flame detectors are sensitive to light waves emitted by fires.
ULTRAVIOLET (UV) FLAME DETECTORS:

Detection Mechanism:
• Operates by detecting ultraviolet energy emitted by flames.
Applications:
• Used in high-hazard areas such as industrial process facilities and
fuel-loading areas.
Challenges:
• May respond to sunlight, causing unwanted alarms.
INFRARED (IR) FLAME DETECTORS
Detection Mechanism:
• Detects infrared energy emitted by flames.
Applications:
• Common in areas where explosions may
occur.
Considerations:
• Must be pointed towards likely fire-origin
locations.
CHALLENGES AND CONSIDERATIONS
Sunlight Interference:
• IR detectors may respond to natural sunlight, requiring careful placement.
High Hazard Areas:
• Effective in areas with potential explosion risks.
Precise Alignment:
• Detectors must "see" the flame, necessitating accurate positioning.

GAS SENSING AND OTHER PHENOMENA DETECTORS

Detection methods extend to specific gases and other phenomena related to
fires.
CARBON DIOXIDE DETECTORS

Detection Method:
• Senses the presence of carbon dioxide gas.
Applications:
• Widely used for warning against gases produced by malfunctioning heating
equipment.
Popularity:
• Increasing use in homes and industrial settings.
CARBON MONOXIDE DETECTORS
Function:
• Warns residents of gases produced by malfunctioning heating equipment.
Home Safety:
• Gaining popularity for residential safety.
OTHER PHENOMENA DETECTORS
Pressure-Based Systems:
• Detection of excessive pressures in sealed rooms.
• Utilized in environments where rapid pressure changes indicate fire presence.

DIVERSE FIRE DETECTION TECHNIQUES

Adaptability:
• Gas sensing detectors cater to specific gases.
• "Other phenomena" detectors cover a range of unconventional detection
methods.
MANUAL FIRE ALARM BOXES (PULL STATIONS)
Manual fire alarm boxes, commonly known as pull stations, offer a hands-on
approach to fire alarm activation.

KEY CHARACTERISTICS
Manual Activation:
• Operated manually by individuals.
• Requires a person to physically engage the mechanism.
Common Locations:
• Found throughout building hallways.
• Near exits for quick access.
• Strategic locations like nurse's stations or security centers.
 USES IN DIFFERENT ENVIRONMENTS
Main Exits:
• Generally located near main exits in buildings.
Specialized Work Areas:
• Deployed in areas with unusual fire hazards, valuable equipment, or records prone to
fire damage.
• Examples include paint shops, aircraft repair areas, computer rooms, and telephone
equipment rooms.

INTEGRATION WITH AUTOMATIC INITIATING DEVICES

Versatility:
• Can be the sole initiating device or used in conjunction with automatic devices (e.g.,
heat or smoke detectors).
AUTOMATIC SUPPRESSION SYSTEMS
Automatic suppression systems can connect into a fire alarm panel so that activation
of the system causes the panel to signal an alarm.

Many other indicating devices can connect into the fire alarm panel for
supervision. The following is a partial list.

• water level and temperature in a gravity tank;

• water level and air pressure in storage tank;
• status of fire pump;
• air pressure on dry pipe system; and
• temperature in the sprinkler control valve room.
INDICATING APPLIANCES
Signal Circuit Appliances
This latter function is the most important
when considering an occupied building.

Activation of the fire alarm panel may

cause other events to happen.
AUDIBLE AND VISUAL ALARM APPLIANCES ON
INDICATING CIRCUITS
SECONDARY POWER SUPPLY

• The secondary, or backup, power supply is required so that fire alarm

operations can continue if failure of the main power supply occurs.

• The time period requirements for secondary power operation capabilities

vary and can be found in NFPA 72, National Fire Alarm Code.
TROUBLE SIGNAL

• THIS IS THE MOST IMPORTANT FEATURE OF ANY FIRE

ALARM SYSTEM.
• An abnormal condition trouble signal for a signal open or ground
fault of the system's initiating, indicating circuits, and loss of
primary and secondary power supply to the system.
TYPES OF FIRE ALARM SYSTEMS
• Local Protective Signaling System
• Auxiliary Protective Signaling System
• Remote Station Protective Signaling System
• Central Station Protective Signaling System
• Proprietary Protective Signaling System
• Voice-Alarm Communication System
• Audible and Visual Alarm Indicators
FIRE SUPPRESSION AGENTS AND SYSTEMS
Basic Fire Suppression
Fire suppression and extinguishment involve two essential variables: the
extinguishing agent and the system or procedure for applying the agent.
The primary methods of achieving fire suppression can be explained through
the use of the fire tetrahedron which evolved from the familiar fire triangle.
 The fire triangle, also known as the
combustion triangle, is a model that
illustrates the three elements necessary
for fire to occur: heat, fuel, and oxygen.
These three elements must be present
and interact in the right way for a fire
to start and continue burning.
BASIC FIRE SUPPRESSION

• WATER
• WATER WITH MODIFIERS
• CARBON DIOXIDE (CO2)
• HALON
• DRY CHEMICAL
• WET CHEMICAL
WATER
Water is the most common fire extinguishing agent used because it has
several features that make it a desirable extinguishing agent. It also
has
some limitations. Water can extinguish fire by cooling the fuel below
the
temperature at which the fuel can produce flammable vapors. Water
also
can extinguish by smothering, dilution, and emulsification.
 WATER WITH MODIFIERS
Occasionally the water used for fire suppression has modifiers added to change
some of its characteristics. Foam is perhaps the most common example. Low- to high-
expansion foam concentrates frequently are added to water to form a foam solution for
fighting certain types of fire, such as flammable liquid spills.
CARBON DIOXIDE (CO2)
CO2 is a substance with many commercial uses. Perhaps the most familiar
is the carbonation in soda pop and other carbonated beverages. CO2 also
has a number of properties which make it a good fire extinguishing agent.
One of the most common uses of CO2 systems is to protect kitchen cooking
equipment. The hood, ducts, and enclosed broilers may be protected with a total
flooding application. Deep fryers require local application protection.
HALON

Halon is a fire extinguishing agent commonly used to protect electronic

and electrical equipment, surface burning solids such as some plastics,
flammable, liquids, and gases. Halon generally is not successful in protecting
reactive metals (e.g., magnesium, sodium, etc.) and in extinguishing many fires
that can become deep seated.
DRY CHEMICAL
Dry chemical extinguishing agents can extinguish extremely fast if introduced
directly into the flaming area. Smothering and cooling result from the application
of dry chemical agents, but the primary extinguishing capabilities result from the
combustion-chain-reaction-breaking abilities of the dry chemical agent. This is the
same principal extinguishing feature of halons.
WET CHEMICAL
Wet chemical suppression agents are a relatively new means of suppressing fires
involving cooking equipment. Leading manufacturers of wet chemical suppression
systems introduced these systems in the early 1980s. Wet chemical suppression
systems currently are accepted only for the protection of restaurant, commercial, and
institutional hoods, plenums, ducts, and associated cooking appliances. Only pre
engineered systems are used.
TYPES OF WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS
PUBLIC WATER SYSTEM -Public water systems usually fall
under a unit of local government or an "authority" with legal
responsibility
PRIVATE WATER SYETEM - Private water systems usually
are owned by land development or manufacturing companies.
WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM COMPONENTS
Water sources -The source of a utility's water varies around the country, and
perhaps even within smaller geographic areas. The two sources for water
supply systems are ground water and surface water

Ground water souorces - Ground-water-source users receive the water from

wells, where the water is pumped up from the ground; ground-level springs; or
subterranean springs from which the water is either drained off or pumped out
of the springs.

Surface water sources - Surface water sources include lakes, rivers, ponds,
coastal waters, and natural or artificial reservoirs.
TWO SYSTEMS
• One system provides potable water and the other system
supplies non-potable water. Potable water is used for human
consumption and for food preparation or processing.

• and The non-potable water generally is used for industrial

processes, irrigation of crops or landscapes, and fire suppression
systems
WATER STORAGE

Storage of water prior to delivery in water systems normally occurs in

elevated tanks; ground-level tanks or underground storage; or a combination
of elevated and ground-level tanks
WATER STORAGE
ELEVATED STORAGE - Elevated storage tanks or reservoirs
are common because they do not require pumping water into the
distribution system; gravity supplies pressure to the distribution
system
GROUND LEVEL AND UNDERGROUND STORAGE -
Ground-level storage tanks, which lack the gravitational pressure
of elevated tanks, usually cannot supply the minimum pressure
demands for normal use.
combination systems - Some systems use a combination of
elevated and ground-level tanks for storage
PUMPS
• The main components of water distribution systems are pumps, pipes
(mains), valves, hydrants, and fire protection connections.

• Pumps provide proper pressure and volume in the water distribution

system. Normal system pressure may have to be increased in the event
an increased demand is placed on the system or part of the system
PIPES ( MAINS)

Water mains form the foundation of a good water supply. Size,

location, tie-ins, and materials, along with proper maintenance, all affect
the quality and quantity of water service delivered.
VALVES
• Valves control the flow of water through the water distribution system. Valves are
broadly divided into two categories: indicating and nonindicating
• indicating valves - isually show the position of the gate or valve seat to indicate
whether it is closed, partially closed, or open.
• nonidicating valves - do not have any visible means to show their position. Except
for a few valves in plants and pumping stations, valves in water supply systems are
of the nonindicating type
HYDRANTS
Early methods of obtaining water for firefighting purposes were crude. Water
systems used hollowed-out logs for water mains. Pits were dug at specified
intervals to expose the mains. A hole was made in the main and a wooden plug
was inserted
These plugs were known as "fire plugs," and this term is still sometimes used to
identify hydrants. When a fire occurred, the wooden plug was removed from the
main, water filled the pit, and fire apparatus drafted from the pit.
DRYBARREL HYDRANTS

Operate with a valve at the bottom of the hydrant that opens at

the water main and, when closed, permits the water remaining
in the barrel to drain out
DRYBARREL HYDRANTS

may have a valve at each outlet or they may have only one valve that
controls the flow to all outlet
In general, hydrant bonnets (tops), barrels, and foot pieces are made of
cast iron. The important working parts usually are made of bronze, but
the valve facings may be made of rubber, leather, or composition
material
AUTOMATIC SPRINKLER FIRE SUPPRESSION
SYSTEMS
Automatic sprinkler systems are the most common automatic fire
suppression systems. They consist of automatic sprinklers that operate at a
predetermined temperature and automatically distribute water upon a fire
in sufficient quantity at least to contain, and possibly to extinguish, the
fire.
 SPRINKLERS HAVE TWO MAIN PURPOSES

1) to extinguish unwanted fires

2) to control the size of a fire until trained fire suppression crews
arrive to extinguish the fire.
MAJOR SPRINKLER SYSTEM COMPONENTS
ALARM CHECK VALVE (SECTION)
CLASSIFICATIONS OF AUTOMATIC SPRINKLER SYSTEMS
NFPA 13, STANDARD FOR THE INSTALLATION OF SPRINKLER SYSTEMS, DEFINES THE
SIX MAJOR AUTOMATIC SPRINKLER SYSTEMS.

• Wet Pipe Systems

• Wet pipe systems use closed automatic sprinklers attached to a piping
system containing water under pressure at all times. The wet pipe
system is the most common type of sprinkler system in use unless there
is danger of the water in the pipes freezing or when other special
conditions require one of the other types of systems.
DRY PIPE SYSTEMS
Dry pipe systems employ closed automatic sprinklers attached to a piping
system which contains air or nitrogen under pressure. When a fire occurs
and an automatic sprinkler activates, the air or nitrogen escapes.
PREACTION SYSTEMS

Preaction systems employ closed automatic sprinklers attached to a piping

system which contains air, which may or may not be under pressure. When a
fire occurs, a fire detecting device, such as a smoke or heat detector, activates
and causes the water control valve to open and water to flow into the pipe
system.
DELUGE SYSTEMS
Deluge sprinkler systems employ automatic
sprinklers which are open at all times. When a
fire occurs, a fire detecting device, usually a
heat detector, activates and causes the deluge
valve to open. Water then will flow into the
piping and discharge through all the open
sprinklers.
COMBINED DRY PIPE AND PREACTION
SYSTEMS
These systems combine the essential features of each system and can
operate as either system. Typically the dry pipe feature serves as a
supplemental operation in case of failure of the preaction system. Such
systems are effective in areas that a re too large for a single dry pipe
system.
ANTIFREEZE SYSTEMS

These types of systems are used to protect small, unheated areas. The
system's piping is filled with a special antifreeze solution to prevent
freezing in the piping that protects the area.
TYPES OF AUTOMATIC SPRINKLERS
• Standard
Automatic sprinklers are heat-sensitive devices designed to react at
predetermined temperatures to release a stream of water automatically and to
distribute it in a specified pattern and quantity over designated areas.
SPRINKLER DEFLECTOR STYLES
- Standard Upright

- Standard Pendent

- Upright Sidewall

- Horizontal Sidewall
SPECIAL HEADS
-Extended Coverage
NFPA 13 defines extended coverage sprinklers as "sprinklers with special extended,
directional discharge patterns." These are specially designed sprinklers and must be
installed according to their listings and the appropriate sections of NFPA 13.
-Fast Response Sprinklers
Fast-response sprinklers, as the name implies, are specially designed to react more quickly
than standard sprinklers when subjected to the effects of fire.
1) quick response sprinklers,
2) residential sprinklers, and
3) early suppression fast response (ESFR) sprinklers. A quick response early suppression
(QRES) is also under development.
-Residential
These are sprinklers intended for
use in residential applications only and
which have been listed according to
U/L Standard 1626 and installed in
accordance with the requirements of
NFPA 13, NFPA 13D, and NFPA 13R.
-Quick Response

Recent technology has introduced "quick-response sprinklers." The sole criterion for
this special designation is performance on the Underwriters Laboratories' (U/L) plunge test,
presently a 14-second maximum operating time. The faster operating time holds promise of
improved life safety and property protection. The quicker response time results from an
actuation element that has a higher ratio of surface-area-to-mass than normal sprinklers.
The higher surface area allows for quicker transfer of heat into the element and the lower
mass requires less heating.
-Early Suppression Fast Response (ESFR)

These sprinklers, intended for special fire-threat applications, were developed as a result of
the quick-response residential sprinkler research coupled with the high pressures and water
flows associated with existing large drop sprinklers.

-Dry

In some instances it is desirable to use dry sprinklers attached to wet pipe sprinkler systems.
One common example is the protection of a freezer in an otherwise heated area. Dry
sprinklers have mechanisms that keep a tight seal in place, which prevents water from the wet
pipe system flowing into the dry sprinklers.
ORNAMENTAL, FLUSH, RECESSED, AND CONCEALED
In some cases it is desirable to change the appearance from that
normally associated with standard sprinkler installations. Aesthetics is one
reason people do not use sprinklers. Standard sprinkler heads are considered
unsightly. Manufacturers have responded by painting or finishing sprinklers
heads or by giving them a low profile so they do not project from the ceiling
as much (flush, recessed, and concealed).
-Large Drop
These sprinklers are designed to provide a water spray of large drops (as
compared to other sprinklers). These larger drops have an increased ability
to travel through high-heat and high-velocity fire plumes, thereby reaching
the seat of the fire.
-Open
These sprinklers do not employ an actuating element. Therefore, when water
flows into the piping all sprinklers will flow immediately.
-Nozzles
Nozzles are sprinklers used in
applications which require special
discharge patterns and spray
characteristics.

-Automatic On-Off
On-off sprinklers refers to any sprinkler
head that has an integral water-flow
control mechanism which can allow or
prevent the flow of water through the
sprinkler.
-Intermittent Level
These sprinklers include a shield located directly above the sprinkler
which is designed to prevent water from other sprinklers located at higher levels
from cooling the sprinkler's operating elements.
-Corrosion Resistant
Sprinklers used in environments that are hostile to unprotected sprinklers may
include corrosion protection. This generally is some form of protective coating
applied to the special sprinkler.
SYSTEM READINESS
Sprinklers are one part of the fire suppression system the inspector can
more easily examine and inspect. It is not realistic to expect the beginning
inspector to be able to determine the status of the jurisdiction's water system.
But if a structure is sprinklered, the inspector can at least check this part.
Without getting into design and testing issues, the inspector needs to make
sure at a minimum that none of the sprinkler heads is blocked, painted over,
missing, or damaged. If one suspects there are problems with the system, it
would be wise to report this to one's superiors.
STANDPIPE AND HOSE SYSTEMS
-Purpose
Standpipe and hose systems in buildings allow the
occupants or fire
service personnel to suppress a fire without further help.
Standpipe
systems are an arrangement of piping, valves, hose
connections, and
related equipment installed in a building in a fixed manner.
-Classes of Standpipe and Hose Systems
NFPA 14, Standard for the Installation of Standpipe and Hose Systems,
defines three classes of standpipe systems.

Class I systems have 2-1/2-inch hose connections on the system piping.

This size hose produces a heavy fire stream primarily for the fire service which
supplies its own hoses for fighting the fire.

Class II systems have 1-1/2-inch hose connections. This hose is primarily

for occupant control of a fire until the fire department arrives. A hose and nozzle
connect to the system piping.
Class III systems provide both 2-1/2-inch and 1-1/2-inch hose connections
for use by either the fire service or the building occupants. Typically, the two
sizes of hose tie in by a 2-1/2-inch connection to the system piping and a 1-
1/2-inch reducer connection on the 2-1/2-inch connection. The fire service
can easily remove the reducer. This gives the fire service the 2-1/2-inch
connection it requires for manual suppression. A small hose (1-1/2 inch) and
nozzle must be provided for occupant use.
TYPES OF STANDPIPE AND HOSE SYSTEMS
• Dry systems with a supply valve that automatically opens when a hose valve is
opened.
• Dry systems with a supply valve that is opened by a remote control
device located at each hose station.
• Dry systems with no permanent water supply connection. This type requires that
a system be connected to a pressurized water supply, such as a fire department
pumper. Such systems may be filled with water for supervision purposes.
STANDPIPE AND HOSE SYSTEM STANDARDS
Where required, standpipe systems typically comply with the requirements of
NFPA 14. If the system is a combined sprinkler-standpipe system, the
requirements of NFPA 13 also play a role.
As with sprinkler systems, the Uniform Building Code has its own
standpipe standard, Uniform Building Code Standard No. 38-2. This
standard is very similar to NFPA 14.
PORTABLE FIRE EXTINGUISHERS
Purpose of Fire Extinguishers - A portable fire extinguisher enables an
individual with minimal training and orientation to extinguish an incipient fire
without risk after calling the fire department. There have been many disastrous
fires resulting from a delayed notification of the fire department while someone
attempted extinguishment with portable fire extinguishers. One was the Beverly
Hills Supper Club fire which claimed over 160 lives.
EXTINGUISHERS USE BASED OF FIRE
CLASSIFICATION
TYPES OF PORTABLE FIRE EXTINGUISHERS
AGENTS
WATER BASED CARBON DIOXIDE (CO2) DRY CHEMICAL
HALON DRY POWER QUEOUS FILM FORMING FOAM
(AFFF)
DISTRIBUTION OF PORTABLE FIRE EXTINGUISHERS

• LIGHT (LOW) HAZARDS

• ORDINARY (MODERATE) HAZARDS
• EXTRA (HIGH) HAZARDS