DC to AC Converters (Inverters)

Dr. K. C. Jana, Associate Professor, EE

Department, IIT (ISM) Dhanbad

Monsoon, 2023, Power Electronics, 5th B. Tech, EE (EEC310) 1

Content
• What is an inverter?
• Application of inverters.
• Classification of inverters.
• Single-phase Half-bridge & full-Bridge inverters.
• Its operation under square wave mode for different load
• Its operation under Pulse Width Modulation mode
• Three-phase voltage source Inverter
• Its operation under square wave (120 degrees & 180 degrees) mode
• Its operation under Pulse Width Modulation mode
• Current Source Inverter
• Other types of Inverters
Introduction
• A device that converts constant or variable DC power to AC power of desired voltage and
frequency is called an Inverter.
• For low and medium Power, transistorized inverters are used, and for high power outputs,
SCRs are used. For very low power and high-frequency, MOSFETs can be used.
• Low-power inverters are usually single-phase, and high-power inverters are of three-phase
or higher phases.
• AC output voltage waveforms from the Inverter should be sinusoidal, but practically, the
waveforms are non-sinusoidal and contain harmonics.
• The harmonics can be minimized by using high-speed switching methods (high switching
frequencies) for the semiconductor devices used.
• Latest wide band gap semiconductor devices such as gallium nitride (GaN) and silicon
carbide (SiC) are the ideal choice for next-generation high-power inverters.
• For low and medium power applications, square wave or quasi square wave voltages are
obtained as inverter output, and for high power applications, low distorted sinusoidal
3
waveforms can be obtained.
Fixed DC to AC Power:

INPUT DC
OUTPUT
AC

PWM output waveform

4
Applications of Inverters
• Variable speed AC motor drives (IM Drives, Synchronous Motor Drives,
BLDC, PMAC, etc.) used for domestic, industrial Drives, Transportation
• Trains & locomotives
• Subways, Trolleybuses
• Magnetic levitation
• Electric vehicles
• Automotive electronics
• Ship power systems
• Aircraft power systems

• UPS(Uninterrupted Power Supplies)

• Induction heating, Standby Power supplies

• HVDC transmission lines (at the receiving end)

• Aircraft power supplies

• Energy conversion for Renewable Energy Sources like PV, Wind Energy,
Fuel Cells, etc., for grid integration or forming AC Microgrid.
5
Input DC Sources (DC Link Voltage):
DC power input to the inverter can be obtained from renewable/conventional
sources such as:

• Photovoltaic array with DC-DC converter or DC capacitors/ultracapacitors, etc.

• Wind generator with controlled converter

• Fuel cells with DC-DC converter

• DC Power source like battery/battery bank

• Rotating Alternator through Rectifiers

• Magneto Hydro Dynamic generator(MHD) 6

Types of inverters
• Based on Commutation
• (a) Line commutated inverter, (b) Load commutated inverter,
• (c) Self-commutated inverter, (d) Forced commutated inverter

• Based on the method of connections

• (a) Series Inverter and (b) Parallel Inverter
• (c) Bridge Inverter
• Single-Phase
• Half-bridge & Full-bridge
• Three-Phase

• Based on Number of Phases of load

• Single-phase, Three-phase, or multiphase (more than 3 phases)

• Broad classification
• Voltage Source Inverter (VSI) or Voltage Fed inverter (VFI) & Current Source Inverter (CSI) or Current Fed inverter
(VFI)
7
Inverters operation:
• Under Square wave mode

• Under Sinusoidal Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) mode

• Under Hysterisis current controlled mode

• Advanced PWM mode( such as SVPWM)

8
Inverters With
Square Wave
Mode
Single-phase half-bridge inverter with R-load: S1 ON
S2 ON

Under square wave mode

10
Single-phase half-bridge inverter for R Load:

• For 0 <t <=T/2 then

• Transistor Q1 conducts , load
voltage =Vs /2 due to upper source
voltage Vs/2.
• At t = T/2, Transistor Q1 is turned
OFF and Transistor Q2 is turned ON
From T/2<t<=T
• Transistor Q2 conducts and
load voltage =-Vs/2 due to
lower voltage Vs/2
• Amplitude of load voltage
=Vs/2

Even components may be absent if the

waveform is balanced
11
Single-phase half-bridge inverter with R-L load:

Under square wave mode

1
2
Single-phase half-bridge inverter with R-L load:

The instantaneous load current IL for the pure inductive load can be calculated by
dividing the output voltage with the impedance of the load (Z = R + jnωL)

For RL (Inductive) load, the load current becomes

13
Performance related parameters:
Harmonic Factor of nth harmonic (HF): The harmonic factor (of the nth harmonic),
which is a measured of individual harmonic contribution, is
Von
HFn =
Vo1
Total Harmonic Distortion (THD): It is a measure of closeness in shape between a waveform
and its fundamental component, as shown in figure can be:


Vo2 −Vo21  Vo 
2 
n=2,3,4,..
Von2
THD = 2
=   −1 = 2
Vo1  Vo1  V o1

Where, Vo = RMS value of output supply voltage.

Vo1 = RMS value of fundamental component of the o/p supply.
n=order of unwanted frequency components (harmonics) Harmonic components
Performance related parameters (cont…
Distortion Factor (DF): THD gives the total harmonic content, but it does not indicate the level of
each harmonic component. If a filter is used at the output, it filters higher-order harmonics more
effectively. Therefore, a knowledge of the frequency (or order) and the magnitude of each harmonic is
important.
Thus, the DF indicates the amount of harmonic distortion that remains in a particular waveform after
the harmonics of that waveform have been subjected to a second-order attenuation (i.e., divided by n2).
Thus, DF is a measure of effectiveness in reducing unwanted harmonics without having to specify the
values of a second-order load filter, as defined by:  2
1 1 
DF =
Vo1

n=2,3,..  n

 2 on 
V

DFn: Distortion factor (DF) of an individual (or nth) harmonic component is defined as
V
DFn = 2on
n Vo1
Lowest order harmonic (LOH): LOH is that harmonic component whose frequency is closest
to the fundamental one, and its amplitude is ≥3% of the fundamental component.
 f (−t ) = − f (t )
Harmonic analysis of output voltage using FFT: -t
f(t) an = 0
Using FFT analysis of output Voltage (an=0, bn=2Vs/nπ), as it is an odd function f(-t)
t
bn  0
 2
vo = (
a0
) +  (an ) cos nt + (bn ) sin nt  2
T
2 2 ODD Function

2 n=1,3,5,... an =  f (t ) cos n t  dt =  f (t ) cos nt  d (t )

f (−t ) = f (t )
Where, 
T 0 T T 0
f(-t) f(t) bn = 0
vo =0 for n=even harmonics 2
b = 2 f (t ) sin n 2 t  dt = 2 f (t ) sin nt  d (t )
T
an  0
 n T T 0
-t t

 0
T EVEN Function

As the o/p voltage waveform is an odd function, so an = 0

2 
f (t ) sin nt  d (t ) =   s  sin nt  d (t )
2 2 V
and bn =
2 
0
 0 2 

 − cos nt 0 = s cos 0 − cos   = s =  s 

Vs  V 2V 4 V
=
n n n n  2 

  п 2п
2Vs
vo (t ) =  (bn ) sin nt =  sin nt
n=1,3,5,... n=1,3,5,... n

2Vs
Fundamental RMS voltage Vo1 = = 0.45Vs
 2
 1 T /2  Vs 2 
 T / 2 0  2   s
RMS O/P voltage Vo =  dt =V / 2
  16
Output Voltage expression:
From the FFT analysis of output Voltage (an=0, bn=2Vs/nπ) of the half-bridge inverter we obtained

2Vs 2Vs 2Vs 2Vs 2Vs  1 1 
vo (t ) = 
n=1,3,5,... n
sin n t =

sin  t +
3
sin 3 t +
5
sin 5 t + ...... =
 

sin  t +
3
sin 3 t +
5
sin 5 t + .... 

V0n/Vo1
1 100%
2V
RMS value of Fundamental voltage Vo1 = s = 0.45Vs
 2

Magnitude respect to
fundamental
2Vs 1
RMS value of 3rd harmonic voltage Vo 3 = = Vo1
3 2 3 1/3=33.3%

2Vs 1 1/5=20%
RMS value of 5th harmonic voltage Vo 5 = = Vo1 1/7=14.28%
5 2 5 1/9=11.1%

n=1 3 5 7 9 11 n
2Vs 1 Order of harmonics
Thus, RMS value of nth harmonic voltage Von = = Vo1
n 2 n Harmonic spectrum

17
Performance related parameters (Half-bridge inverter)
• The DC voltage is not utilized at the output. The input voltage is Vs, Whereas, the output voltage
peak magnitude is Vs/2.
Limitations
• The RMS value of fundamental output voltage is 0.45Vs with input voltage Vs.
• The half bridge inverter required three wired DC source.
Von 2Vs / n 1
• Harmonic factor, HFn = = =
Vo1 2Vs /  n • IEEE Standard 519
2 2 2 2
maximum permissible THD
1 
 Von  1  Vo 3   Vo 5   Vo 7  0.01712Vs
• Distortion factor, DF =
Vo1
  2 
n=3,5,7..  n 
=  +
  +
 
Vo1  32   52   72 
 + .... =
0.45Vs
= 3.804% for low voltage applications
is 5%
• and the maximum individual
Or
voltage harmonic is 3%.

( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 2
 1 V   1 V   1 V  2 2 2

=
1  3 o1  +  5 o1  +  7 o1  + .... =  1  +  1  +  1  +.... = 1446.12710−6 = 0.03804 = 3.804%
 32   52   72   3  3  3
Vo1 3  5  7 
     

 Von2
V −V 2
 Vo 
2 2
 Vs / 2 
2
• Total harmonic distortion, THD = n=3,5,7..
= = − =
    −1 = 0.4843 = 48.43%
o o1
2 2
1
V o1 Vo1  Vo1   0.45Vs  18
Performance related parameters (Half-bridge inverter)


n=3,5,7..
I02n
Io23 + Io25 + Io27 + Io29 + ......... Io2 − Io21
• THD in output current, THDI = 2
= 2
=
I
o1 Io1 Io21
2 2 2
I 
   Von / Zn    Von / nZ1 
• Weighted THD, WTHD WTHD =   0 n  =    =   
n=3,5,7..  Io1  n=3,5,7..  Vo1 / Z1  n=3,5,7..  Vo1 / Z1 

2 2

 V0 n   Von 

1
WTHD =
1
  
=
Vo1
 
n=3,5,7..  n 

V01 n=3,5,7..  n 
2
 Vo1 
  2
 1
=   2  =   2
n=3,5,7..  n Vo1  n=3,5,7..  n 

2 2 2
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
=  2  +  2  +  2  + .... =  4  +  4  +  4  +  4  ....
3  5  7  3  5  7  9 

= 145.82710−4 =12.0710−2 =12.07% 19

Full Bridge Inverter :
• A full bridge inverter is a topology of an H-bridge inverter used for
converting DC power into AC power. The components required for
conversion are two times more than those used in single-phase half-
bridge inverters.
• The circuit of a full bridge inverter consists of 4 diodes and 4 controlled
switches. These diodes are known as freewheeling diodes or feedback
diodes because these diodes feed the stored energy in the load back into
the DC source.
• The feedback action happens only when a load is other than pure
resistive load.
• The controlled switches for Full-bridge inverters can be BJT, IJBT,
MOSFET or thyristors. Controlled switches considered in this article are
thyristors.
• The general concept of a full bridge inverter is to alternate the polarity
of the voltage across the load by operating two switches at a time.
• Positive input voltage will appear across the load by the operation of
T1 and T2 for a half-time period. The polarity of voltage across load will
be changed for the other half of the period by operating T3 and T4.

20
Full Bridge Inverter with R-load:
Mode 1
Consider all the switches are initially off. By triggering T1 and T2, the
input DC voltage (+Vdc) will appear across the load. The current
flows in a clockwise direction from source to the series connected
load. The output current across the load will be
Io=Vdc/RL

The output voltage across the load will be

Mode 2 Vo= Vdc
Thyristors T3 and T4 are triggered immediately after completely
commutating T1 and T2. The polarity of voltage immediately
reverses after switching complementary switches T1 and T2 with
T3 and T4. The DC input voltage across the load appears with
the negative voltage, which
Vo= -Vdc

While the output appearing current is Io = – Vdc/RL

The current in the anti-clockwise direction flows from source to

load through T3 and T4. 21
21
Operations of the Full Bridge Inverter with R-L load:
Mode 1 (T1 and T2 Conduct): To obtain positive load voltage,(i.e., Vo=Vs),
two switching devices (T1, T2) are to be turned-ON. The current does not rise
to the peak immediately as it rises in pure resistive load because
the inductor resists the change. The inductor will store energy in this mode.

Mode 2 (D3 and D4 Conduct): The mode changes from mode 1 to mode 2
after current through T1 and T2 are zero (commutated). In this mode, feedback
diodes D3 and D4 start conducting. These feedback diodes keep conducting till
thyristors T3 and T4 are triggered. The feedback diodes will conduct to the T/6
of the full time.

Mode 3 (T3 and T4 Conduct): The direction of the flow of current through the
load changes after triggering thyristor T3 and T4. In this mode, both the current
and voltages are negative. Therefore, the load is charged throughout this period.

Mode 4 (D1 and D2 Conduct): The feedback diodes D1 and D2 start conducting
after commutating Thyristors T3 and T4. These feedback diodes will be
conducted if the load is fully discharged in the source.

22
Operation under different modes:

R-L Load

Mode-4 Mode-1 Mode-2 Mode-3 23

Waveforms under different loads:

24
Harmonic Analysis of the Output Voltage:
Using FFT analysis of output Voltage (an=0, bn=4Vs/nπ), as it
is an odd function. Similar to the half-bridge inverter’s
output voltage
 
4Vs
vo (t ) =  bn sin nt =  sin nt
n=1,3,5,... n=1,3,5,... n

vo =0 for n=even harmonics

4Vs
Peak value of fundamental voltage Vo1, peak =
 Vs

4Vs
RMS value of fundamental voltage Vo1 = = 0.9Vs -Vs
 2 ODD Function

 1 T /2 2 
RMS value of output voltage vo =  
 T /2 0
Vs dt  =Vs
 25
Performance related parameters (Full-bridge inverter)
• The DC voltage is fully utilized at the output for an input voltage is Vs, as the output voltage
peak magnitude is Vs.

• The RMS value of fundamental output voltage is 0.9Vs with input voltage Vs.

• The half bridge inverter required three wired DC source.

• Von 2Vs / n 1
Harmonic factor, HFn = = =
Vo1 2Vs /  n
2 2 2 2
1 
 Von  1  Vo 3   Vo 5   Vo 7  0.03424Vs
• Distortion factor, DF =
Vo1
  2  =
n=3,5,7..  n 
 2  +  2  +  2  + .... =
Vo1  3   5   7  0.9Vs
= 3.804%


n=2,3,4,..
Von2
V −V
2
 Vo 
2 2
 Vs 
2

• Total harmonic distortion, THD = 2

= o
2
=  26 −1 = 
o1
 −1
V o1 Vo1  Vo1   0.9Vs 
= 0.4843 = 48.43%
Features of full bridge converter

27
 Full-bridge inverter
Half Bridge Inverter Full Bridge Inverter
It comprises of two thyristors and two free- It consists of four thyristors and four flyback
wheeling diodes. diodes.
The magnitude of load voltage is equal to the
The magnitude of load / output voltage is half of magnitude of DC input source. This means, the
the magnitude of input DC source. magnitude of output voltage is twice the
magnitude of load voltage for half bridge inverter.
This drawback of half bridge inverter is overcome
The main drawback of this inverter is the
by full bridge inverter as it requires two wire DC
requirement of three wire DC input supply.
source.
The output power of full bridge inverter is four
–
times that of for half bridge inverter. 28
Operation Under PWM
1) Single pulse width modulation

2) Multiple pulse width modulation

3) Sinusoidal PWM

Vdc

29
 f (−t ) = − f (t )
1) Operation Under single pulse modulation f(t) an = 0
-t
Using FFT analysis of output Voltage (an=0, bn≠0), t
bn  0
as it is an odd function f(-t) ODD Function

vo =  bn sin nt , vo =0 for n=even b = 2 ( +d )/2 V sin nt  d (t )
n=1,3,5,...
n
 ( −d )/2 s
( +d )/2

 4Vs nd  Vs  connt 
=   sin  sin nt =  − n 
n=1,3,5,...  n 2  n ( −d )/2


 4V  2V  ( − d ) ( + d ) 
If d= , vo =   s  sin nt , = s conn − cos n 
n=1,3,5,...  n  n   2 2
4Vs
=Equivalent to Square wave mode = sin(n / 2) sin( nd / 2)
n  d  d
4V − +
= s sin(nd / 2) 2 2 2 2
RMS value of output voltage, n

 1 ( +d )/2 2  d
vo =   Vs d (t )  =Vs +Vs
  ( −d )/2  
Vr  d
The modulation index of the inverter, M =  d
− + 30
30
Vc -Vs 2 2 2 2
By controlling
2) Operation Under multi-pulse modulation
Using FFT analysis of output Voltage (an=0, bn ≠0),
as it is an odd function

vo = 
n=1,3,5,...
bn sin nt f (−t ) = − f (t )
-t
f(t) an = 0
vo =0 for n=even t
bn  0
f(-t) ODD Function
Vs
The modulation index, Π+αm
αm
Vr
M=
Vc
RMS value of output voltage, Assumptions: Let p is the number of pulses per
 ( / p+d )/2 
half cycle can be found as. fc m f
1 pd p= =
vo =  p ( / p−d )/2   =Vs
2
V d ( t ) 2 fo 2
  
s
 Where, mf=fc/fo
For one positive and negative pulses as given in figure, the
Fourier coefficient, b’n is
2  m +d  +m +d
b 'n =  V sin n t  d ( t ) +  (−Vs ) sin nt  d (t ) 
2  m 
s  +m

V  +d  + +d
= s  − cos nt m + cos nt  +m 
n  m m 
V
= s  − cos n (m + d ) + cos nm + cos n ( +m + d ) − cos n( +m )  Vs
n Π+αm
αm
cos nm − cos n (m + d )−cos n( +m ) − cos n ( +m + d )
Vs
=
n
V 
= s  2sin n m m
( + + d ) sin n (m + d −m ) −sin n ( +m + +m + d ) sin n ( +m + d − −m ) 

n  2 2 2 2 
2Vs d
= sin n sin n (m + d / 2 ) − sin n ( +m + d / 2 ) 
n 2
The coefficient bn can be found by adding the effects of all
pulses (p number of pulses in each half-cycle)
p
2Vs d
bn =  sin n sin n (m + d / 2 ) − sin n ( +m + d / 2 ) 
m=1 n 2 32
3) Operation Under Sinusoidal PWM (SPWM)
Using FFT analysis of output Voltage (an=0, bn ≠0), as it is
an odd function

vo = 
n=1,3,5,...
bn sin nt Vs dm

vo =0 for n=even

RMS value of output voltage having p number

p
dm
of pulses of variable width vo =Vs 
m=1
The coefficient bn can be found by adding the effects of all pulses of variable
width fc m f
p
2Vs dm p= =
bn =  sin n sin n (m + dm / 2 ) − sin n ( +m + dm / 2 )  2 fo 2
m=1 n 2
4) Operation Under Bipolar PWM (or SPWM) Technique: Bipolar PWM Logic:
Criteria: If Vm>Vc , the pulses for S1 and S4
high else S2 and S3 are high

S1 and S4

S2 and S4
S1 and S4

S2 and S4
S1 S3

Vd
S2 S4

Note: VAO=pole voltage of the inverter

34
Different voltages of the inverter Under Bipolar PWM:

S1 S3

Vd
S2 S4

Note: VAN, VBN are the phase voltages of the inverter

& VAN is output voltage (or line-to-line voltage)
35
5) Operation Under Uni-polar PWM
Vm= Reference or modulated signal
Vm Vc= carrier signal
Vc

+Vd

S1 S3
Vm-

Vg1 S4
S2
-Vd
Vg3

Vout +Vd

-Vd
36
Different voltages of inverter Under Unipolar PWM:

S1 S3

Vd
S2 S4

37
Unipolar PWM Logic:

S1

S4

S3

S2
THREE PHASE BRIDGE INVERTER-
Voltage Source Inverter (VSI)

39
THREE PHASE BRIDGE INVERTER-
Voltage Source Inverter (VSI)

Mode of Operation
• Six-stepped Mode
• 120 degree Mode of Conduction
• 180 degree mode of conduction

40
 Sequence of steps

• Step I - 5,6,1
• Step II - 6,1,2
• Step III - 1,2,3
A B C • Step IV - 2,3,4
• Step V - 3,4,5
• Step VI - 5,6,1

41
1) 120 degree mode of Conduction

Sequences

Vao

Vbo

Vco

Vab
O

Vbc

Vca
Vao, Vbo,Vco= Load Phase voltages & 42
V , V ,V = Line voltages V , V ,V = inverter Phase voltages
120 degree mode of Conduction:
Under this mode, each switch is operating for 120o duration. Two switches are conducting at a time.

Actual circuit Equivalent circuit

ON
a b c
ON

Vao=Vs/2
Vbo= - Vs/2 and Vco= 0

43
120 degree mode of Conduction cont…

Actual circuit Equivalent circuit

ON
a b c
ON

Vao=Vs/2
Vco= - Vs/2 and Vbo= 0
120 degree mode of Conduction cont…

Actual circuit Equivalent circuit

ON
a b c
ON

Vbo=Vs/2
Vco= - Vs/2 and Vao= 0
120 degree mode of Conduction

Actual circuit Equivalent circuit

ON

ON

Vbo=Vs/2
Vao= - Vs/2 and Vco= 0
Waveform under 120 degree mode of Conduction cont.

RMS Value of Phase Voltage

= 0.4082Vs
RMS Value of Line Voltage
= 0.7071Vs
RMS Value of fundamental
phase voltage
= 0.3898Vs
RMS value of fundamental
line voltage
Vao=Vs/2 Vao=Vs/2 = 0.6752Vs
Vbo= - Vs/2 Vbo=0 Vao, Vbo,Vco= Load Phase voltages
Vco= 0 Vco= - Vs/2
FFT Analysis of load phase voltage:
Using FFT analysis of output Voltage (an=0, bn≠0), as it is an odd function.
 
2Vs  n   
vao (t ) = 
n=1,5,7...

bn sin nt =
n=1,5,7,.. n
cos n 
 6


sin n 

 t + 
6
 
2Vs  n   
vbo (t ) =  bn sin nt =  cos n   sin n   t − 
n=1,5,7... n=1,5,7,.. n  6   2
 
2Vs  n   5 
vco (t ) =  bn sin nt =  cos n   sin n   t + 
n=1,5,7... n=1,5,7,.. n  6   6 
2V
Peak value of fundamental load phase voltage Vao1, peak = s  3 / 2 = 0.5516Vs

 2V 
RMS value of fundamental load phase voltage Vao1,rms =  s  3 / 2  / 2 = 0.39Vs
  
 1 2 /3 2  1
RMS value of output voltage vo =   Vs / 4 d t  = Vs
 0  6

48
 Line voltages under 120 degree mode of Conduction

Vab, Vbc, Vca= Vab =Vao -Vbo=Vs/2- (-Vs/2)=Vs

Note: 120-degree mode is suitable for delta-connected load, where
inverter Line Vbc =Vbo -Vco= -Vs/2- 0= - Vs/2
phase voltage =line voltage, a staircase-type waveform.
voltages Vca =Vco -Vao=0-Vs/2= -Vs/2
FFT Analysis of Line voltage:
By shifting Vab by 60 degrees and considering the quarter wave
symmetry of Vabs:

n
cos =1/2 for n=1,5,7,11,...
3
 
3Vs
vab (t − ) =  bn sin nt =  sin n (t )
3Vs
bn =
n 3 n=1,5,7... n=1,5,7,.. n

3Vs  
So, vab (t ) = 
n=1,5,7,.. n
sin n 

 t + 
3

3Vs
V01rms =
 2 50
2) 180 degree mode of Conduction:

• Step I - 5,6,1
• Step II - 6,1,2
• Step III - 1,2,3
Sequence of steps
• Step IV - 2,3,4
• Step V - 3,4,5
• Step VI - 5,6,1
51
180 degree mode of Conduction
➢ Switching Sequence: 561 (V1) → 612 (V2) → 123 (V3) → 234 (V4) → 345 (V5) → 456 (V6) → 561 (V1)
where, 561 means that S5, S6 and S1 are switched on

52
Fig. Six inverter voltage vectors for six-step voltage source inverter.
180 degree mode of Conduction

Vao

Vbo

Vco

Vab Vao -Vbo

Vbc Vbo -Vco

Vca Vco -Vao

53
Phase voltage waveforms under 180 degree mode of Conduction

a b c

Vao

Vbo

The above line to neutral voltage may be written as

Vao = Vco= (Vs/3) and Vbo = -(2Vs/3).

Vco
54
Phase voltage waveforms under 180 degree mode of Conduction

Step-II: T1, T2 and T6 conducts.

Mind that T5 is turned off.
a b c

Vao

Vbo

The above line to neutral voltage may be written as Vao = 2Vs/3, and Vco
Vbo= Vco = -(Vs/3). 55
Phase voltage waveforms under 180 degree mode of Conduction

a b c

a b c

56
Phase and Line Voltages for 180 degree mode VSI
Degree/ Phase Phase Phase Line Line Line
Voltage Voltage Voltage Voltage Voltage Voltage Voltage
Vao Vbo Vco Vab Vbc Vca
0-60 Vs/3 -2Vs/3 Vs/3 Vs -Vs 0
60-120 2Vs/3 -Vs/3 -Vs/3 Vs 0 -Vs

120-180 Vs/3 Vs/3 -2Vs/3 0 Vs -Vs

180-240 -Vs/3 2Vs/3 -Vs/3 -Vs Vs 0

240-300 -2vs/3 Vs/3 Vs/3 -Vs 0 Vs
300-360 -Vs/3 -Vs/3 2Vs/3 0 -Vs Vs

57
Phase and Line Voltages for 180 degree mode
VSI:
For step-I
Vab, Vbc, Vca= Vab =Vao -Vbo=Vs/3- (-2Vs/3)= Vs (2/3)Vs
(1/3)Vs
inverter Line Vbc =Vbo -Vco= -2Vs/3- (Vs/3)= -Vs Vao
voltages Vca =Vco -Vao=Vs/3 - Vs/3= 0

For step-2 Vbo

Vab =Vao -Vbo=2Vs/3- (-Vs/3)= Vs
Vbc =Vbo -Vco= -Vs/3- (-Vs/3)= 0 Vco
Vca =Vco -Vao=-Vs/3 - 2Vs/3= -Vs
Vab =Vao -Vbo

Vbc =Vbo -Vco

Vca =Vco -Vao

Vs

-Vs
FFT Analysis of Line voltage:
Using FFT analysis of output Voltage (an=0, bn≠0), as it is an odd function.
 
4Vs  n   
vab (t ) = 
n=1,5,7...

bn sin nt =
n=1,5,7,.. n
cos n 
 6 
 sin n 

 t + 
6
 
4Vs  n   
vbc (t ) =  bn sin nt =  cos n   sin n   t − 
Vs
n=1,5,7... n=1,5,7,.. n  6   2 Vab
 
4Vs  n   5 
vca (t ) =
n=1,5,7...

bn sin nt =
n=1,5,7,.. n
cos n 
 6 
 sin n 

 t +
6 

-Vs
4Vs
Peak value of fundamental load phase voltage Vab1, peak =Vo1, peak =  3 / 2 =1.11Vs

 4V 
RMS value of fundamental load phase voltage Vab1,rms =Vo1rms =  s  3 / 2  / 2 = 0.78Vs
  
1 2 /3  2
RMS value of output voltage vo = 

0
Vs2  d t  = Vs
 3

59
Harmonic spectrum of Line Voltage:
 
4Vs  n   
vab (t ) = 
n=1,5,7...
bn sin nt = 
n=1,5,7,.. n
cos n 
 6 
 sin n 

 t + 
6

4Vs 3    4V 3    4V 3    4V 3    4V 3  
=  sin  t +  + s  sin 5  t +  + s  sin 7  t +  − s  sin11 t +  − s  sin13  t +  +......
 2  6  5 2  6  7 2  6  11 2  6  13 2  6

2 3Vs    1   1   1   1   
= sin   t +  + sin 5   t +  + sin 7   t +  − sin11   t +  − sin13   t +  + ........
   6 5  6 7  6  11  6  13  6 

V0n/Vo1
1 100%
Magnitude respect to
fundamental

1/5=20%
1/7=14.28%
1/11=9.1%

n=1 3 5 7 11 n
Order of harmonics
Comparison of performance in 120 degree and180 degree mode
Vab
120 degree mode 180 degree mode

Shoot through Better protection as the switches of A separate dead-band circuit

protection the same leg have a 60° commutation must be designed as the switches Vab
time (equivalent to dead-band time). of the same leg have no
commutation time gap. Hence
shoot through fault is common.
Number of Only two switches are conducting at Three switches are conducting at Vao
Conducting a time, so there are lesser a time, so there are more
switches conduction losses. conduction losses.
Switch switch utilization factor and rms The switch utilization factor and
utilization output value are less rms output value are more.
Vao

Difficulty in As 2 switches are ON, the potential of No such problems here.

analysis of the third terminal of a particular leg
circuit in which neither SCRs are conducting
is not well defined.
61
Features of three-phase VSI
Three phase inverters are normally used for high power
applications. The advantages of a three phase inverter are:
The frequency of the output voltage waveform depends on the switching
rate of the swtiches and hence can be varied over a wide range.

The direction of rotation of the motor can be reversed by changing the

output phase sequence of the inverter.

The ac output voltage can be controlled by varying the dc link voltage.

62
  2
  2 1
 2
  Vh  2   Ih 
h = 2  h = 2 
THD υ % =  100 THD i % =  100
V1 I1
Under Sinusoidal PWM Technique
v vcr vmA vmB vmC

Vˆcr Vˆm
0 t
P

S1 S3 S5
v AN
Vd
A t
Vd B vBN
C Vd
0 t
S4 S6 S2 v AB1
v AB
Vd
N 0 t
 2

• Line-to-Line Voltage v AB
PWM Control logic: P

S1 S3 S5
S1
Vmsinωt NOT S4
S3 A
Vmsin(ωt-2п/3) NOT S6 Vd B

S5 C
Vmsin(ωt+2п/3) NOT S2
Vc
vref − A vcr vref − B vref −C S4 S6 S2
1.0

0
N
-1.0

v g1

vg 3
vg 5
v AB
Vd
0
65