Photo Electric PPPP

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Photoelectric Transducer
• The photoelectric transducer converts the light energy into
electrical energy, It is made of semiconductor material.
• The photoelectric transducer uses a photosensitive element, which

ejects the electrons when the beam of light absorbs through it.
• The discharges of electrons vary the property of the photosensitive

element. Hence the current induces in the devices. The magnitude
of the current is equal to the total light absorbed by the
photosensitive element.
• The photoelectric transducer absorbs the radiation of light
which falls on their semiconductor material. The absorption of
light energises the electrons of the material, and hence the
electrons start moving.
The mobility of electrons produces one of the three effects:
The resistance of the material changes
The output current of the semiconductor changes
The output voltage of the semiconductor changes

Classification of Photoelectric
Transducers
The photoelectric transducers are classified into following ways:
 Photo emissive Cell
 Photoconductive Cell
 Photo-voltaic cell
 Photodiode
 Phototransistor
Transducers
 Photo emissive Cell:
• The Photo-emissive cell converts the photons into electric
energy. It consists the anode rode and the cathode plate. The
anode and cathode are coated with a Photo-emissive material
called caesium antimony.
• When the radiation of light fall on cathode plates the electrons

starts flowing from anode to cathode. Both the anode and the
cathode are sealed in a closed, opaque evacuated tube.
Transducers
 When the radiation of light fall on the
sealed tube, the electrons starts
emitting from the cathode and moves
towards the anode.
 The anode is kept to the positive
potential. Thus, the photoelectric
current starts flowing through the
anode.
Transducers
 Photoconductive Cell
• The photoconductive cell converts the light energy into an electric current.
It uses the semiconductor material like cadmium selenide, Ge, Se, as a
photo sensing element.
• When the beam of light falls on the semiconductor material, their

conductivity increases and the material works like a closed switch. The
current starts flowing into the material and deflects the pointer of the
meter.
Transducers
• A Photoconductive Cell is a light sensitive
resistor in which resistance decreases
with an increase in light intensity when
illuminated. These devices consist of a
thin single-crystal or polycrystalline film
of compound semiconductor substances.
• The most commercially available are photoconductive cells, which are

manufactured from cadmium sulfide (CdS), which is sensitive to light in the
visible spectrum. Other materials that are less commonly used include lead
sulfide (PbS), lead selenide (PbSe), and lead telluride (PbTe), although they
react to infrared light, not the visible spectrum.
Transducers
 Photo-voltaic cell:
• This transducer type is also known by the name solar cell. This active
transducer generates electricity when it is irradiated by the sunlight. The
photovoltaic cell is formed by an N-type material and P-type silicon that
are diffused together.
• The photovoltaic cell is the type of active transducer the current starts
flowing into the photovoltaic cell when the load is connected to it. The
silicon and selenium are used as a semiconductor material. When the
semiconductor material absorbs heat, the free electrons of the material
starts moving. This phenomenon is known as the photovoltaic effect.
Transducers
• The movements of electrons develop the current in the

cell and the current is known as the photoelectric current.
Transducers
 Photodiode:
• The photodiode is a semiconductor material which converts the light into
the current. The electrons of the semiconductor material start moving
when the photodiode absorbs the light energy. The response time of the
photodiode is very less. It is designed for working in reverse bias.
Transducers
• Photodiodes are among photoelectric transducers that are reverse-biased PN

junction diodes. These transducers convert light into an electrical current
with the absorption of the photons in the photodiode. The surface area of
these transducers may be small or large.
Transducers
 Phototransistor:
• The phototransistor is a device that converts the light energy into electric
energy, It produces both the current and voltage.
• The photovoltaic cell is a bipolar device which is made of semiconductor

material. The semiconductor material is enclosed in an opaque container
in which the light easily reaches to the photosensitive element. The
element absorbs light, and the current starts flowing from base to emitter
of the device. This current is converted into the voltages.
Transducers
• The phototransistor is a device that operates by converting incoming photons
to electrons in the base of a bipolar transistor. As for any such transistor, the
base current causes a larger collector-emitter current to flow, which is
detected by a circuit. The easiest way to detect a current is to use a resistor to
convert it to a voltage.
Work principle photoelectric
transducer
• Photoelectric transducers absorb the beam of light and hence, the
material’s electrons are energized. This process results in the movement of
the electrons. This movement creates different situations depending on the
desired process:
 A change in the output voltage of the semiconductor may be one of the

effects that the mobility of electrons produces.
 A change in the semiconductor’s output current is among the effects

that can be the result of the electron’s movement.
 The final result that can be seen because of the movement of the
electrons is a change in the material’s resistance.
Work principle photoelectric
transducer
• Photo emissive devices work when a beam of light shines on a cathode,
separating the electrons from the surface of the cathode. The
photoconductive systems work when the illumination causes the
resistance of the material to change. And the last principle is for the
photovoltaic cells. They generate an output voltage that is related to the
radiation intensity. This radiation can be visible light, infrared, gamma
rays, ultraviolet, or X-rays.
Application of photo electric
transducer
• Displacement transducers are used to measure the relative movement
between the sensor tip & the rotating shaft.
• It is used in rigid machinery wherever extremely small vibration from the

shaft to the machine casing is transmitted.
• These are used in the industrial sector & even in the public sector like
machine automation, aerospace & aircraft, power turbines, hydraulics, etc.
• LVDTs are used for measuring displacements that range from mm to cms.
• These are used in CNC machines for the measurement of displacement.
• These are used for the thickness & measurement of rolled metal sheets.
• RVDT displacement transducers are used within flight control systems.
• Potentiometer types are used for measuring force, acceleration & pressure
Displacement Transducer Advantages
Are Discussed Below
• Displacement transducers have excellent linearity.
• They have extremely high accuracy.
• They have up to 0.01 µm outstanding resolution.
• These are tolerant to high magnetic fields, radio-active environments & wide
temperature ranges.
• They have a strong design and excellent stability.
• These transducers can be mounted in any direction.
• The power consumption of LVDTs is low.
• These are very sensitive & very easy to align & maintain.
• The measurement range is higher.

Displacement Transducer
Disadvantages Are Discussed Below
• The displacement transducer needs very high displacement to produce
high voltage.
• It needs shielding because it is very responsive to the magnetic field.
• The transducer performance can be affected by vibrations as well as

changes in temperature.
• It needs an external demodulator to get DC output.
• The dynamic response of this transducer is limited.

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• The photoelectric transducer uses a photosensitive element, which

• The discharges of electrons vary the property of the photosensitive

The resistance of the material changes

The output current of the semiconductor changes

The output voltage of the semiconductor changes

 Photo emissive Cell

• When the radiation of light fall on cathode plates the electrons

• When the beam of light falls on the semiconductor material, their

• The most commercially available are photoconductive cells, which are

• The movements of electrons develop the current in the

• Photodiodes are among photoelectric transducers that are reverse-biased PN

• The photovoltaic cell is a bipolar device which is made of semiconductor

 A change in the output voltage of the semiconductor may be one of the

 A change in the semiconductor’s output current is among the effects

• It is used in rigid machinery wherever extremely small vibration from the

• These are used in CNC machines for the measurement of displacement.

• RVDT displacement transducers are used within flight control systems.

• They have extremely high accuracy.

• They have up to 0.01 µm outstanding resolution.

• They have a strong design and excellent stability.

• These transducers can be mounted in any direction.

• The power consumption of LVDTs is low.

• The measurement range is higher.

• It needs shielding because it is very responsive to the magnetic field.

• The transducer performance can be affected by vibrations as well as

• It needs an external demodulator to get DC output.

• The dynamic response of this transducer is limited.

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