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Image File Formats

The document discusses several commonly used image file formats including TIFF, BMP, PNG, and HEIF. It provides details on the structure and specifications of each format such as headers, tags, chunks, compression methods, and advantages and limitations of each format.

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hydrotech429
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32 views

Image File Formats

The document discusses several commonly used image file formats including TIFF, BMP, PNG, and HEIF. It provides details on the structure and specifications of each format such as headers, tags, chunks, compression methods, and advantages and limitations of each format.

Uploaded by

hydrotech429
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Image file formats

Some commonly used file formats


TIFF ( Tagged Image File Format)
• Usually Images are larger in size and of high quality.
• Can have multiple extensions based on applications. But hence not
portable.
• May or maynot be compressed.
• Algorithms that can be used to compress TIFF images :
- Huffman coding
- LZW compression
• Not suitable for web
TIFF continued..
• It is organized in 3 sections :
• Image File Header (IFH)* - first 8 bytes of image file
• Image File Directory (IFD)*
TIFF subfiles
• Bitmap data
• IFD contains multiple 12-byte records called ‘tags’. There are 70 tags
defined in as public tags. User defined tags are called private tags.
• There are three possible ways
to arrange data in TIFF
TIFF continued..
• Header contains information about byte order, version information
and a position at which first IFD starts. ( word, word, double word)
• Each IFD contains information about height and width of an image
depth of each pixel and type of data encoding used. Some file tags are
: Artist, Uncompressed, ImageHeight, Copyright.
• Bitmap data may not be continuous. Hence simple applications may
not be able to read TIFF files.
BMP
• Simple – Highly standardized and widespread.
• Does not offer significant image compression.
• Simple editor can support BMP images due to its simplicity.
• Hence widely used.
• BMP section is broken into 4 main sections –
• File header
• Image header
• Color table
• Pixel data
BMP continued ..
• The file header (14 bytes) contains information about file size and
location at which data is stored.
• The Image header (40 bytes*) tells information about rows and
columns of an image, bits per pixel, type of compression used if any.
• The color table& provides color palette
• Pixel data is written in bottom to top fashion. Row starts with double
word boundaries.
• Each row is written left to right.
PNG (Portable Network Graphics)
• PNG file consists of PNG signature followed by series of chunks.
• Chunk contains –
• Length ( 4byte unsigned integer)
• Chunk type (4byte chunk type code) - Image header, image data etc.
• Chunk data – data type appropriate for chunk type. Field can be of zero
length.
• Cyclic Redundancy Check (CRC) (4 byte)
PNG continued ..
• First 8 bytes identify PNG image :
137 80 78 71 13 10 26 10
• Length : 4 byte unsigned int. does not include itself, type code and
CRC.
• Chunk type : chunk type identifies the type of data in data field.
• Chunk Data : The data appropriate to chunk type. Can be of 0 length.
• CRC : calculated on previous data. Does not include length field.
HEIF (High Efficiency Image Compression)
• Being used by apple to replace JPEG.
• It is a format for image sequences as well as for individual images.
• still images encoded with the HVEC (H.265) video format.
• Works well with live photos
• “MPEG group claims that twice as much information can be stored in
a HEIF style image as a JPEG one of the same size.”
• HEIF supports 16 bit color as oppose to 8-bit color used by JPEG
HEIF continued ..
• Container and codec are separate.
• Every element in HEIF file is called an ‘item’.
• Structures link one item to other.
• Items identify various properties in the file format.
HEIF continued ..
HEIF continued .. (JPEG vs HEIF)
• Block size :
• 8x8 block size for jpeg 8 to 16 for HEIF. It is flexible.
• Can predict all values within a block using data from other blocks.
• CABAC coding is used instead of Huffman coding.
• JPEG uses global quantization matrix. HEVC uses separate
quantization parameters. This gives flexibility of local quantization.
• Deblocking filter to smoothen the transition. SAO follows.
References
• What is TIFF file format. https://kb.iu.edu/d/afjn
• Bitmap image file format
http://www.dragonwins.com/domains/getteched/bmp/bmpfileformat.htm
• Gif image file format https://www.fileformat.info/format/gif/egff.htm
• File format info https://www.fileformat.info
• Simplified windows file format
http://www.dragonwins.com/domains/getteched/bmp/bmpfileformat.htm
• PNG specification version1.2
http://www.libpng.org/pub/png/spec/1.2/PNG-Structure.html
• Apple wwdc talk
https://developer.apple.com/videos/play/wwdc2017/513/

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