College Of Natural and Social Science

Department of Software Engineering

Display types
Section C

Computer Graphics

Name ID

1. Mohammed Shemim 0912/13

Submitted To:

Mr. Fasil

Submitted on:

OCT. 17th, 2023

Contents
INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................................................................ 3
Cathode Ray Tube (CRT) Display: ................................................................................................................................................... 4
Introduction and Early Development (Late 19th Century to Mid-20th Century): ........................................................................ 4
Dominance and Peak Usage (Mid-20th Century to Late 20th Century):...................................................................................... 4
Advantages and Disadvantages:................................................................................................................................................... 4
Decline and Replacement (Late 20th Century to Early 21st Century): ........................................................................................ 4
Legacy and Current Status (Early 21st Century Onwards): ......................................................................................................... 5
Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) .......................................................................................................................................................... 5
Invention and Early Development (1960s to 1970s): ................................................................................................................... 5
Commercialization and Adoption (Late 20th Century to Early 21st Century): ............................................................................ 5
 Improvements and Expansion ............................................................................................................................................ 5
Advantages and Disadvantages .................................................................................................................................................... 5
Continued Evolution and Market Dominance (Early 21st Century to Present):........................................................................... 5
Transition to Other Technologies (Present and Future) ............................................................................................................... 5
Light-Emitting Diode (LED) Displays.............................................................................................................................................. 6
Introduction and Development (Late 20th Century to Early 21st Century ................................................................................... 6
Evolution and Types of LED Displays ........................................................................................................................................ 6
 Direct-View LED Screens .................................................................................................................................................. 6
Advantages and Improvements .................................................................................................................................................... 6
Market Penetration and Applications ........................................................................................................................................... 6
Continued Advancements and Adaptation (Present and Future ................................................................................................... 6
Organic Light-Emitting Diode (OLED) Displays ............................................................................................................................. 6
Introduction and Early Development (Late 20th Century to Early 21st Century): ....................................................................... 6
Evolution and Types of OLED Displays...................................................................................................................................... 6
Advantages and Superior Characteristics ..................................................................................................................................... 7
Market Penetration and Adoption ................................................................................................................................................ 7
Challenges and Ongoing Advancements ...................................................................................................................................... 7
Future Prospects and Developments ............................................................................................................................................ 7
MicroLED Displays .......................................................................................................................................................................... 7
Introduction and Early Development (2000s to Presen ................................................................................................................ 7
Characteristics and Advantages ................................................................................................................................................... 7
Potential Applications and Market Implications .......................................................................................................................... 7
Challenges and Ongoing Development ........................................................................................................................................ 8
Emerging Trends and Future Outlook.......................................................................................................................................... 8
REFERENCES ............................................................................................................................................................................... 9
INTRODUCTION
From the invention of Cathode Ray Tube (CRT) displays to the most recent developments in MicroLED
and customized panels, the history of display technology has fundamentally changed how we view
images and visual material.

Using phosphorescent screens and electron cannons, the Cathode Ray Tube became a trailblazing display
technology starting in the late 1800s, bringing moving images to television sets for the first time to the
general public. Because of their brilliant colors and fast refresh rates, CRTs dominated the market for TVs
and computer displays in the middle of the 20th century.

But a paradigm shift was brought about with the advent of liquid crystal displays, or LCDs, in the late
20th century. LCDs were smaller and more energy-efficient than CRTs because they used liquid crystal
molecules sandwiched between polarized glass filters. This technology served as a precursor to later
developments.

By utilizing LEDs for backlighting in LCD panels, Light-Emitting Diode (LED) displays transformed
visual display technology by providing increased brightness, color accuracy, and energy economy.
Samsung showcased the capabilities of quantum dots and tiny LEDs with their QLED TVs and Micro
LED displays, such as "The Wall," which offered larger-format customizable displays and improved color
volume.

OLED (Organic Light-Emitting Diode) screens were revolutionary because of their self-emitting pixels,
which provided excellent contrast ratios, vivid colors, and tiny form factors. OLEDs are used in wearable
technology, TVs, and high-end smartphones.

With the promise of pixel-perfect lighting, tremendous brightness, and enhanced energy efficiency,
micro-LED technology emerged as the next big thing. Micro LED displays demonstrated potential uses in
large-scale displays and home entertainment systems, despite manufacturing cost constraints.

Further pushing the envelope were specialized goods such as Sony's Crystal LED, LG's OLED TVs, and
Samsung's QLED TVs. These displays contributed to improved graphics' visual attractiveness by
providing better image quality, a larger color range, and immersive experiences.

All of these developments in display technologies have combined to create visually stunning graphics
with better image quality, a wider color spectrum, more detail, and immersive experiences. From the first
CRTs to the most advanced MicroLEDs and specialized displays, these innovations have completely
changed how we view and value graphics and hold the promise of even more amazing images in the
future.
Now, here is a list of all the technologies to be covered in this paper;

i. Cathode Ray Tube (CRT)

ii. Liquid Crystal Display (LCD)
iii. Light-Emitting Diode (LED) Displays
iv. Samsung QLED TVs (Quantum Dot LED)
v. Samsung “The Wall” MicroLED Displays
vi. AMOLED Displays (Active-Matrix Organic Light-Emitting Diode)
vii. LG OLED TVs
viii. Sony Crystal LED (CLEDIS)
ix. Organic Light-Emitting Diode (OLED) Display
x. Micro LED Displays

Cathode Ray Tube (CRT) Display:

Introduction and Early Development (Late 19th Century to Mid-20th Century):
 Invention Date: 1897 by Ferdinand Braun.
 Functionality: CRTs functioned using electron guns that emitted a stream of electrons towards a
phosphorescent screen, creating images by illuminating pixels on the screen.
 Evolution and Popularity: Developed throughout the early to mid-20th century, CRTs became
the standard display technology for TVs and monitors due to their ability to generate sharp
images and vibrant colors. [1]
Dominance and Peak Usage (Mid-20th Century to Late 20th Century):
 Popularity in TVs: By the mid-20th century, CRTs were extensively used in television sets,
offering viewers the first mass-market experience of moving images at home.
 Computer Monitors: CRTs were also the primary display technology for computers, with bulky
monitors becoming a standard component of desktop computers for many years.
 Technology Refinement: Manufacturers continually refined CRT technology, improving color
accuracy, refresh rates, and screen resolutions.
Advantages and Disadvantages:
 Advantages: Good color accuracy, high refresh rates (important for gaming and video), and
relatively low manufacturing costs compared to newer technologies.
 Disadvantages: Bulky and heavy due to the vacuum tube and glass screen, limited to standard
aspect ratios, and consumes more power compared to modern displays.
Decline and Replacement (Late 20th Century to Early 21st Century):
 Emergence of Flat Panel Displays: As technology progressed, flat-panel displays (LCDs, LEDs,
and later OLEDs) emerged, offering slimmer profiles, lower power consumption, and better
image quality.
 Phasing Out: CRTs gradually phased out of the market due to the superior qualities of flat-panel
displays, leading to a decline in production and availability of CRT-based TVs and monitors.
Legacy and Current Status (Early 21st Century Onwards):
 Niche Applications: While largely obsolete in the consumer market, CRTs continue to find niche
applications in specific industries like aviation, broadcasting, and professional video editing
where their characteristics, such as high refresh rates and color accuracy, are still valued.\

Liquid Crystal Display (LCD):

Invention and Early Development (1960s to 1970s):
 Invention Date: First demonstrated in 1968 by George H. Heilmeier.
 Functionality: LCDs work by manipulating light passing through liquid crystals using electrical
currents. They consist of liquid crystal molecules aligned between two transparent electrodes and
polarizing filters. [2]
Commercialization and Adoption (Late 20th Century to Early 21st Century):
 Introduction in Consumer Electronics: In the late 20th century, LCDs began to gain popularity
in various applications, such as digital watches, calculators, and eventually computer monitors
and TVs.
 Improvements and Expansion: Ongoing technological advancements led to improvements in
color reproduction, resolution, response times, and reduction in power consumption, making
LCDs more appealing for consumer electronics.
Advantages and Disadvantages:
 Advantages: Thin and lightweight, energy-efficient (especially compared to CRTs), capable of
high-resolution displays, and offer better visibility in well-lit environments.
 Disadvantages: Limited viewing angles, potential motion blur in earlier models, and some issues
with color accuracy and contrast compared to newer technologies.
Continued Evolution and Market Dominance (Early 21st Century to Present):
 Market Dominance: LCDs became the dominant display technology across various devices,
including televisions, computer monitors, laptops, smartphones, and tablets.
 Technological Advancements: Ongoing advancements in LCD technology led to the
development of LED-backlit LCDs (LED-LCDs) and higher refresh rates, addressing some of the
limitations of earlier models.
Transition to Other Technologies (Present and Future) :
 Replacement by OLED and Other Technologies: While LCDs still remain popular, newer
technologies like OLEDs and quantum dot displays have gained attention due to their superior
color reproduction, contrast ratios, and flexibility, leading to a gradual shift away from traditional
LCDs in some high-end applications.
 Light-Emitting Diode (LED) Displays:
Introduction and Development (Late 20th Century to Early 21st Century ):
 Introduction Date: LED display technology began to gain prominence in the late 20th and early
21st centuries as a significant advancement in visual display technology.
 Functionality: LED displays utilize light-emitting diodes to emit light when an electric current
passes through them. They were initially used as backlighting for LCD panels. [3]
Evolution and Types of LED Displays:
 LED Backlit LCDs (LED-LCDs): The first iteration of LED displays involved using LEDs as a
more efficient replacement for traditional CCFL (Cold Cathode Fluorescent Lamp) backlighting
in LCD panels.
 Direct-View LED Screens: Later advancements led to the development of direct-view LED
screens where clusters of LEDs act as individual pixels, allowing for better control over
brightness and color.
Advantages and Improvements:
 Advantages over LCDs: LED technology offered several advantages over traditional LCDs,
including better color reproduction, higher contrast ratios, thinner profiles, and increased energy
efficiency.
 Progress in Direct-View LEDs: Direct-view LED screens further improved brightness, viewing
angles, and eliminated the need for backlighting, providing superior image quality.
Market Penetration and Applications:
 Commercial and Outdoor Displays: LED displays became popular for large-format displays in
commercial settings, outdoor advertising, stadiums, and event venues due to their brightness and
durability.
 Home Entertainment: LED-LCD TVs gained traction in the consumer market due to their
improved picture quality and energy efficiency compared to standard LCDs.
Continued Advancements and Adaptation (Present and Future ):
 Technological Innovations: Ongoing advancements focus on enhancing resolution, color
accuracy, and flexibility of LED displays, especially in direct-view LED screens.
 Competition and Evolution: LED technology continues to evolve, facing competition from
OLEDs and emerging display technologies like MicroLEDs.

Organic Light-Emitting Diode (OLED) Displays

Introduction and Early Development (Late 20th Century to Early 21st Century):
 Invention Date: Developed in the 1980s and early 1990s, with the first practical OLED display
demonstrated in the late 1980s. [4]
 Functionality: OLED displays utilize organic compounds that emit light when an electric current
is applied. Each pixel in an OLED screen emits its light, eliminating the need for backlighting.
Evolution and Types of OLED Displays:
 AMOLED and PMOLED: Active Matrix OLED (AMOLED) and Passive Matrix OLED
(PMOLED) are two primary types. AMOLED, more commonly used, allows for faster pixel
response times and better color reproduction.
 Flexible and Curved Displays: OLED's unique property of flexibility allows for the
development of curved and flexible displays, leading to innovations in smartphone screens, TVs,
and wearable devices.
Advantages and Superior Characteristics:
 Superior Image Quality: OLED displays offer superior contrast ratios, true blacks, vibrant
colors, and better viewing angles compared to LED and LCD displays.
 Energy Efficiency: OLEDs are more energy-efficient as they do not require a backlight; only the
illuminated pixels consume power.
Market Penetration and Adoption:
 Smartphones and TVs: OLED displays gained popularity in high-end smartphones due to their
superior image quality and efficiency. They also entered the TV market as premium offerings for
consumers seeking top-notch picture quality.
 Potential for Future Applications: OLED's flexibility and thinness open possibilities for unique
form factors and applications, such as rollable and foldable screens.
Challenges and Ongoing Advancements:
 Cost and Production Challenges: OLED technology initially faced challenges in manufacturing
costs and longevity, leading to higher-priced devices.
 Improvements in Technology: Continuous advancements aim to address issues like longevity
(potential for burn-in) and manufacturing costs, making OLED more accessible for mainstream
applications.
Future Prospects and Developments:
 MicroLED and Further Innovations: While OLED technology continues to evolve, newer
technologies like MicroLEDs are being developed, promising even better performance and
potentially addressing some of OLED's limitations.

MicroLED Displays
Introduction and Early Development (2000s to Present):
 Invention and Development: MicroLED technology originated in the early 2000s and has seen
significant development and refinement over the years.
 Functionality: MicroLED displays use microscopic LEDs that are self-emissive, meaning each
pixel emits its light, resulting in improved brightness, color accuracy, and energy efficiency.
Characteristics and Advantages:
 Pixel-Perfect Lighting: MicroLEDs are smaller in size compared to traditional LEDs, allowing
for higher pixel density, resulting in sharper images and more precise lighting control.
 Improved Performance: MicroLEDs offer better brightness, wider color gamut, higher contrast
ratios, and longer lifespan compared to many other display technologies. [5]
Potential Applications and Market Implications:
 Home Entertainment and Commercial Displays: MicroLED technology holds promise for
home entertainment, providing superior image quality and potentially supplanting OLEDs as a
premium display technology.
 Large-Scale Displays: MicroLEDs have the potential for large-scale displays, such as video
walls and digital signage, due to their scalability and brightness.
Challenges and Ongoing Development:
 Manufacturing Challenges: Achieving high yields in manufacturing and reducing production
costs remain significant challenges for widespread adoption.
 Technical Refinements: Ongoing research aims to address technical issues like improving
efficiency, reducing pixel pitch, and developing reliable mass-production methods.
Emerging Trends and Future Outlook:
 Competition and Evolution: MicroLED faces competition from OLED and quantum dot
displays but has the potential to surpass them in terms of performance, especially as production
techniques improve.
 Integration in Various Devices: There is potential for MicroLED displays to be integrated into
various devices, including smartphones, TVs, wearables, and automotive displays.
REFERENCES

[1] K. F. M. R. Islam, "Cathode ray tube," Encyclopedia of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, pp.
345-350, 2014.

[2] T. S. a. T. U. H. Yoshida, "Liquid crystal display,," IEEE, pp. 1469-1481, 1981.

[3] N. H. Jr, "Semiconductor light emitting diodes," IEEE, vol. 69, pp. 1482-1494, 2002.

[4] T. T. e. al, "Organic light-emitting diode (OLED) display," IEEE, vol. 87, pp. 1497-1506, 2004.

[5] J. Z. et, "MicroLED displays: A review of recent progress and challenges," Journal of Display
Technology, vol. 14.