PROSE

This Paper is Prepared to Fulfill Course Assignments

“INTRODUCTION TO LITERATURE”

Lecturer:
M. Muklas, M.Pd

Created By:
Fina Ulwiyah (2288203001)
Julia Widyani (2288203035)

ENGLISH LANGUAGE EDUCATION STUDY PROGRAM

FACULTY OF SCIENCE EDUCATION
NURUL HUDA UNIVERSITY
ACADEMIC YEAR 2023
 FOREWORD

Praise be to the presence of Allah SWT for all His blessings so that this paper can be
compiled to completion. We do not forget to express our gratitude for the assistance of those
who have contributed by contributing both thoughts and materials.

We hope that this paper can add knowledge and experience to the readers. In fact, we
hope even further that this paper can readers practice in everyday life.

We believe there are still many shortcomings in the preparation of this paper due to
limited knowledge and experience. For this reason, we really hope for constructive criticism
and suggestions from readers for the perfection of this paper.

Tanah Merah, March 2023

Compiler

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS

FOREWORD.......................................................................................................................ii
TABLE OF CONTENTS....................................................................................................iii
CHAPTER I.........................................................................................................................1
PREMILIMINARY.............................................................................................................1
A. Background..............................................................................................................1
B. Form Ulation of the Problem...................................................................................1
C. Purpose....................................................................................................................1
CHAPTER II.......................................................................................................................2
DISCUSSION......................................................................................................................2
1. DEFINITION OF PROSE.......................................................................................2
2. PROSE GENRE......................................................................................................3
3. CHARACTERISTICS OF PROSE.........................................................................4
4. ELEMENTS OF PROSE FICTION........................................................................4
CHAPTER III......................................................................................................................7
CLOSING............................................................................................................................7
A. CONCLUSION........................................................................................................7

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 CHAPTER I

PREMILIMINARY

A. Background

Prose is free composition that is not bound by the number of lines, the number of
syllables, in each line and is not bound by rhythm and rhyme as in poetry. Prose is different
from poetry because it has a greater variety of rhythms (rhythm), and its language is more in
line with its lexical meaning. The word prose comes from the Latin "prosa" which means
"frankly". This type of prose writing is usually used to describe a fact or idea. Because of this,
prose can be used for newspapers, magazines, novels, encyclopedias, letters, and many other
types of media. Prose is sometimes also referred to as "reward".

Prose in literature is often referred to as fiction. The word prose is taken from English,
namely process. Prose or fiction has the meaning of a narrative work that tells something that
is fictitious, imaginary, not based on reality or can also mean a reality that was born based on
fantasy.

B. Form Ulation of the Problem

1. What is the Definition of Prose?

2. What is the Prose Genre?
3. What is the Characteristics of Prose?
4. What is the Elements of Prose

C. Purpose

As for the purpose of writing this paper is to increase our knowledge and
understanding of the meaning, definition and element of prose.

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 CHAPTER II

DISCUSSION

1. DEFINITION OF PROSE
One of interesting literary devices that will be explored here is prose. Prose in the
etymology term is from the Latin prosa, which means "in phrase" derived from prosaoratio,
meaning "straight, direct, unadorned speech,” which itself was derived from prorsus, meaning
“straightforward or direct" and can be further traced to pro versum, meaning "turned
forward."

Prose in the terminology is an inclusive term for all discourse, spoken or writen which
is not pa tterned into the lines and rhymes either of metric verse or free verse. In another
word, prose is the ordinary form of spoken and Written language whose unit is the sentence,
rather than the line as it is in poetry. The term applies to all expression in language that does
not have a regular rhythmic pattern." It is also known that art fully written prose seems to
have developed later than written verse (poetry). A sense of style or speakers and writers
communicate their meanings is inherent in prose. Prose style is specific particular work,
author, or genre.
Prose is considered one of the two major literary structures, with the other being verse.
Prose lacks the more formal metrical strudute of verse that is almost always found in
traditional poetry, Poems often involve a meter and/or rhyme scheme. Prose, instead, can
prises full, grammatical sentences, which then constitute paragraphs and overlook aesthetic
appeal. Some works of prose whit contain traces of metrical structure or versification and a
conscious of the two literature formats is known as prose poetry. Similarly, any work of verse
with fewer rules and restrictions is known as free verse. Verse is considered to be more
systematic or formulaic, whereas prose is the most reflective of ordinary (often
conversational) speech. Prose is more or less the opposite of poetry. Basically, any written
work that is not poetry is, by definition prose. Prose should include, as most writing, complete
sentences, correct punctuation and correct grammar, to name a few. However, for the shake of
artistic values, recreational writing may bend the rulers here and there. A particular author's
style may include sentence fragments, run-on sentences and poor grammar.

Prose is the written equivalent of the spoken language. It is written in words, phrases,
sentences, paragraphs and chapters. It utilizes punctuation, grammar and vocabulary to

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 develop its message Prose is made up of fiction and nonfiction. Prose is the way speak
every

day, if someone followed you around and reported on your actions and conversations,
the result would be prose.
Fiction Include: Novels
 Novel Mystery
 Novel Detective
 Novel Romance
Nonfiction writing includes:
 Essays
 Autobiographies
 Speeches
 Articles

2. PROSE GENRE
There is variety of different genres of prose. These include:

a. Nonfictional Prose: a piece of writing based on fact. For examples, autobiographies,

biographies, works of criticism, and nonfiction essays.
b. Fictional Prose: an imaginative writing; for example, novels, parables, and short
stories.
c. Heroic Prose: writing based on the formulaic expressions found in oral tradition, for
example, legends and fables.
d. Prose Poem: is poetry written in prose instead of using verse but preserving poetic
qualities such as heightened imagery, parataxis and emotional effect
e. Polyphonic Prose: is a feature of narrative, which includes a diversity of points of
view and voices. The concept was intro duced by Mikhail Bakhtin based on the
musical concept of poly phony. Bakhtin claimed that polyphony and heteroglossia are
the defining features of the novel as a literary genre.

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 3. CHARACTERISTICS OF PROSE
Characteristics of prose are divided into four categories:
a. Narrative: writing which tells a story can be fiction or nonfiction, usually told in
chronological order; has characters; fol. lows the basic plot - line - exposition, rising
action, climax, falling action.
b. Expository: giving basic information; used often in speeches and essays; not telling a
story or argue.
c. Descriptive: describing something in detail, again without telling a story or arguing a
point; used most often in combination with another mode of writing, but alone are
often found in scientific or medical reports.
d. Persuasive: arguing a point (or two sides of a question); giving evidence in favor or
against.

4. ELEMENTS OF PROSE FICTION

There are some elements of prose fiction:
a. Theme
Indeed the experience of reading essays academic critics and papers of proffessional
Students mibht lead one to believing that writing a story is simply a way to find a clever
disguise for abstract ideas. Theme hunting is favorite activity is a favorite activity of critics
and teachers of ficticn. And since this is so, it's common for students as well. And why should
a writer tends to disguise his ideas? Apparently in order to give critics and students something
to do.
The theme in fiction is how authör is able to make the total experience rendered. And
although there will be something generalin the theme of a work of fiction, theme is the
ultimate unifying elemen in it. ltresponses to the pressure of theme that the author shapes plot
and brings character into being. It is theme which provides the writer with his most important
principle of selection whether con sciously stated or not. Theme is the main idea that weaves
the story together, the why, the underlying ideas of what happens in the piece of literature,
often a statement about society or human nature. Explicit theme is when the writer states the
theme openly and clearly. Theme tends to be an overused term in English classes. It implies
that each story has a secret message that can be decoded, if only we can read the clues or
possess the secret key. It's a holdover from the expectation that stories must have a moral
lesson to teach.

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 b. Setting
Setting refers to the place and time. Setting is the locale and time of a story. The
setting is often a real place, but may be a fictitious city or country within our own world; a
different planet; or an alternate universe, which may or may not have similarities with our
own universe.

Sometimes setting is referred to as milieu, to include a context (such as society) beyond

the immediate surroundings of the story. In some cases, setting becomes a character itself and
can set the tone of a story. in of the story occurs.
Types of Settings:
 Neutral settings
 The spiritual settings
The Elements of Setting:
a) The actual geographical location, including photography, scenery, even the details of a
rooms interior
b) The occupation and modes of day to day existence of the characters Historical period,
c) The time in which the action takes places e.g. season, season of the year
d) The religious, moral, intellectual, social, emotional environment of the characters
Function of setting. our discussion
e) Setting as metaphor: we have thus far been limiting to the literal presentation of
setting. Even what we have called " spiritual setting " does not essentially involve a
departure from the literal, since it extends only to the observable and intangible, effect
that time and place may have on character and events. Now we shall discuss a use
setting that involves extra literal elements.
f) Atmosphere: a further function of setting, related to but not identical with its
metaphorical function, is the creation of atmo sphere. Atmosphere has been more
talked about than defined; and because it refers to the suggested rather than the stated,
it may be impossible to define satisfactorily.
g) Setting as the dominant element,
h) Time as the dominant element
i) Place as the dominant element.

c. Plot

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 Plot is ticker of the story, the series of events. It is simply what happens and when it
happens. It must be added that plot also establish a causal chain of events. Without motivation
and cause/effect, a series of events is just that a series. It isn't a story. Infusing intentionality,
motivation, actions and reactions suddenly brings your plot to life. Plot forms the core of
narrative art. However, plot doesn't have to be told in chronological order.
Plot makes us aware of events not merely as elements in a temporal series but also as an
intricate pattern of cause and effect. Plot in fiction, we mean not simply the events recounted
in the story but the author's arrangement of those events according to their causal
relationships.
The Structure of Plot:
a) The beginning may be what comes first in time.
b) The middle conflict, complication, climax.
c) Complication and climax as a development to wards conflict is latent in the initial
situation.
d) The end is consist of everything from the climax to the denouemet, or outcome of the
story.
The Laws of Plot:
a) Plausibility is certainly the law of plausibility. To say that story has plausibility is simply
to say that is convincing on its own terms. A story is plausible when it is true to it self.
b) Surprisestory is a story that never surprises us. It is likely to prove rather dull reading.
c) Suspense. By suspense we mean an expectant uncertainly as to the outcome of the story,
true suspense is more than a matter of not knowing how things will turn out.

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 CHAPTER III

CLOSING

A. CONCLUSION
The term prose is a word taken from English, namely process. In a narrow sense the
word refers to writing that is classified as a literary work. However, if examined further, the
word prose is a form of writing that can represent non-fiction works such as essays, articles,
and so on. In the Big Indonesian Dictionary (KBBI), prose is a form of free writing that is not
bound by a rule like poetry. Prose does not have rhymes and the number of stanzas for each
paragraph.
In short, prose is an essay presented with narrative text. Quoting from a book entitled
Prose Fiction and Drama, the difference between poetry and prose lies in the variations in
rhythm they have. In prose, this essay has a much greater rhythm than poetry. Another
opinion states that prose is one of the genres in literary works. In general, prose can be
interpreted as a fictional story in which the story has aspects of character, plot, theme, and
storytelling center, all of which are produced by the author's imagination.