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    Formula and Equations - Notes

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    shrikant19829
    This document discusses key concepts in chemistry including: 1) Compounds are substances with two or more different elements bonded together, represented by chemical formulas showing the number and type of atoms, such as H2O for water. 2) The octet rule states that atoms prefer to have eight electrons in their valence shell and will gain, donate, or share electrons to achieve this configuration. 3) Valency refers to an element's combining capacity and is related to its position in the periodic table and the number of electrons in its outer shell. Transition metals can have multiple valencies. 4) Chemical equations symbolically represent chemical reactions, showing reactants on the left and products on the right, and

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    Formula and Equations - Notes

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    shrikant19829
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    This document discusses key concepts in chemistry including: 1) Compounds are substances with two or more different elements bonded together, represented by chemical formulas showing the number and type of atoms, such as H2O for water. 2) The octet rule states that atoms prefer to have eight electrons in their valence shell and will gain, donate, or share electrons to achieve this configuration. 3) Valency refers to an element's combining capacity and is related to its position in the periodic table and the number of electrons in its outer shell. Transition metals can have multiple valencies. 4) Chemical equations symbolically represent chemical reactions, showing reactants on the left and products on the right, and

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    This document discusses key concepts in chemistry including: 1) Compounds are substances with two or more different elements bonded together, represented by chemical formulas showing the number and type of atoms, such as H2O for water. 2) The octet rule states that atoms prefer to have eight electrons in their valence shell and will gain, donate, or share electrons to achieve this configuration. 3) Valency refers to an element's combining capacity and is related to its position in the periodic table and the number of electrons in its outer shell. Transition metals can have multiple valencies. 4) Chemical equations symbolically represent chemical reactions, showing reactants on the left and products on the right, and

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    12 views5 pages

    Formula and Equations - Notes

    Uploaded by

    shrikant19829
    This document discusses key concepts in chemistry including: 1) Compounds are substances with two or more different elements bonded together, represented by chemical formulas showing the number and type of atoms, such as H2O for water. 2) The octet rule states that atoms prefer to have eight electrons in their valence shell and will gain, donate, or share electrons to achieve this configuration. 3) Valency refers to an element's combining capacity and is related to its position in the periodic table and the number of electrons in its outer shell. Transition metals can have multiple valencies. 4) Chemical equations symbolically represent chemical reactions, showing reactants on the left and products on the right, and

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    GRADE 8- CHEMISTRY

    CHAPTER -2
    FORMULAE AND EQUATIONS

    COMPOUND

    Substances that have two or more atoms of different elements bonded together are called
    compounds.

    Eg; water (H2O), carbon dioxide (CO2), ammonia (NH3), methane (CH4)

    CHEMICAL FORMULA

    A chemical formula is an expression which states the number and type of atoms present in a
    molecule of an element or a compound.

    Eg: H2O, CO2, NH3

    If a substance contains more than one atom of a particular element, this quantity is indicated in
    chemical formula using a subscript number after the chemical symbol.

    Find the name and number of atoms of each element in a compound

    1) H2O :- H-hydrogen=2 O-Oxygen =1


    2) Al2 (SO4)3 :- Al-Aluminium=2 S-Sulfur=1x3=3 O-Oxygen=4x3=12
    3) H2 SO4 :- H-Hydrogen=2 S-Sulfur=1 O-Oxygen =4
    4) Na2CO3 :- Na-sodium=2 C-Carbon=1 O-Oxygen =3

    OCTET RULE

    The octet rule refers to the tendency of atoms to prefer to have eight electrons in the valence
    shell. When atoms have fewer than eight electrons, they tend to gain, donate or share electrons
    to achieve eight electrons in the outer shell.

    VALENCY

    The combining capacity of an atom of an element is called valency. It is the number of electrons
    an atom can donate, gain or share during chemical reaction. Elements in the same group of the
    periodic table have the same valency. The valency of an element is related to how many
    electrons are in the outer shell. The noble gases have the valency 0 as they do not usually
    combine with other elements.

    ● From group 1 to group 4


    Valency = number of electrons in the valence shell
    ● From group 5 to group 8
    Valency = 8-number of electrons in the valence shell
    ● Transition metals have more than one valency

    1
    Eg: Iron (Fe) can have valency of 2 and 3

    Group number 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
    Valency 1 2 3 4 3 2 1 0

    Valency
    1 2 3
    Metals Lithium Magnesium Aluminium
    Sodium Calcium Iron(III)
    Potassium Barium Chromium (lll)
    Silver(l) Copper(II)
    Zinc (ll)
    Iron (II)
    Lead (ll)
    Non metals Fluorine(fluoride) Oxygen(oxide) Nitrogen(nitride)
    Chlorine(chloride) Sulfur(sulfide) Phosphorus(phosphide)
    Bromide(bromide)
    Iodine(iodide)
    hydrogen

    Finding the chemical formula of compound (criss cross method)

    Steps to write the formula


    1. Write the SYMBOLS of each element (if radical is present , write the formula
    of radical)
    2. Write the VALENCY below them.
    3. Check whether the valencies are same or not,
    ● If the valencies are same , no need to show them. Write the
    symbols in order of chemical name.
    ● If the valencies are not same, swap or exchange the valencies and
    write as subscript of the symbols.
    Eg: Aluminium chloride

    Symbols Al Cl

    Valency 3 1

    Formula : Al1Cl3 AlCl3

    2
    RADICALS: Group of atoms with charge is called radical. (Polyatomic ions)

    Eg: CO32- , SO42- , OH-, NO3- , PO43- , NH4+

    RADICALS FORMULA VALENCY


    Carbonate CO3 2
    Sulfate SO4 2

    Hydroxide OH 1
    Nitrate NO3 1

    Phosphate PO4 3
    Ammonium(positive ion) NH4 1

    Some Common acids and their formula

    Phosphoric acid H3PO4

    Nitric Acid HNO3

    Sulfuric acid H2SO4

    Hydrochloric acid HCl

    Carbonic acid H2CO3

    Chemical Equations

    The symbolic representation of a chemical reaction with reactants on the left hand side and
    products on the right hand side.

    Eg: Carbon reacts with oxygen to give carbon dioxide. This reaction can be represented in the
    form of equation in the following way.

    Carbon + oxygen Carbon dioxide

    C + O2 CO2

    Balanced Chemical Equation

    During chemical reaction, atoms are neither created nor destroyed. The atoms in the reactants
    are rearranged to give products.

    3
    Balanced Chemical Equation is the chemical equation in which number of atoms of each
    element in the reactant side should be equal to number of atoms of the element in the product
    side.

    Mg + ….. HCl MgCl2 + H2 (unbalanced)

    Mg + 2HCl MgCl2 + H2 (Balanced equation)

    1) STEP - 1

    2) STEP - 2

    3) STEP - 3

    4) STEP - 4

    4
    5

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