1. What is Safety?

Safety is a concept that includes all measures and practices taken to preserve the life,
health, and bodily integrity of individuals.
In the workplace, safety is measured through a series of metrics that track the rate of
near misses, injuries, illnesses, and fatalities.

2. What is Hazard:
Any Thing that has Potential to cause Harm or Adverse Health Effects on Someone.

Example of Hazard:
Fire, Slipping/tripping hazards, inappropriate machine guarding, equipment
malfunctions or breakdowns.

Example of HazardExample of Harm Caused

Knife Cut
Electricity Shock, Electrocution
Wet Floor Slips, Falls

3. What is Risk:
Possibility of Loss or Injury. Or The Degree of Likelihood that Harm will be caused.

Example of Risk:
Damage by fire, flood or other natural disasters.

4. What Is Risk Assessment?

A Risk Assessment is the Process of Identifying work Hazard Exist, or may appear in the
workplace, how they may cause harm and to take steps to minimize harm.
The purpose of risk assessments is ultimately to improve workplace health and safety.

5 Principles of Risk Assessment:

 Identify hazards.
 Assess the risks. (Who is Harm and How)
 Control the risks. (Corrective Actions)
 Record your findings.
 Review the controls.(Risk Assessment)

4 C’s in Risk Assessment?

Competence, Control, Co-operation and Communication
 5 Types of Risk Assessment?
 Qualitative Risk Assessment. The qualitative risk assessment is the most common form
of risk assessment. ...
 Quantitative Risk Assessment. ...
 Generic Risk Assessment. ...
 Site-Specific Risk Assessment. ...
 Dynamic Risk Assessment.

5. What Is Confined Space:

A confined space is defined as a Area has limited or restricted means for entry or exit
and is not designed for continuous occupancy.
Example:
Confined spaces include, tanks, vessels, silos, storage bins, hoppers, vaults, pits,
manholes, tunnels.
Insufficient oxygen, toxic (poisonous) air, or an explosive atmosphere.
Common Flammable Gases in Confined Spaces
 Hydrogen Sulfide.
 Methane.
 Solvent Vapors.
 Gasoline.
 Paint Vapors.

Types of Gas Detectors?

Fixed Detectors
Personal Monitor
Multi Gas Detectors
Wireless Detectors
Oxygen Level has to be 19.5% if level is below it is Immediately Dangerous to life or
Health.
To reduce the impact of electrical shock to workmen 12Volts to 24Volts Lighting Bulb is
Used.

Requirement for Confined Space Entry:

 Provide ventilation
 PTW
 Provide a safe way for workers to enter and exit
  Provide equipment and gear that meets application ANSI standards

Communication Equipment:

 Microphones
 Speakers
 Headsets

Rescue & Retrieval System:

 Fall arresters
 Full body harnesses
 Hoists, winches, and retractable devices
 Pulleys and rescue systems
 Tripods and steadiers

6. What is Excavation?
Work involving the removal of soil or rock from a site to form an open face, hole or
cavity, using tools, machinery or explosives. Excavation work can occur anywhere,
including: on construction sites.

Hazards:
 Cave-ins or collapses that can trap or crush workers.
 Equipment or excavated soil falling on workers
 Falling into the trench or excavation.

1. Damage to underground facilities.

2. Personal, vehicle, equipment and materials falling inside excavation.
3. Cave-in, Soil collapse due to loose soil and heavy equipment moment.
4. Presence of toxic and flammable gases.
 3 Methods to Support Excavation Trenches.
Sloping & Benching
Timber Shoring
Shielding

7. Hot Work Safety?

Wear fire-retardant clothing and a welding vest and gloves that can protect you from heat
and sparks.
Whenever possible, hot works activities should take place in designated areas designed.
Common Hazard Associated with Hot Work:
Fire & Explosion

8. What is Waste Management?

The processes and actions required to manage waste from its inception to its final
disposal.

Waste management reduces the effect of waste on the environment, health, and so on.

There is various type of waste management that include the disposal of solid, liquid,
gaseous, or hazardous substances.
5 Rules of Waste Management:
Reduce
Reuse
Recycle
Recover
Residual Management
Types of Wastes:
 Municipal Solid Waste (MSW):
 Hazardous Wastes:
 Industrial Wastes:
 Agricultural Wastes:
 Bio-Medical Wastes:

9. What is Civil Defense?

A group of people who are not part of the military but are trained to protect and help
people if an enemy attacks their country or if there is a natural disaster (such as a flood or
earthquake)
(UAE)Protection of lives, properties and sources of national wealth during peace & war
times and at crisis & emergency situations”.
10. What is Fire Evacuation?
Fire Evacuation is the process how to evacuate the building in the event of Fire. In this
Process 1st
Activate the Fire Alarm
Evacuate with everyone quietly
Do not panic
Use stairways do not use lift
Gathered in Assembly Area

If you hear a fire alarm:

 STOP WORK AND EVACUATE THE BUILDING.
 Follow the EXIT Signs. ...
 Use stairs. ...
 Keep fire doors in stairways closed. ...
 Evacuate and proceed until you are outside of the building. 
 Walk at a normal pace. ...
 Wait outside until "All Clear" is announced by Security personnel.
 Exit the building following emergency maps.

11. What is Fire?

Fire is a Triangle of Heat, Fuel & Oxygen.

Different Classes of Fire:

 Class A – fires involving solid materials such as wood, paper or textiles. 
 Class B – fires involving flammable liquids such as petrol, diesel or oils.
 Class C – fires involving Gases. 
 Class D – fires involving Metals. 
 Class E – fires involving Live Electrical Apparatus. 
 Class K Fires: Grease Fire or Cooking Fires.
 Types of Fire Extinguishers:
Water, Foam, Dry Powder(DCP), CO2 and Wet Chemical.

Reachable Distance to Fire Extinguishers:

Class A 30m
Class B 15m
Class C 9m

12. ISO-9001
ISO 9001 is the World most recognized Quality Management System(QMS) Standard. It aims
to help organizations meet the needs of their customers and other stakeholders more
effectively.

13. ISO-14001
ISO 14001 it Sets the Standards of Implementation of an Environmental Management
System (EMS).It Helps Organization to improve its Environmental Performance, The
Aims to reduce an organizations waste, pollution and energy consumption.

14. ISO-45001
ISO 45001 is a Global Standard for Occupational Safety and Health Management Systems.
Introduce in March 2018.
 It Enables Organizations to provide Safe and Healthy Workplaces by Preventing Work-
Related Injury and Ill Health, as Well as by Proactively Improving its OH&S Performance.

15. What is Scaffolding?

Scaffolding (supported or suspended) is a temporary structure made of wooden planks and
metal poles, used by workmen while building, repairing, or cleaning the building.,
It is Used for Maintenance and repair of Buildings, Bridges and all other Man Made
structures.
Components of Scaffolding:
 Standards. ...
 Ledgers. ...
 Scaffold Tubes. ...
 Scaffold Couplers. ...
 Adjustable Base Plates. ...
 Diagonal Braces. ...
 Toe Boards (The Up Stand at the edge of Scaffolding Platform 150mm Height) 
 Wooden/Aluminum Planks (225mm and 37MM Thickness)

Mid Rail (40cm to 45cm in Height)

Top Rail (90cm to 1m in Height)
Mobile scaffold: shall not exceed 12.2 meters (40 feet)
Maximum height of 12 meters indoors and 8 meters outdoors
Scaffold planks and uprights be no more than one inch wide

Types of Scaffolds:
 Suspended Scaffolds.
 Supported Scaffolds.
 Aerial Lifts.

16. What is Work at Height?

“Work at height means work in any place where, if precautions were not taken, a person
could fall a distance liable to cause personal injury."
Fall protection be provided at elevations of four feet in general industry workplaces, five
feet in shipyards, six feet in the construction industry.
If the height is 2 meters or more, then height safety systems are required
17. Ladder Safety?
10 Ladder Safety Rules
 Choose the right ladder. ...
 Check for damages or issues before each use. ...
 Ensure physical capability of using a ladder. ...
 Set up the ladder on a flat and stable surface. ...
 Set up in a safe place. ...
 Never lean or reach away from the ladder. ...

The correct angle for a ladder is 75 degrees

3 Main Types of Ladders:

Single Pole Ladders (maximum length 9 metres) Extension Ladders (maximum length 15
metres) Step Ladders (maximum height 6.1 metres)

18. What is Accident and Incident Investigation?

Accident/Incident investigation and analysis is a means used to prevent future accidents by

determining root cause.
The investigation or analysis must produce information leading to corrective actions to
prevent or reduce the number of accidents in the workplace.

Accident:
An accident is an event that has unintentionally happened, that results in damage, injury
or harm.
Following are eight of the most common causes of accidents in the workplace:
 Lifting. ...
 Fatigue. ...
 Dehydration. ...
 Poor Lighting. ...
 Hazardous Materials. ...
 Acts of Workplace Violence. ...
 Trips and Falls. ...
 Stress...
 Incident:
An incident is an event that has unintentionally happened, but this may not result in
damage, harm or injury.

A good example of an incident is a near-miss report of a person avoiding being struck by

a forklift. The driver backed up, turned around and didn't see the worker walking behind
him.
Every accident can be an incident. However not all incidents can be termed as an
accident.

Near Miss:
A near-miss is a potential hazard or incident in which no property was damaged and no
personal injury was sustained.
Near misses also may be referred to as close calls, near accidents, or injury-free events.
The Five Stages of an Accident Investigation
 Reporting.
 Gathering information.
 Analyzing information.
 Identifying risk control measures.
 Action planning and implementing.

What are the 5 key questions to ask in accident investigations?

 How does the injured employee feel now? ... 
 Who was injured? ...
 What were the causal factors of the accident? ...
 When did the accident occur? ...
 Why was the person injured?

19. Spill Kit?

A spill kit is used when a dangerous chemical spills or leaks in your workplace. The
purpose of a spill kit is to contain, control and clean up.
Step 1: Isolate the Area. Identify spilled liquid and verify compatibility of spill cleanup
material with the liquid to be absorbed. ...
Step 2: Protect Yourself. ...
 Step 3: Immediately Place Socks. ...
Step 4: Cordon Off Spill area. ...
Step 5: Cover The Spill. ...
Step 6: Remove Saturated Sorbent. ...
Step 7: Re-Cover Spill Area.

20. What is Job Safety Analysis (JSA)?

Identify potential hazards and to recommend the safest way to do the job .

Steps for Completing an Effective JSA

 Step 1: Select the Job to Be Analyzed. ...
 Step 2: Break Down the Job Into a Sequence. ...
 Step 3: Identify Prospective Hazards. ...
 Step 4: Determine Preventive Measures. ...
 Step 5: Document and Report Hazards. ...
 Step 6: Receive Assistance When Necessary.
JSA & Risk Assessment Difference
Job safety analysis has a narrower scope, as it involves only job-specific risks.
Risk assessment, on the other hand, gives a big picture view of all operational risks including
environmental hazards, storm water and waste management, equipment maintenance.

21. What is Hierarchy of Control?

The hierarchy of control is a system for controlling risks in the workplace.

5 Steps in Hierarchy of Control.

 Elimination.
 Substitution.
 Engineering controls.
 Administrative controls.
 Personal protective equipment (PPE)
22. What is COSHH? (CONTROL OF SUBSTANCES HAZARD TO HEALTH)
COSHH is the law that requires employers to control substances that are hazardous to
health.
You can prevent or reduce workers exposure to hazardous substances.

COSHH covers substances that are hazardous to health.

 chemicals.
 Fumes.
 dusts.
 vapours.
 mists.
 Gases

23. What is Integrated Management System (IMS) ?

An Integrated Management System (IMS) combines all aspects of an organization’s

systems, processes and Standards into one smart system.

An example of an integrated management system is one that simultaneously handles the

requirements of ISO 9001, the quality management system standard; and ISO 14001, the
environmental management system standard.
The integration consists of three main management systems: ISO 9001, ISO 14001 and
OHSAS 18001 (focuses on controlling hazards.)

24. What is KPI (Key Performance Indicator) ?

Safety KPIs are performance indicators that serve as metrics for specific company efforts in
health and safety.
Tracking health and safety KPIs allows a business to determine how safe the work
environment is for employees and whether the company is within regulatory compliance
from organizations such as OSHA.
 25. Lifeline ?

Fall protection systems can be used to arrest or stop workers in the event of a fall occurring
or prevent workers from reaching a fall hazard.
14mm to 16mm in Thickness
1. Rope and Steel Cable Temporary Horizontal Lifeline
2. Self Retracting Lifeline (That Immediately Stop Fall)

Fall Protection Equipment:

1. Safety Harness
2. Safety Lanyard
3. Anchor Points

2 Types of Lifelines.

1. Horizontal
2. Vertical

Karabiner Wristband with Lanyard Safety Lanyard with Energy Absorber

Full Body Harness

26. What is Jockey pump ?

A jockey pump is a small pump connected to a fire sprinkler system to maintain pressure in
the sprinkler pipes.
This is to ensure that if a fire-sprinkler is activated, there will be a pressure drop, which will
be sensed by the fire pumps automatic controller, which will cause the fire pump to start.

A booster pump raises the pressure that the main pump cannot reach.

The jockey pump pressure should be about 10 psi (0.7 bar) higher than the booster pump
pressure.

Maintenance and Cost Diesel:

1. Diesel fire pumps are more expensive to install

2. Require additional items such as fuel storage tanks and exhaust ventilation
3. In terms of maintenance and lifetime cost
4. Diesel fire pumps require regularly inspecting batteries, oil level, cooling system, hoses, and
engine in addition to a weekly run test.

Maintenance and Cost Electric:

1. Electric fire pumps require dedicated electrical service and have higher electrical costs
than diesel pumps
2. Electric fire pumps require much less maintenance compared to diesel pumps

27. What Difference between Shackle & Bow Shackle?

The difference between the D shackle and the bow shackle is the shape and the use.
It is mainly the shape that dictates at what angle the slings can be used.
They are both designed to assist with lifting.
A D shackle can lift at a flat angle
Bow shackle at increased angles.
 28. What are the elements of transport management Plan?
A Transportation Management Plan ( TMP ) lays out a set of coordinated transportation
management strategies and describes how they will be used to manage the work zone
impacts of a road project.

10 Functional Components of TMS Systems

 Carrier Management.
 Procurement Management.
 Route & Load Optimization.
 Freight Execution Platform.
 Visibility, Reporting & Analytics.
 Supply Chain Communication Control Tower.
 Logistics and Supply Chain Data Repository.
 Freight Settlement for Audit & Pay.

29. What are the elements of Lifting Plan?

Components of a Lifting Plan

 Details of the load;
 Lifting equipment and gears;
 Lifting crew (including their roles and competencies);
 Lifting method;
 Requirements to erect or dismantle lifting equipment (if any);
 Means of communications;
 Physical and environmental conditions;

30. Abbreviations and Accident Frequency Rate Formula?

31. What is risk assessment matrix?

A risk assessment matrix is a tool used during the risk assessment stage of project
planning. It identifies and captures the likelihood of project risks and evaluates the potential
damage or interruption caused by those risks.

Standards:
Risk matrices all follow the same basic structure. They are typically 5x5 grids that show the
likelihood of risks occurring along the Y axis and the severity of their consequences along
the X axis. Each axis follows a scale of very low to very high.

Likelihood x Consequence = Level of Risk

32. What Is Lock Out & Tag Out?

Lock out, tag out is a safety procedure used to ensure that dangerous equipment is
properly shut off and not able to be started up again prior to the completion of maintenance
or repair work.
33. Examples of Workplace Emergencies?

 Fires and Explosions

 Earthquakes
 Confined Space Rescue
 Hazardous Material Incidents
 Cave-in Rescues
 Fall Arrest Rescues
 Worker Injuries

34. Distance Of Safety Guardrail Posts?

Not More Than 8 feet (2.4m) Apart On Centers.

35. Safety Lanyard Length?

For lanyard systems, the lanyard length should be 6 feet plus or minus 2 inches (1.83 m
plus or minus 5 cm)

Example in the figure:

Length of Lanyard = 6′
Lanyard Deceleration Distance = 31/2′
Height of User = 6′
Safety Factor = 3′
TFD = 6 + 3.5 + 6 + 3 = 18.5 ft.