19ME409 - Dynamics of Machines

Unit 4- Forced Vibration

Part A

1. Explain dynamic magnifier.

2. Define resonance.
3. What will be the frequency ratio when the amplitude in forced vibration is maximum?
Determine the peak amplitude.
4. What is vibration isolation? Name some vibration isolation materials.
5. Sketch the graph for ω/ ωnVs transmissibility for different values of damping factors.
6. What is meant by transmissibility?
7. Specify the importance of vibration isolation?
8. What are the methods of isolating the vibration?
9. List out the types of forces causing vibration
10. Specify any two-industrial application where the transmissibility effects of vibration are
important.

Part B & C

1. Derive the equation of motion for the rotating unbalance system.

2. An exhaust fan, rotating at 1000 rpm, is to be supported by four springs, each having a
stiffness of K. If only 10 percent of the unbalanced force of the fan is to be transmitted to
the base, what should be the value of K? Assume the mass of the exhaust fan to be 40 kg
3. A single-cylinder engine of total mass 200 kg is to be mounted on an elastic support
which permits vibratory movement in vertical direction only. The mass of the piston is
3.5 kg and has a vertical reciprocating motion which may be assumed simple harmonic
with a stroke of 150 mm. It is desired that the maximum vibratory force transmitted
through the elastic support to the foundation shall be 600 N when the engine speed is 800
r.p.m. and less than this at all higher speeds. 1. Find the necessary stiffness of the elastic
support, and the amplitude of vibration at 800 r.p.m., and 2. If the engine speed is reduced
below 800 r.p.m. at what speed will the transmitted force again becomes 600 N?
4. A machine part of mass 2 kg vibrates in a viscus medium. Determine the damping
coefficient when a harmonic exciting force of 25 N results in resonant amplitude of 12.5
mm with a period of 0.2 seconds. If the system is excited by a harmonic force of
frequency 4 Hz what will be the percentage increase in the amplitude of vibration when
damper is removed as compared with that damping.
5. An industrial machine weighing 445 kg is supported on a spring with a statical deflection
of 0.5 cm. If the machine has rotating imbalance of 25 kg-cm determine the force
transmitted at 1200 rpm and the dynamic amplitude at that speed.
6. A machine 100 kg has a 20 kg rotor with 0.5 mm eccentricity. The mounting springs have
s = 85 x 103 N/m. The damping ratio is 0.02. The operating speed is 600 rpm and the unit
is constrained to move vertically. Find (i) dynamic amplitude of the machine and (ii) The
force transmitted to the supports.
7. A single cylinder vertical petrol engine of total mass 320kg is mounted upon a steel chassis and
causes a vertical static deflection of 2 mm. The reciprocating parts of the engine have a mass of
24 kg and move through a vertical stroke of 150 mm with simple harmonic motion. A dashpot
attached to the system offers a resistance force of 490 N at a velocity of 0.3 m/s. determine 1. The
speed of the driving shaft at resonance 2.The amplitude of steady state vibration when the driving
shaft of the engine rotates at 480 rpm.
8. A mass of 10 kg is suspended from one end of a helical spring, the other end being fixed.
The stiffness of the spring is 10 N/mm. The viscous damping causes the amplitude to
decrease to one-tenth of the initial value in four complete oscillations. If a periodic force
of 150 cos 50t N is applied at the mass in the vertical direction, find the amplitude of the
forced vibrations. What is its value of resonance?
9. A 3 kg mass is suspended in a box by a spring as shown in figure. The box is put on a platform
having vibration y = 0.8sin 6 t cm. Determine the absolute amplitude of the mass

10. A mass of 50 kg is supported by an elastic structure of total stiffness 20 kN/m. The

damping ratio of the system is 0.2. A simple harmonic disturbing force acts on the mass
and at any time t seconds, the force is 60 cos 10 t newtons. Find the amplitude of the
vibrations and the phase angle caused by the damping.
11. The mass of an electric motor is 120 kg and it runs at 1500 rpm. The armature mass is 35
kg and its center of gravity lies 0.5 mm from axis of rotation. The motor is mounted on
five springs of negligible damping. So that the force transmitted is one-eleventh of the
impressed force. Assume that the mass of the motor is equally distributed among the five
springs. Determine (i) the stiffness of the spring (ii) the dynamic force transmitted to the
base at the operating speed. (iii) Natural frequency of system.
12. A single cylinder vertical petrol engine of total mass of 200 kg is mounted upon a steel
chassis frame and causes a vertical static deflection of 2.4 mm. the reciprocating parts of
the engine has a mass of 9 kg and move through a vertical stroke of 160 mm with SHM.
 A dashpot is provided whose damping resistance is directly proportional to the velocity
and amounts to 1.5 kN/mm/s, calculate at steady state a) The amplitude of forced
vibrations at 500 rpm engine speed, and b) The speed of the driving shaft at which
resonance will occur.
13. A vehicle has a mass of 490 kg and the total spring constant of its suspension system is
58800 Nm. The profile of the road may be approximated to a sin wave of amplitude
40mm and wave length 4 m. Determine (i) Critical speed of the vehicle (ii). The
amplitude of the steady state motion of the mass when the vehicle is driven at Critical
speed and the damping factor is 0.5 and (iii) The amplitude of the steady state motion of
the mass when the vehicle is driven at 57 km/hr and the damping factor is 0.5.
14. A machine of mass 100 kg is supported on openings of total stiffness 800 kN/m and has a
rotating unbalanced element which results in a disturbing force of 400 N at a speed of
3000 r.p.m. Assuming the damping ratio as 0.25, determine : 1. the amplitude of
vibrations due to unbalance ; and 2. the transmitted force.

Unit 5 – Control Mechanism

Part A

1. Differentiate between governor and fly wheel.

2. What is the function of governor?
3. What is the principle of inertia governors?
4. Explain the stability of governors?
5. Explain sensitiveness of governors?
6. Explain gyroscopic couple
7. Give the application of gyroscopic principle
8. Define steering, pitching and rolling.
9. What is the effect of gyroscopic couple on rolling of ship? Why?
10. Explain overturning couple.

Part B & C

1. (a) List out the types of governors.

(b) Explain the working principle of centrifugal governor with neat sketch?

2. All the arms of a Porter governor are 178 mm long and are hinged at a distance of 38 mm
from the axis of rotation. The mass of each ball is 1.15 kg and mass of the sleeve is 20 kg.
The governor sleeve begins to rise at 280 r.p.m. when the links are at an angle of 30° to
the vertical. Assuming the friction force to be constant, determine the minimum and
maximum speed of rotation when the inclination of the arms to the vertical is 45°.
3. loaded Porter governor has four links each 250 mm long, two revolving masses each of 3 kg
and a central dead weight of mass 20 kg. All the links are attached to respective sleeves at
radial distances of 40 mm from the axis of rotation. The masses revolve at a radius of 150 mm
at minimum speed and at a radius of 200 mm at maximum speed. Determine the range of
speed.
4. A Proell governor has equal arms of length 250 mm. The upper and lower ends of the arms are
pivoted on the axis of the governor. The extension arms of the lower links are each 90 mm
long and parallel to the axis when the radii of rotation of the balls are 130 mm and 175 mm.
The mass of each ball is 8.5 kg and the mass of the central load is 85 kg. Determine the range
of speed of the governor.

5. Explain the working principle of governors in detail with neat sketch and explain the
following, 1. Sensitiveness of Governors, 2. Stability of Governors, 3. Isochronous
Governors, 4. Hunting.

6. A four-wheeled trolley car of mass 2500 kg runs on rails, which are 1.5 m apart and travels
around a curve of 30 m radius at 24 km / hr. The rails are at the same level. Each wheel of the
trolley is 0.75 m in diameter and each of the two axles is driven by a motor running in a
direction opposite to that of the wheels at a speed of five times the speed of rotation of the
wheels. The moment of inertia of each axle with gear and wheels is 18 kg-m2. Each
motor with shaft and gear pinion has a moment of inertia of 12 kg-m2. The centre of gravity of
the car is 0.9 m above the rail level. Determine the vertical force exerted by each wheel
on the rails taking into consideration the centrifugal and gyroscopic effects. State the
centrifugal and gyroscopic effects on the trolley.

7. Discuss the effects of the gyroscopic couple on a four wheeled vehicle when taking a turn and
derive the effect of gyroscopic couple acting on a wheels

8. A uniform disc of 150 mm diameter has a mass of 5 kg. It is mounted centrally in bearings
which maintain its axle in a horizontal plane. The disc spins about it axle with a constant
speed of 1000 r.p.m. while the axle precesses uniformly about the vertical at 60 r.p.m. The
directions of rotation are as shown in Figure. If the distance between the bearings is 100 mm,
find the resultant reaction at each bearing due to the mass and gyroscopic effects.

9. I) State the effects of the Gyroscopic Couple on an Aeroplane

II) An aeroplane makes a complete half circle of 50 metres radius, towards left, when flying at
200 km per hr. The rotary engine and the propeller of the plane has a mass of 400 kg and a
radius of gyration of 0.3 m. The engine rotates at 2400 r.p.m. clockwise when viewed from
the rear. Find the gyroscopic couple on the aircraft and state its effect on it.

10. A four wheel trolley car of total mass 2000 kg running on rails of 1 m gauge, rounds a curve
of 25 m radius at 40 km / h. The track is banked at 10°. The wheels have an external diameter
of 0.6 m and each pair of an axle has a mass of 200 kg. The radius of gyration for each pair is
250 mm. The height of C.G. of the car above the wheel base is 0.95 m. Allowing for
centrifugal force and gyroscopic couple action, determine the pressure on each rail

11. A four wheeled motor car of mass 2000 kg has a wheel base 2.5 m, track width 1.5 m and
height of center of gravity 500 mm above the ground level and lies at 1 metre from the front
axle. Each wheel has an effective diameter of 0.8 m and a moment of inertia of 0.8 kg-m2. The
drive shaft, engine flywheel and transmission are rotating at 4 times the speed of road wheel,
in a clockwise direction when viewed from the front, and is equivalent to a mass of 75 kg
having a radius of gyration of 100 mm. If the car is taking a right turn of 60 m radius at 60
km/h, find the load on each wheel.

12. A Hartnell governor having a central sleeve spring and two right-angled bell crank levers
moves between 290 r.p.m. and 310 r.p.m. for a sleeve lift of 15mm. The sleeve arms and the
ball arms are 80 mm and 120 mm respectively. The levers are pivoted at 120 mm from the
governor axis and mass of each ball is 2.5 kg. The ball arms are parallel to the governor axis
at the lowest equilibrium speed. Determine: 1. loads on the spring at the lowest and the
highest equilibrium speeds, and 2. stiffness of the spring.

13. The mass of a turbine rotor of a ship is 8 tones and has a radius of gyration 0.6 m. It rotates at
1800 r.p.m. clockwise when looking from the stern. Determine the gyroscopic effects in the
following cases: 1. If the ship travelling at 100 km / h steers to the left in a curve of 75 m
radius, 2. If the ship is pitching and the bow is descending with maximum velocity. The
pitching is simple harmonic, the periodic time being 20 seconds and the total angular
movement between the extreme positions is 10°, and 3. If the ship is rolling and at a certain
instant has an angular velocity of 0.03 rad/s clockwise when looking from stern. In each case,
explain clearly how you determine the direction in which the ship tends to move as a result of
the gyroscopic action.

14. A ship propelled by a turbine rotor which has a mass of 5 tonnes and a speed
of 2100 r.p.m. The rotor has a radius of gyration of 0.5 m and rotates in a clockwise
direction when viewed from the stern. Find the gyroscopic effects in the following
conditions:
1. The ship sails at a speed of 30 km/h and steers to the left in a curve having 60 m radius.
2. The ship pitches 6 degree above and 6 degree below the horizontal position. The bow is
descending with its maximum velocity. The motion due to pitching is simple harmonic and
the periodic time is 20 seconds.
3. The ship rolls and at a certain instant it has an angular velocity of 0.03 rad/s clockwise
when viewed from stern.
Determine also the maximum angular acceleration during pitching. Explain how the
direction of motion due to gyroscopic effect is determined in each case.