Practical Research 1

The Value of Qualitative Research Its Characteristics, Strengths

Weaknesses and Kinds Quarter 3 Week 2
Name: ____________________________________________ Score: _______
Year & Strand: _____________________________________ Date: _______
LEARNING ACTIVITY SHEET
Background Information
The general purpose of qualitative research is to develop concepts which
help you to understand social phenomena in, wherever possible, natural rather
than experimental settings, to gain an understanding of the experiences,
perceptions and/or behaviors of individuals, and the meanings attached to them.
The effective applications of qualitative methods to other disciplines, including
health and education research have expanded. This module outlines the nature
and potential value of qualitative research features its various parameters.

Learning Competency: The learner describes characteristics, strengths,

weaknesses, and kinds of qualitative research ; illustrates the importance of
qualitative research across fields.

I. Definition of Qualitative Research

Qualitative Research is a scientific method of observation to gather non-numerical

data. It refers to the meanings, concepts, characteristics, metaphors, symbols and
description of phenomena, and not to their counts or measures.

II.Purpose of Qualitative Research

Qualitative Research promotes a deep, holistic understanding of a particular

phenomenon.

III.Characteristics of Qualitative Research

1. Human understanding and interpretation in data analysis

2. Active, powerful and forceful in data gathering and rephrasing interview

questions 3. Multiple research approaches and methods that allows you to plan

your study and being multi-method research

4. Specificity to generalization on specific ideas will lead to generalizations or

conclusions.
5. Contextualization - context or situation of individual’s life
6. Diversified data in real-life situations on collecting data in a natural setting
7. Abounds with words and visuals that presents people’s view in a picture, video,
drawing or graphs.

8. Internal analysis on examining the data yielded by the internal traits of the
subject persons.

IV.Strengths of Qualitative Research

1. It adopts a naturalistic approach to its subject matter.
2. Promotes a full understanding of human behavior/personality traits in their
natural setting.

3. It is instrumental for positive societal changes.

4. It engenders respect for people’s individuality.

5. it’s a way of understanding & interpreting social interactions.
6. Increases researcher’s interests in the study.
7. Offers multiple ways of acquiring and examining knowledge about something.
V.Weaknesses of Qualitative Research
1. It involves a lot of researcher’s subjectivity in data analysis.
2. It is hard to know the validity/reliability of the data.
3. It is open-ended questions yield “data overload” that requires long-time analysis.
4. It is time-consuming.
5. It involves several processes, whose results greatly depend on the researcher’s
views or

interpretations.

VI. Kinds of Qualitative Research2

1. Case Study - Long time study of a person, group, organization or situation
and an empirical inquiry that investigates current phenomenon. Example:
“Teenage Pregnancy in the Public High Schools”

2. Ethnography- a study of a particular cultural group.

Example: “Cultural Awareness and Integration of Peace Education in the
Indigenous Peoples (IP) Communities”
.
3. Phenomenology- “live-experienced” of a phenomenon. Example: “Life
without Gadget”

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4. Content and Discourse Analysis-
• Content Analysis- is a research technique that analyzes the modes
of communication such as letters, e-mails etc.

• Discourse Analysis- is the study of social life, understood through

analysis of language it includes face-to-face talk, non-verbal
interaction, images and symbols.

Materials for Discourse Analysis include books, newspapers,

periodicals, brochures and advertisements.

Example: “A Discourse Analysis on the Impact of Modern Technologies on

Communication”

5. Historical Analysis- is a qualitative method where there is an examining of

past events to draw conclusions and make predictions about the future.
Example: “The Impact of Ferdinand Marcos’ Speech”

6. Grounded Theory- takes place when there is a discovery of new theory

which underlies your study at the time of data collection and analysis.
Example: “The Story Behind the Migration of Christians from Visayas and
Luzon to Mindanao”

7. Narrative Report - designed to present things or events that have happened

in the past through a logical progression of the relevant information. The
main purpose of a narrative report is to present a factual depiction of what
has occurred.
Example: “Vocabulary Building of Students through Proper Solid Waste
Management”
8. Biography- is the study of an individual’s life and struggles and how they
reflect cultural themes of the society. It deals with an interesting story found
in documents and archival materials. It is concerned with the reconstruction
of life histories and the constitution of meaning based on biographical
narratives and documents.

Five common types of biography are

(1) Scholarly Chronicles -focus on the historical portrayal of an individual
life.
e.g. “Biography of Gloria M. Arroyo, the First Woman President of the
Philippines”

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 (2) Intellectual Biography- narrative of a life through the conceptual analysis
of the subject’s motives and beliefs within the world of ideas. e.g. “Life and
Works of Dr. Jose Rizal” (3) Life History Writing- recording of life memories,
experiences, whether one’s or another’s.
e.g. “The Hardships of Overseas Filipino Workers (OFW’s)”.
(4) Memoir Biography- stylistic presentation of the biographer’s reflections
and insights in relation to the factual account of life.
e.g. “The Experiences of Stranded Students in the COVID-19 Pandemic”
(5) Narrative Biography-a nonfiction account of life experiences of a
person.

9. Action Research- is a classroom-based or school-based research seeks

transformative change through the process of taking action and doing
research, which are linked together by critical reflection. This type of
research is commonly conducted by the teachers to give solutions to the
existing problems to improve students’ academic performance and positive
attitudes.
_________________________
2 For more information on these kinds of qualitative research, see Palasan, E.B

(2018). Qualitative
Research: Importance in Daily Life [PowerPoint] available online with
http://www.slideshare.net.ppt

Activity 1: Question and Answer

Directions: Answer the questions briefly. Write your answers on the space
provided.
1. How will you use qualitative research in real life?
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
2. What are the kinds of qualitative research?
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________

On the table below, draft your proposed topics for a research paper. The
first column is for the topic, second for the purpose and third for the type of
qualitative research to be used. Give five topics.

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 Purpose Type of Qualitative
Topic Research
Example: To determine the Phenomenological
Post Traumatic experiences of those
Experiences of the survivors in the COVID-19
COVID-19 Survivors phenomena.

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

II. Name the type of qualitative research best suited for the following topics.
a. Grade 11 Science Textbook_____________________________
b. Filipino COVID-19 Front liners in Europe____________________
c. Travails of SHS Graduates in Public Schools_________________
d. The Ifugao Wedding Practices____________________________
e. Relatives of COVID-19 Victims____________________________

Activity 3. Direction: Encircle the letter of the correct answer.

1. “A student really idolizes his English teacher who is very expert in grammar and
literature. The former wants to write a scholarly chronicle about the latter’s
experiences including his family background, how he achieved his success in
life, his likes and dislikes, his achievements and struggles in life.” What type of
qualitative research should a student employ?
a. Historical Research
b. Discourse Analysis
c. Biography
d. Narrative Report

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2. It is a qualitative research in which data related to the past events are
systematically collected and evaluated to describe potential causes, effects, or
trends related to those events. a. Historical Research
b. Discourse Analysis
c. Biography
d. Narrative Report
3. All of the following are strengths of qualitative research EXCEPT
a. Explores sensitive issues
b. Captures diversity of experiences and perceptions
c. Allows participants to freely exchange ideas
d. Proves a certain theory or principle
4. Which of the following is one of the weaknesses of a qualitative research?
a. Results are limited as they provide less elaboration of human
perceptions.
b. Data created through qualitative research are always accepted.
c. Data analysis involving numerical data is difficult.
d. There is a limited review of related literature or in-depth information about
the topic.
5. Which of the following is EXCLUDED from the importance of qualitative
research in daily life?
a. Qualitative unveils individual’s perception, feelings and attitudes about a
certain phenomenon.
b. Qualitative research allows the researcher to immerse in the community
where the participants live.
c. Qualitative research stimulates people’s interdependence or
interpersonal relationship.
d. Qualitative research lets the researcher to validate the previously
constructed theory or principle.
6. It is the most familiar and applicable type of qualitative research which refers to
the investigation of a culture through an in-depth study of the members of the
cultural society
a. Ethnography
b. Phenomenology
c. Grounded Theory
d. Case Study
7. It is primarily used to generate theory through relevant information taken from
very reliable sources and its focus is theory development.
a. Ethnography

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 b. Phenomenology
c. Grounded Theory
d. Case Study
8. Which of the following types of qualitative research is designed to focus on the
commonality of a “lived experience” with a particular group and its aim is to
determine what an experience means for the persons who have had the
experience of living in a certain community which is the subject of the research?
a. Ethnography
b. Phenomenology
c. Grounded Theory
d. Case Study
9. It is an exploration of a “bounded system” over time through detailed, in-depth
data collection involving multiple sources of information rich in interesting
stories. a. Ethnography
b. Phenomenology
c. Grounded Theory
d. Case Study
10.It is a qualitative research which analyzes the language “beyond the sentence”.
It is the study of the ways in which language is used by the people, both written
and spoken contexts. a. Historical Research
b. Discourse Analysis
c. Biography
d. Narrative Report.

LESSON 2: The Importance of Qualitative Research Across Fields of

Inquiry

Approaches in a Specific Area of Discipline

1. Scientific or Positive Approach eals with empirical data instead of personal

views, feelings or attitudes.

control of variables or factors affecting the study (Laursen 2010).

records findings quantitatively.
resents structured interviews, questionnaires and observational
checklists.

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2. Naturalistic Approach
• A people-oriented approach focusing on discovering the real concept
or meaning behind people’s lifestyles and social relations.
• Present things qualitatively through verbal language. Using words as
unit of analysis.
• Bases determining universal social values to define ethical and
unethical that society ought to know, not only for the benefit of
individual and community but also for the satisfaction of man’s quest
for knowledge.”
(Sarandakos 2013; Ransome 2013)

Example: Talking to ethnic groups or people with other culture in a natural

setting. In this case, the researcher uses unstructured interviews and the
participants’ answer/response is not scripted.

3. Triangulation/ Mixed Method

• Allows a combination or a mixture of research designs, data
collection and data analysis techniques.
• Enhance the validity and reliability of qualitative research design.
• Enhances accuracy of interpretation.
• Has an opportunity to view every angle of the research from different
perspectives.

(3) Main Methods of Data Collection

a. Interactive interviewing- people asked to verbally described their

experiences of phenomenon.

b. Written descriptions by participant- people asked to write descriptions

of their experiences of phenomenon.

c. Observation- descriptive observations of verbal and non-verbal

behavior.

In the field of Humanities, researchers ought to focus not to man’s social

life but instead studies it’s meanings, significance and visualizations of

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 man’s experiences in the field of Fine Arts, Literature, Music, Drama, Dance
and other artistically inclined subjects.

Humanistic Categories
1. Literature and Art Criticism
Focus on language depends on interpretative and reflective thinking.

2. Philosophical Research
The focus of inquiry is on knowledge and principles of being and on the
manner human beings conduct themselves on Earth.

3. Historical Research Investigation centers on events and ideas that took

place in man’s life at a particular period.

HARD SCIENCES VS. SOFT SCIENCES

Quantitative Research Qualitative Research

Hard Sciences Soft Sciences

Studies natural data Studies human behavior in a
driven phenomenon. scientific manner.
Objective Subjective
Tests Theory Develops Theory
Numbers Words
Cause and Effect Relationship Knowing meaning & discovery
Statistical Analysis and Researcher’s interpretation
Generalizations
Examples: Examples:

Biology, Chemistry, Physics, Sociology, Psychology, Political

Astronomy, Earth Science Science, Economics, Anthropology,
History

• Qualitative and Quantitative Research can go together in a research

approach.
• There is a symbiotic relationship between these two research
methods, in which they reinforce or strengthen each other.

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 • Moreover, any form of knowledge, factual or opinionated and any
statistical or verbal expression of this knowledge are deduced from
human experience that is subjective. (Hollway 2013; Letherby 2013)

Activity 1: Question and Answer

Directions: Answer the questions in 3-5 sentences. Write your answers in a space
provided.

1. What are the three types of approach to basic research? Describe each
type.

2. How do you differentiate soft sciences from hard sciences?

Activity 2
Given the following Research topics, name the specific subject on each topic and
give the importance on researching such topic in a person’s day to day life. The
first one
is done for you.

1. Nutrient Contents of Spices and Herbs

2. Juan dela Cruz: A Filipino Inventor
3. Parents Views About The New Normal Education
4. Body Parts of a Korean Car 5. Bacteria in a Food
6. SHS Learners Study Habits
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 7. Medicinal Elements of Lemon Leaves
8. History Development of Asian Novels
9. Higa-onon Wedding Rites
10. The Nature of Corona Virus Disease

Topics Subject Importance of the Research

1 Spices and Herbs To know its nutrient content use as medicine

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Activity 3
I. Ask somebody whom you know has already done a research work
or is currently conducting a research study. Ask him the details of
his study and tabulate the results from your interview with him.
1. Title

2. Method of Research ( data gathering and data analysis)

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 3. Subject Area or areas of interest where the study belongs

4. The importance of the research work

II. Read the following statements. Answer TRUE if the statement is

true, FALSE if you think it is not.

_________1.Research studies what happens in any field of knowledge.

__________2.Scientific approach expresses and records your findings
qualitatively.
__________3.Triangulation or mixed method enhances accuracy and
interpretation.
__________4.Naturalistic approach is people oriented.
__________5.A qualitative research is exclusive to both hard and soft sciences.
__________6.Soft science studies human behavior in a scientific manner.
__________7.The scientific approach gives stress to measurable and observable
facts instead of personal views, feelings, or attitudes.
__________8.All research types apply to all data collecting techniques.
__________9.Reasons happens in just one field of knowledge.
__________10.Past events in a person’s life are the focus of triangulation.

Prepared by:

LEINEL M. MALAZZAB
SHST II
APARRI WEST NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL

Checked and Approved:

EVELYN P. RAPACON
School Principal 1

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 Practical Research 1
The Subject Matter of the Research
Quarter 3 Week 3-4
Name: _______________________________________ Score: _______
Year & Strand: _________________________________ Date: ________
Learning Activity Sheet
Background Information
Developing a good research topic may not be easy for you but it is an
important skill. Your teacher may assign you a particular topic but often requires
you to choose a topic that interests you .In this lesson you are given the guidelines
in choosing a topic when you begin your research work. These pointers will guide
you in selecting a good topic. Other factors affecting in choosing and writing your
research are topics that need to be avoided this will help you focus clearly on
your subjects. Likewise the sources of information are important for you to know
where your research topic may come from.

Learning Competency: The learner designs a research project related to daily life;
writes a research title; provides the justification/reasons for conducting the research;
states research question; indicates the scope and delimitation of research; cites
benefits and beneficiaries of research; presents written statement of the problem.
(CS_RS11-lllc-e-3-7)

What is a Research Title?

1. The most important element that defines the research problem.
2. It is usually read first and the most read part of the research.
3. It contains the least words enough to describe the contents and the
purpose of your research paper.
4. It can be revised any and many times as the research develops and reach
its final phase. It becomes final on its final defense before the panel of
judges.

Elements of a Research Title

The research title does not need to be entertaining but informative.

A part of a research title has the following information:

1. The subject matter or topic to be investigated. (“What?”)
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 2. The place or locale where the research is to be conducted. (“Where?”)
3. The population like the respondents’ interviewees. (“Who”?)
4. The time period of the study during which the data are to be collected.
(“When”?)

Example:

Subject matter: The teaching of English

Place or locale: in the high schools of Province A
Time period: during the school year 1989-1990
Population: as perceived by teachers and students

Subject matter: The effects of the use of cell phones on the academic
performance
Population to senior high school students
Place or locale: at Department of Education
Time period: during the first semester, school year 2018-2019

II. Rules in Choosing a Research Topic1

1. Interest in the subject matter. Interest in a subject drives you to research,

investigate, or inquire about it with full motivation, enthusiasm, and energy.

2. Availability of information. Information will serve as evidence to support your

claims about your subject matter from varied forms of literature like books,
journals, and newspapers, among others, is a part and parcel of any research
work.

What to include in the investigation of the available materials?

a. Update and authority of the materials.
b. Copyright dates of the materials? Are they new or old?
c. Expert or qualification of the writers of reading materials about your
topic

3. Timeliness and relevance of the topic.

How relevant is the topic?

a. It yields results that are useful in society
b. Related to the present. (Except for pure or historical research)

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4. Limitations on the subject. Connect your choice with course requirements. You
need to decide on one topic to finish your course.

5. Personal resources. Do an assessment on your research abilities in terms of

your financial standing, health condition, mental capacity, needed facilities,
and time schedule to enable you to complete your research. You have to raise
an amount of money needed to spend on questionnaire printing and interview
trips.
III. Research Topics to be avoided1
Controversial topics.
It depends more on the writer’s opinion leading to biases. Facts cannot support
this topic.
1. Highly technical subjects.
Not advisable for beginners as these topics require an advanced study, technical
knowledge, and skills.

2. Hard-to-investigate subjects.
Happens if there are no available reading materials about it and if such materials
are not up-to-date.

3. Too broad subjects.

It prevents you from to focus on the subject matter of the paper. Narrow
down or limit the subject to eliminate the problem.

4. Too narrow subjects.

Subjects that are so limited where an extensive searching is necessary.

5. Vague subjects.
Titles beginning with indefinite adjectives such as several, many, some, etc., as
in
“Some Remarkable Traits of a Filipino” or “Several People’s Comments on the
RH Law,” are vague enough to decrease the readers’ interests and curiosity.

IV. Sources of Research Topics1

1. Mass media communication – press (newspapers, ads, TV, radio, films, etc.)

2. Books, Internet, peer-reviewed journals, government publications

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 3. Professional periodicals like College English Language Teaching Forum,
English Forum, the Economist, Academia, Business Circle, Law Review, etc.

4. General periodicals such as Readers’ Digest, Women’s Magazine, Panorama

Magazine, Time Magazine, World Mission Magazine, etc.

5. Previous reading assignments in your other subjects

6. Work experience – clues to a researchable topic from full-time or part-time

jobs, OJT (on-the-job training) experience, fieldwork, etc.

Activity 1: Question and Answer

Directions: Answer the questions in 3-5 sentences only. Write your answers on
the space provided.

1. What are the rules in choosing a research topic?

_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
2. What are those topics to avoid in preventing you to have a clear focus on your
research paper?

_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
3. Where can you find sources of research topics to create ideas of selecting a
good subject matter?

_________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________

Narrowing Your Topic

Given the following broad topics for research, select one topic of your choice and
narrow or limit the topic to make it specific. Use the narrowing chart to fill in the
topic.
Topics to choose:
1. Climate Change
2. Social Networking
3. Communication Skills
4. Medicinal Plants
5. Cultural Beliefs

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Example: Topic Chocolate

Topic Chocolate

Sub-Topics History of chocolate, making of

chocolate, health aspects of chocolate,
chocolate addictions, brands of
chocolate

What sub-topics are of most interest to Health aspects of chocolate.

you?

What new questions do you have about Are there health benefits to eating
your topic? chocolate? Can chocolate boost your
mood? Is chocolate addictive?

Develop a topic statement I will explore the health benefits of

eating chocolate, specifically focusing
on how chocolate affects moods and
brain chemistry.

Activity 2: Narrowing Chart

Topic

Sub-Topics

What sub-topics are of most interest to

you?

What new questions do you have about

your topic?

Develop a topic statement

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 Activity 3: Direction: Identify how a research project is described on the
following statements. Encircle the letter of the correct answer

1. Which of the following is a good way to find a research topic?

a. Personal experience
b. Getting an idea from your advisor
c. Looking for the next step in the research process
d. All of the above
2. What is a not true of a research title?
a. Read the most, and it is usually read first
b. Least important element that defines the research problem.
c. Contains few words that describe the purpose of the research
d. All of the above
3. What is the reason for consulting handbooks, yearbooks, encyclopedias, or
reviews in the initial stages of identifying a research topic?
a. They are readily available.
b. They provide an overview of the issues related to a topic.
c. They are primary sources.
d. They avoid reporting statistical data to interpret the results more readily.
4. Which of the following are excellent sources for research topics?
a. Theory
b. Personal experience
c. Replication of prior research
d. All of the above
5. Mr. Santos identified his research topic as "classroom assessment." He
recognized very quickly his topic was far too broad. Which of the following is
likely to have led to that conclusion?
a. There was far too much written on the topic to understand it all.
b. It was difficult to organize the material collected in an effective manner.
c. The potential problems he began thinking would be next to impossible
to study.
d. All of the above.
6. What is a research project?
a. A way of conducting research that is not grounded in theory.
b. A choice between using qualitative or quantitative methods.
c. A style in which you present your research findings, e.g. a graph.
d. A framework for every stage of the collection and analysis of data.
7. Which of these would be assured by you when selecting factors for a study in
general?
a. They have been investigated before
b. They are available to investigate

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 c. They are not of interest to you
d. They do not lead to another question
8. A business student plans a research project; it is called a description of an
online business. On the limited information (the title), which one of these best
applies to the idea?
a. It is too broad.
b. It is a highly technical subject.
c. It has an acceptable method.
d. It has an acceptable purpose.
9. What is the main advantage of producing a written research project?
a. Helps with liability.
b. Helps the society.
c. Informs all interested parties.
d. Helps keep people employed.
10. Good research proposals will always:
a. Focus on the written style.
b. Provides respondent names and addresses.
c. Consider all possible research previously been done on the topic.
d. Focus on addressing the research objectives.
d. They do not lead to another question

Lesson 2: The Research Problem and Research Question

I.An Overview of the Research Problem and Research Question
Chapter I of the research paper is called The Problem and Its Background
(sometimes also called The Introduction)

It is composed of the following sections:

1) Background of the Study,
2) Statement of the Problem,
3) Scope and Delimitation, and 4) Significance of the Study.

Others have sections such as Objectives of the Study, Hypotheses but these will
not be considered in this lesson

What is a research problem?

The Research Problem (According to Calderon & Gonzales,1993)

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A problem is “any significant, perplexing, and challenging situation, real or
artificial, the solution of which requires reflexive thinking”. In research, it is known
as the research topic or research title.

A. Background of the Study

Purpose of background of the study

a. The general definition of the topic/problem area

b. Historical basis for the existence of the problem
c. Efforts made towards addressing similar challenges
d. How the efforts failed to be realized hence the need for your study

Contents of the background of the study:

a. Presentation of the problem. Describe the existence of an unsatisfactory

condition or a problem that needs a solution.

b. Historical background of the problem - Give the historical background of

the problem, if applicable.

c. Geographical conditions of the study locale - If applicable, describe the

geographical location of the study.

d. Rationale of the study - Give the reason(s) why the study should be
conducted.

Example:

In 2004, the researcher migrated to the Philippines to accompany her spouse

who was at the time studying at the Adventist Institute for International
Advanced Studies (AIIAS) in Silang, Cavite. They discovered the study
opportunities and were motivated by the quality of education and low school
fees being offered. They

visited several colleges and universities to collect pamphlets and sent them
back to Vanuatu for educational awareness. The Ni-Vanuatus became aware
and decided to send students to study in the Philippines. The first two schools
to receive Vanuatu students were AMA Computer College in Dasmariñas,

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Cavite and Air Link Aviation College in Paranaque City. The researcher came
to know Cavite State University (CvSU) in 2009 and transferred from AMA.

(Ngwele, March 2011)

The Do’s and Don’ts of Writing a Research Background Study 1

Do‘s! Don’ts!
Explain the importance of your o Write a background that is too long or
researchshort
topic
Talk about the main developments o Be ambiguous in your writing,
and missing links and gaps indisorganized and discuss unrelated
your subjects.
research area
Focus on the relevant aspects of o Forget the reader may not be
your study explaining how it will familiar with the details of your
lead to the progress of scientific work.
knowledge.
Engage your findings in a o Elaborate on your background
chronologicalliterature
findings
Articulate your ideas in a clear o Forget to provide a historical
and concise manner perspective
Engage the readers by building a o Forget to check your target journal’s
story around the central theme instruction for presenting the
of your research study background

B.Statement of the Problem

(Purpose Statement and Research Questions)

A series of questions used in researching the topic.

It is composed of

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1.The general statement of the problem (the purpose statement) and 2. The
specific subproblems or sub-questions (or research questions).

Guidelines in Writing the Statement of the Problem

(According to Calderon & Gonzales,1993)

1. The general statement of the problem and the research questions should be
formulated first before conducting the research.

2. Research questions should be stated in the interrogative and each should be

clear to avoid confusion.

3 Each research question should be researchable separately from the other

questions and must be based upon known facts and phenomena which is
accessible to the researcher.

____________________
4. Answers to each research question can be interpreted apart from the answers
to the other specific questions and must contribute to the development of the
whole research study.

8. The summary of the answers to all the specific questions will give a complete
development of the entire study.

9. The number of research questions should be enough to cover the

development of the whole research study.

Example:

This research aims to develop an evaluation model of a web-based tool used in test
administration for Grade 11 and 12 students. (Leanillo, 2016)

Specifically it aims to answer the following questions:

1. What are the commonly used web-based tools used in test administration?
2. How are these web-based test tools evaluated?
3. How could evaluation model be designed for web-based test administration?
IV. Sco and Delimitation of Research

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 C.Scope and Delimitation of the Study1

Scope of a Study
It is the coverage of the research to be explored which includes the facts and
theories about the subject

Example:

A research study on the impact of social networking on the attitude of senior high
school learners.

These would form the next parameter.

It is not possible to cover all aspects of the selected subject. The scope will have
to be restricted to a specific section of the target population over a specified
duration.

In the above-cited study, a group of 40 learners in senior high school at one

particular school would be an ideal coverage to study their attitude for five
months.
____________________

Delimitation of a Study

It limits the scope and outlines the boundaries of the study.

These limitations include the following:

1. Sample size.
a. The research design and method will determine whether if it is small or
large sample size.
b. The sample size will determine the quality of data and the relationships
that will be identified among the variables.

2. Lack of available and/or reliable data.

This will limit the scope of analysis and the ability of the researcher to
determine meaningful trends and relationships among the data.

3. Lack of prior studies.

This will limit the effectiveness of the literature review and initial
understanding of the research.

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 4. Chosen data collection method.
The quality of data collected must be clear to avoid erroneous answers from the
respondents.

5. Nature of the information collected.

Researcher should not rely on pre-existing data.

6. Access.
The amount and quality of available data will depend on the ability of
the researcher to access people, organizations, libraries, and
documents.

7. Time period.
It is advisable to select a research problem and design

8. Bias.
The researcher should be aware of his or her personal biases .

9. Language.
This may have an effect on data collection, especially if the researcher
is involved with respondents that speak a variety of languages.

When writing the paper, the researcher should ensure that any delimitation
factor is noted down at the introduction, discussion, and conclusion sections. He
or she should clarify why the study included and excluded some delimitation.

D.Significance of the Study

 The significance of the study discuss the purpose that the research will
serve to society, the country, the government, the institution or agency
concerned, the curriculum planners and developers, and the research
community.

 Describes the contribution of the study to the existing body of knowledge.

It could be the following:

a. A form of new knowledge in the field,
b. A validation of the major findings of other studies,
c. A verification of the validity of findings in a different population,

23
 d. Analysis of trends over time, and validation of other findings using different
methodologies.

The researcher must identify specifically the beneficiaries who will directly
gain from the results of the study mentioning them in the paper according to the
significance of the result. The specific benefits must also be enumerated and
explained if necessary. Example:

The Effects of Computer-assisted Instruction in the Performance of Students in

Asian History and Civilization (Cuenca, 2008)

The findings of the study may provide deeper insights on how teaching can be made
easier and more meaningful by the use of computer-aided instruction. The study determined
the significant effects of slide presentation in instruction, a form of computer instruction on the
performance of the students in the subjects Asian History and Civilization.
To the students, the results may serve as an inspiration for them to continuously
improve
their skills in using computers because they will realize the comfort that computer skills offer in
complying with the requirements of major subjects in the coming years.
To the administrators, the results may serve as a guide in the program-planning and
implementation of the IT department so that they can be of great help to the teachers of the
university.

To the teachers, the results may serve as an eye opener for those who are not
comfortable on the use of computers in their class lesson presentations. The findings of
this study may encourage more of them to apply computer-aided instruction in teaching.

II. Presenting Written Statement of the Problem

The following sections compose the presentation of the written statement of the
problem

1. Introduction

States briefly the background of the study and identifies the rationale of
the research problem.

It begins with a general statement of the problem, outlines the specific

problem or issue within the existing literature.

2. Statement of the Problem

24
 States clearly the purposes or interest of the study, poses specific
questions about research problem.

3. Scope and Delimitation

Sets the boundaries and parameters of the study, narrows the scope of the
inquiry.

4. Significance of the Study

Shows the benefits of the study to address issues and l problems, in

improving economic and health conditions or even finding solutions to
problems encountered in daily life.

Activity 1: Question and Answer

Directions: Answer the questions in 3-5 sentences only. Write your answers on
the space provided.

1. What is Chapter 1 of a research paper and its sections that comprise?

_________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________

2. What is the difference between a research problem and research topic?

_______________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
3. What are the guidelines in writing statement of the problem?
_________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________

4. Why do we need to limit the scope of the study?

________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________

Activity 2. With the above research topics you saved, identify at least three
research problems for each and explain why you chose them.

Topic A: Essays or reflections you have written from past classes and other
activities you have taken or a lecture you have attended

25
 Propose Research Title_______________________________________
________________________________________________________
Problem
1._______________________________________________________
2._______________________________________________________
3._______________________________________________________
Reasons:
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________

Topic B: Life experiences

Propose Research
Title_______________________________________
________________________________________________________
Problem
1._______________________________________________________
2._______________________________________________________
3._______________________________________________________
Reasons:
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
Topic C: Issues or problems observed in your surroundings
Propose Research Title
______________________________________
________________________________________________________
Problem
1.__________________________________________________________
2.__________________________________________________________
3._________________________________________________________
Reasons:
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________

Activity 3
Direction: Read the following statements. Answer TRUE if the statement describes a
research, FALSE if you think it is not. Write your answers on the blank.

________1. The rationale of the study gives the reasons why the study should be
conducted.
________2. The starting point in any research project is to formulate a question.
26
 ________3. The researcher's own personal interests and observations may be a
valuable source of questions.
________4. Theories of other researchers are not a particularly good source of
research questions.
________5.Successful research often raises new questions, even while it
answers old questions.
________6.A research question transforms into your conclusion.
________7.You should never consider matching your interest to a funder interest.

________8.A problem statement identifies the nature of the problem being

addressed, and its context and significance.
________9. The "purpose" of a study is the same thing as the "objective" of a
study.

________10. The "specific aims" of a study are the same thing as the "objectives"
of a study.
1
________1 . Research question come from any of several sources namely,
personal interest and experiences.
________12. The research question should be either too broad or too narrow.

________13.The objectives of the research.is sometimes referred to as

delimitations of the study.
________14. Scope and Delimitation or research indicates the boundaries,
exceptions, reservation and qualification in your study.
________15. Objectives of the research indicate what will the research will do, for
instance, discover, explain or see.

Prepared by:

LEINEL M. MALAZZAB
SHST II
APARRI WEST NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL

Checked and Approved:

EVELYN P. RAPACON
School Principal I

27
REFERENCES

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