Unit: Computational Thinking and Programming 2 Vs fo webat:empsthondcbn om Chapter-1 Revision Tour Cel Le 1 Python Character Set 2 Tokens Ke ds 3 | Keywords Identific ’ entifiers 5 Literals / Values 6 Delimiters Operators 7 pe Data Ty Data Types Variables 9 10 print () function 1 put () function 2 if-else statement 13 Ladder if - else statement (if - elif - else ) Nested if-else statements 14 15 while loop 16 for loop v7 range () function break statement 18 19 continue statement. pass statement 20 age of 23Unit I: Computation pontine oon 1 Revision Tour character can represents any ee digit, or any other sign. Following are some of [[ Unie: Computationel Thinking end Progremming-2 ——=~=~=~S*S*S*« Rests learnpythondcbse.com |] the python character set. LETTERS. AtoZandatoz DIGITS 0-9 SPECIAL SYMBOLS | Space, +-* *\ [] { & #, under score(_) etc. WHITE SPACE Blank space, horizontal tab ( - > ), carriage return , Newline, Form feed. OTHER Python can process all ASCII and Unicode characters as CHARACTERS part of data or literals. The smallest individual unit in a program is known as token or lexical unit. Identifier Keywords or Literals ||}] Delimiters | | Operators Varuables Keywords are special identifiers with predefined meanings that cannot change. As these words have specific meaning for interpreter, they cannot be used for any other purpose. Page 20f 23Uri sampythondcbae.com Chapter-1 Revision Tour Some Commonly Used Keywords: ‘omputational Thinking and Programming -2 Visit to webs and exec | not |continue| if | return) except| else as_| finally | or | def | import | try | class | lambda assert | for | Pass | del in| while | global | yield break | from | print | _ elif is | with | raise Identifiers are names given to identify something. Identifiers are fundamental building blocks of a program and are used as general terminology for the names given to different part of the program that is variables, objects, classes, functions, lists, dictionaries etc. [(UN eum ee et ake ce There are some rules you have to follow for naming identifiers: * An identifier starts with a letter A to Z or a to z or an underscore (_) followed by zero or more letters, underscores and digits (0 to 9). * Python does not allow special characters + Identifier must not be a keyword of Python. * python is a case sensitive programming language. Thus, Sname and sname are two different identifiers in Python. Some valid identifiers: Mybook, file123, z2td, date_2, no Some invalid identifier: 2rno,break,my.book,data-cs Page 3 of 23[[ Unie: Computationel Thinking end Progremming-2 ——=~=~=~S*S*S*« Rests learnpythondcbse.com |] eae 1 Revision Tour Literals in Python can be defined as number, text, or other data that represent values to be stored in variables. The data items which never change their value throughout the program run. There are several kinds of literals: nr ert emo Numeric Literals : The numeric literals in Python can belong to any of the following different numerical types: int Used to integer value [Age = 20 float Used for real value Perc = 98.5 ‘complex Used to part of complex number |x=1+0i bool : It is logical literal | Used to logical /Boolean Result = True Text Literals: is a sequence of letters surrounded by either by single or double or triple quotes. String Literal Used to Unicode/Text/String [Name = ‘Johni’, fname=" bytes |ASCII test/string learnpython4cbse.com’ None Type : It is special No - value None(and no other object) Used to implement the grammatical and structure of Syntax. lohny"| Following are the python punctuators. poe fe eeu Grouping . : 3 @ " /# Punctuation A= xe oe Bit-wise assignment Operators are special symbols that perform specific operations on one, two, or three operands, and then return a result. Page 4 of 23Unit I: Computational Thinking and Programming -2 ‘Visit to website: learnpythondcbse.com Chapter-1 Revision Tour -I iors Description | Operator Example 1 Example 2 If x=10, then +x _ unary plus a | eer If x=-10, then 4x means -10 unary minus Be | sto then Ifx=-10, then +x means 10 means -10 Pek) icles Addition + | >on10#5 => 15 | >>>'Hello'+’Amjad’ => HelloAmjad Subtraction = |>>2105 => 5 | >>530-70 -40 Multiplication || * | >>>10*5 => 50_| >>>’Hello’*3 => HelleoHelloHello >5>17/5.0 => 3.4 | >>28/3 93 Division / peri7.0/S => 3.4 | >>28/7.0 4.0 Remainder/ | a | > s16%s 1 | >>>13%5 3 Modulo Exponent ws [ooo2t*3 => 8 | >o026"10.5 => 4 >>>7.0//2 3 | >>es//2 > 2 Floor division (integer division) Bitwise Operator ‘We assume the operation! is X and Operation? is Y for better understanding of these operators . The AND operator compare two bits and generate a BitwiseAND | & —|X&Y | result of 1 if both bits are 1; otherwise, it return 0. Bitwise The EXCLUSIVE ~ OR operator compare two bits and exclusiveoR | © | xav__| returns 1 if either of the bits are 1 and gives 0 if both (xOR) bits are 0 and 1. The OR operator compare two bits and generate a Bitwise OR 1 |X1y¥ | result of if both bits are complementary; otherwise, it return 0. Bitwise ~ Ix The COMPLEMENT operator is used to invert all of the Complement bits of the operands. Page Sof 23Unit ‘Computational Thinking and Programming -2 Visit to website Chapter-1 Revision Tour -I Is the identity Identity operator Return True if both its operands are pointing to not same? a is |xixy same object (i.e, both referring to same . memory location), returns false otherwise , Return True if both its operands are pointing to Is the identity Y | isnot | Xisnoty different object (i.e, both referring to different memory location), returns false otherwise Relational Operator ty eed We assume the value of variable p as 10 for better understanding of these operators >>>5<7 TRUE | >>>'Hello’ < ‘Amjad’ FALSE >o7e5 FALSE | >>>'Amiad’ < ‘Hello’ TRUE Less than < | >>>5<7<10 => TRUE >>> S<7 and 7<10 =>_TRUE Greatertnan | < [>>2> TRUE | >>>’Hello’ > ‘Amjad TRUE >2>10<10 FALSE__| >>>’Amiad’ > ‘Hello’ FALSE Less than or TRUE <<< ‘Hello’ <="Amjad’ FALSE equal to FALSE _| >>>’Amjad’<="Hello’ TRUE Greater than FALSE | <<< ‘Hello’ TRUE or equal to TRUE __| >>>’Amjad’>='Hello’ FLASE a TRUE | >>>'Hello’ TRUE FALSE __| >>>'Hello’ FALSE >e>l0l=11 => TRUE => TRUE Not equal to >>>10!=10 => FALSE _ | >>>'HI'I'HI => FALSE Operators: and Shorthand Assignment Assignment = | ltisusetoassignthe | Awill become 6 value to the variable Divided and assign Assign I back the result to left | >>>p/=2 | pwill become S quotient operand ‘Added and assign Assign sum. + back the result to left | >>>p+=2 | p.will become 12 ‘operand Page 6 of 23 sampythondcbae.cominking and| Chapter-1 Revision Tour - gramming -2 Visit to website: iesrnpythonécbse.com multiplied and assign essen) +2 | back the result to left | >>> p*=2 | pwill become 20 product operand Taken modulus using Assign two operands and _ , remainder assign the result to ea | Seo left operand Assan subtracted and assign et back the result to left | >>>p-=2 | pwill become difference operand Performed exponential(power) Assign ee, |caleulationon | oo . will become 100 Exponent operators and assign value to the left operand Assign floor | Performed floor _ division dame |(ctescontentreeeror=l | aaa | Ea Logical Operators If both the operand is true, then the Logical AND And XandY es condition becomes True eaceie ory if any one of the operand is true, then the condition becomes True Logical NoT | Not hot x Reverses the state of the operand/ Membership Operators condition. >>>3in [1,2,3,4] Whether The in operator tests if a given value is variablein | In contained in a sequence or not and TRUE sequence return True or False Accordingly >>>6 not in [1,2,3,4,5] Whether The not in operator testsifagiven _| True (Because the value variable not in | notin | value is contained in a sequence or not | 6s not in the sequence and return True or False Accordingly | sequence.) >>>4 not in (1,2,3,4,5,6] FALSE ge 70f 23leernpythondcbee.com Unit I: Computational Thinking and Programming -2 Visit to website: Chapter-1 Revision Tour -I It is a set of values, and the allowable operations on those values. It can be one of the following: [ number [ none [Fncne [ sets [ Mapeing =—— \— 1 [ imeger [ Floating = [ suring [ Tuple [ ust [pecner Deer) cry Integers are whole -P to +251—1 that is- | 7°? 2=10 numbers such as 5,30, | 2147483648 to a ; a 1981,0 etc. They have no | 2147483647 - 1 fexample of tnt fractional parts. Integers _ | for long integer An pecan eaey can be positive or unlimited range, an i subject to available negative wn >>> c= 4298114 (virtual) memory only Afloating point number | Anunlimited range, | y= 12.36 will consist of sign (+,-) | subject to available | >>>print(y) Hoat | sequence of decimals (virtual) memory on | output : 12.36 digits and adot such as | underlying machine | >>>type(y) 0.0, -21.9, 0.98333328, _| architecture. Complex number in Same as floating point >>> x= 140) python is made up of two | numbers because the | 77°" Complex | fioating point values, one | real and imaginary Gis («.real,x.imag) each for real and parts represented as. A output: 1.00.0 imaginary part. floats, itis a unique data type, consisting of two constants, True & False. | Two values True (1) | 227 {a#= True oa We aeeera teenie tell sey a) e vee) Non-Zero, Non-Null and ao Non-empty. ge 8 of 23Unit sampythondcbae.com Chapter-1 Revision Tour ‘Computational Thinking and Programming -2 Visit to website: & | none — | Thisis special data type with single value. Its used to signify the absence 2 of value/false in a situation. It is represented by None. Peteny er String They can have any character or sign, including space in them. These are | Example: immutable data types ‘Boy’, 'Navin’, “ZIG 1981” List A list is a mutable (can change) sequenc | Lst= [1,2,3,4,"xy2",2.34,[10,.1]] e data type and it may contained mixed | >>> Lst{0] data types elements 1 >>> Lst[4] Se >>> Lst[6] {10, 11] >>> Lst[6][0] 10 Tuple | A tuple in Python is much like alist exce | t = (1,2,3,4,'abc',2.34,(10,11)) pt >>> t(0] that itis immutable (unchangeable) onc | 1 e created. Tuples are enclosed in () >>> tld] ‘abe! >>> t(6] (10,11) This data type is unordered and mutable. Dictionaries fall under 2 Mappings. 2 Diction- Can store any number of python >35d={1!a"2°b)3°C} s aries _| objects. What they store is a key value | # here, 1,2 & 3 are the keys = pairs, which are accessed using key. | >>> print(d) Dictionary is enclosed in curly brackets. | {1:'a', 2:'b', 3:'c'} Page 9 of 23Visit to webs sampythondcbae.com Chapter-1 Revision Tour Named labels, whose values can be manipulated during program run, are called Variables. Creating a Variable: Python variables are created by assigning value of desired type to them Example: X=10.8 # variable created of numeric (floating point) type Y=90 # variable created of numeric (integer) type Name = “My Name” | # variable created of string type Multiple Assignments: 1. Assigning same value to multiple variables: =z=100 It will assign value 100 to all three variables x, y and z. 2. Assigning multiple value to multiple variables p, q,r = 10, 20, 30 It will assign the value order wise that is value 10 assign to variable p, value 20 assign to variable q and value 30 assign to variable r. The print() function is a buil x= in function. It prints/outputs a specified message to the screen/consol window. The print() function statement has the following rules: The print() function allows you to print out the value of a variable and strings in parenthesis. Page 10 0f 23,Uri ‘omputational Thinking and Programming -2 ‘Visit to website: learnpythondcbse.com Chapter-1 Revision Tour © The print() function will print as strings everything in a comma-separated sequence of expressions, and it will separate the results with single blanks by default. The print() function prints strings in between quotes (either single or double). If a print statement has quotes around text, the computer will print it out just as it is written. © To print multiple items, separate them with commas. The print() function inserts a blank between objects. © The print() function automatically appends a newline to output. To print without a newline, use end separator after the last object. © The sep separator is used between the values. It defaults into a space character. For example: >>> print (10,20,30,40, sep=’*’) # prints a separator * 10*20*30*40 © This ‘end’ is also optional and it allows us to specify any string to be appended after the last value. For example: >>> print (10,20,30,40, sep=""’, end=’@’) # Anew endis assigned @ 10*20*30*40@ In the above example @ printed at the end of line. The input() function is able to read data entered by the user and to return the same data to the running program. Page 11 0f 23Uri sampythondcbae.com Chapter-1 Revision Tour * The input() function is invoked with one argument - it's a string containing a ‘omputational Thinking and Programming -2 Visit to webs message. + The message will be displayed on the console before the user is given an opportunity to enter anything. * The result of the input() function is a string. Examples of input ( ) functions: ) rollno = input(“Enter your roll no. %) sname = input(‘Enter your name: ‘) print (‘My roll no. is:’, rollno) print (‘My name is:’, sname) 2) “Addition of two number from input () function. Numl =int (input(“Enter the first number: “)) Num2 =int (input (“Enter the second number: “))) print (‘The sum of ‘, Numl, * and *, Num2, * i Numl+Num2, °.7, sep="") When we execute the above program, it will produce the following output: Enter the first number: 20 Enter the second numbe The sum of 20 and 40 is 60 Comments are any text to the right of the # symbol and are mainly useful as notes for the reader of the program. For example: print('Hello World) # Note that print is a function OR # Note that print is a function print (‘Hello World’) page 12023Unit ‘Computational Thinking and Programming -2 ‘Visit to website: learnpythondcbse.com Chapter-1 Revision Tour -I A group of statements which are part of another statement or a function are called block or code — block or suite in Python Consider the following Example: if nicn2: Tmp =n1 nl=n2 n2=Tmp print ( “I Understand Block”) Whitespace is important in Python. Actually, whitespace at the beginning of the line is important. This is called indentation. Selection if — else structures choose among alternative courses of action If student's grade is greater than or equal to 60 Print “Passed “otherwise print “Not Qualified” Syntax: The if-else execution goes as follows: if true_or_false_condition: © ifthe condition evaluates to True (its value is not equal to zero), the perform if o: perform if condition_true tio else: tatement is executed, and the conditional statement comes to an end; perOrmeLe COM ODE alls © ifthe condition evaluates to False (it is equal to zero), the per. £ n_false statement is executed, and the conditional statement comes to an end. Page 13 0f 23,Uri ‘omputational Thinking and Programming -2 Visit to webs sampythondcbae.com Chapter-1 Revision Tour Example: ‘reated By Amjad Khan Program to print whether student Qualified (percentage>=40)or Not Qualified''' percentage = float (input ("Enter percentage: ")) if (percentage>=40) : print ("Qualified") else: print ("Not Qualified") > In the above example, percentage >= 49 is the test expression. » Inthe above example, when percentage is greater or equal to 40, the test expression is true and the body of if is executed and the boay of else is skipped. > If percentage is less than to 40, the test expression is false and the body of else is executed and the body of if is skipped. OUTPUT: /if-else.py ====== Enter percentag: Not Qualified 39 >>> /if-else.py Enter percentage: 45 Qualified Page 14 0f 23Unit I: Computational Thinking and Programming -2 Chapter-1 Revision Tour -I Ladder if-else statement (if-elif-else) If-elif-else is used to check more than just one condition, and to stop when the first statement which is true is found. if true_or_false_condition: perform if condition_true elif: perform_elif_condition_true else: perform_if_condition_fails if number >= 0: if number else: else: check if the number is positive or negative or zero and display an appropriate message by using ladder if statement''' number = float (input (" print ("Zero") print ("+ive number") print ("-ive number") ‘Visit to website: learnpythondcbse,com * you mustn't use else without a preceding ifs © else is always the last branch of the cascade, regardless of whether you've used elif or not; '* else is an optional part of the cascade, and may be omitted; © iftthere is an else branch in the cascade, only one of all the branches is executed; © if there is no else branch, it's possible that none of the available branches is executed inter a number: ")) Enter a numbe; +ive number >>> Enter a number: -ive number Ladder_if-else.py 28 -1000 Page 1525Uri ‘omputational Thinking and Programming -2 ‘Visit to website: learnpythondcbse.com Chapter-1 Revision Tour There may be a situation when you want to check for another condition after a condition resolves to true. in such a situation, you can use the nested if construct. In nested if-else instruction placed after if is another if. For Example: [check if the number is positive or Inegative or zero and display lan appropriate message loy using nested if statement''' Inumber = float (input ("Enter a number: ")) if number >= 0: if number : print ("Zero") else: print ("tive number") lelse: print (" ve number") Here is important point: * this use of the if statement is known as nesting; remember that every else refers to the if which lies at the same indentation level = RESTART: D:/Amjad_CS /nested_if-else.py Enter a number: 10 +ive number >>> /nested_if-else.py Enter a number: 0.0 Zero >>> /nested_if-else.py Enter a number: -20 -ive numberUnit I: Computation inking and Programming -2 ‘Visit to website: learnpythondcbse.com Chapter-1 Revision Tour -I Performing a certain part of the code more than once is called a loop. Two types of loops: 1) while loop 2) for loop * The while loop continues to run as long as the condition is still True. In other words, it runs while the condition is True. ; i es | * Once the condition becomes False and if the else clause is written in while, and then else will get reise. executed. + ifyou want to execute more than one statement inside one while, you must indent all the while conditional_expression: instructions in the same way; Seer ane «an instruction or set of instructions executed inside - the while loop is called the loop's body; instruction_two «ifthe condition is False (equal to zero) as early as when itis tested for the first time, the body is not instruction_three executed even once : * the body should be able to change the condition’s value, because if the condition is True at the instruction_n beginning, the body might run continuously to Infinity - notice that doing a thing usually else: decreases the number of things to do). + The else part is executed if the condition in the Instructions of else block while loop evaluates to False. 17 of 23Unit I: Computational Thinking and Programming -2 ‘Visit to website: learnpythondcbse.com Chapter-1 Revision Tour -I Example 2: The following program fragment prints the squares of all integers from 1 to 10. lamjad_CS/whileLoo The following program fragment P-PY prints the squares of all 1 integers from 1 to 10 4 9 16 i-l 25 while i <= 10: is print(i ** 2) 64 it=1 81 100 In this example, the variable / inside the loop iterates from 1 to 10. Note that after executing this fragment the value of the variable is defined and is equal to 11, because when i == 11 the condition i <= 10 is False for the first time. Example 2: Ithe following program prints the squares of all integers ‘from 1 to 10 with else [RESTART: D:/Amjad_ cS/whileLoopwithE1 i=l lwhile i <= 10: print (i) it. lelses print ("Loop ended, i =", 4) In the above when i == 11 the condition i <= 10 is False for the first time then the else part is executed and print the last value of i.e. 11 Page 18 0f 23,Unit I: Computational Thinking and Programming -2 ‘Visit to website: learnpythondcbse.com Chapter-1 Revision Tour The for loop in Python is used to iterate over a sequence (list, tuple, string) or other iterable objects. Its Syntax is: for in : Statement Block 1 else: # optional block Statement Block 2 * The for loop ends when the loop is repeated for the last value of sequence. * The for loop repeats n number of times, where nis the length of sequence given in for loop’s header. Example 1: Print all numbers from 0 to 4 |The following program prints RESTART: D:/Amjad_( cs/| the all integers forLooy from 1 to 4 erPy inside for loop, for i in range(1,5): inside for loop, print ("inside for loop, i =', i)| |inside for loop, inside for loop, es eb " Pw Example 2: Print all numbers from 0 to 5, and print a message when the loop has ended: the following program prints the all integers from 1 to 5 with else [TART: D:/Amjad_CS/forl| loopwithelse.py == ie inside for loop, i = 1| inside for loop, i = 2| for i in range (1,6): inside for loop, i = 3 print ("inside for loop, i =", i) inside for loop, i = 4 jelse: inside for loop, i = 5 fe) print ('Lopp ended i Kopp ended i = 5 Page 19 0f 23,it to website jpythondcbse.com gram Chapter Python has a built-in function called range() that can generate a For example: ex = list(range(0, 10)) print (ex) Output: [0, 1, 2,3, 4, 5, 6, 7,8, 9] Syntax of range () Function: ange (start, stop, step) | The number we How much we want to start want to count by counting at The number we The name of the want to count UP TO function (but will not include) + start is an optional parameter specifying the starting number of the sequence (0 by default) + stop is an optional parameter specifying the end of the sequence generated (it is not included), + and step is an optional parameter specifying the difference between the numbers in the sequence (1 by default.) Page 20 0f 23,Unit I: Computational Thinking and Programming -2 ‘Visit to website: learnpythondcbse.com Chapter-1 Revision Tour We can use the range() function to control a loop through “counting” for i in range(0, 20): print (i + 1) What will this code do? — Print the numbers 1 through 20 on separate lines When we use the range() function in for loops, we don’t need to cast it to a list, The for loop handles that for us print ("Table of five...") f i 5, 51, 5 . or num in range ( Call the range() function, but don’t print(num, end=",”) need to cast it to a list output: Table of five... 5,10,15,20,25,30,35,40,45,50, Jump statements are used to transfer the program's control from one location to another. Means these are used to alter the flow of a loop like-to skip a part of a loop or terminate a loop There are three types of jump statements used in python. 1. break 2. continue 3. pass Page 21 0f23,gramming -2 Chapter-1 Revision Tour -I The break statement is used to exits the loop immediately, and unconditionally ends the loop's operation. Visit to website: leernpythondcbee.com The continue statement is used to skip the current block and move ahead to the next iteration, without executing the statements inside the loop. for wvar in sequence: # codes inside loop if test_expr: break # code inside loop # codes outside for loop while test_expr: # codes inside loop Af test_expr: break # code inside loop L__, 4 codes outside for loop for u_var in sequence: (———> # codes inside loop Af test_expr: continue # code inside loop # codes outside for loop [—— # codes inside loop Af test_expr: continue # code inside loop # codes outside for loop Example: Example: ¥ Use of break for letter in 'python': fF Use of continue for letter in ‘python": Af letter=="0': continue print (letter} (LB Pron 365 sha Eh Fle Est Shell Debug Options Window Help poaS 220f23Unit I: Computational Thinking and Programming -2 ‘Visit to website: learnpythondcbse.com Chapter-1 Revision Tour In this program, we iterate through This program is same as the break Ithe "python" sequence. We check if the |example except the break statement has letter is ‘o’, upon which we break from __[been replaced with continue. |the loop. Hence, we see in our output Ithat all the letters up till ‘o” gets printed. lAfter that, the loop terminates. ‘We continue with the loop, if the string is ‘o’, not executing the rest of the block. Hence, we see in our output that all the letters except ‘0’ gets printed. * pass in Python basically does nothing, but unlike a comment it is not ignored by interpreter. * Itcan be used when a statement is required syntactically but the program requires no action. Can be use in loop and conditional statements: if (something == true): pass while (some condition is true): pass Page 23 0f 23,