Digital Image Processing

CEN-444

Lab-01:Python Basics

Spring 2025

Department of Computer Science, Bahria University, Islamabad, Campus

List of Experiments:

Week. No Topics Covered Modules/IDE

Introduction to Python (& Installation), Anaconda Navigator, IDE (Spyder, Jupyter Notebook,
1A, 1B, 1C, 1D Pycharm)
Syntax, Basic Functions, Control Structures,
Loops & Functions, Classes & Inheritance,
***They can use any one of them
Modules in Python & Examples
Lists, Tuples, Sets & Dictionary, Numpy, Pandas Spyder, Numpy, Pandas
2A, 2B

3 Simple Reflex Agents, Model based Reflex Agents Spyder

4A,4B Graph in Python, Matplotlib Spyder, Matplotlib

5A, 5B Uninformed Search (DFS, DLS, IDDFS), Informed Spyder

Search (A star, Heuristic Search)
6 Adversarial Search Spyder

7 Tkinter (GUI) Spyder, Tkinter

8 Unsupervised Learning (K-means, Agglomerative) Spyder, Numpy, Sklearn/scikit-learn

9 Dimensionality Reduction, Principal Component Spyder, Numpy, PCA, Matplotlib

Analysis (PCA)
10 Supervised Learning (Artificial Neural Network) Spyder, Keras, Tensorflow, Numpy

11 Naïve Bayes, K-nearest Neighbor Spyder, GaussianNB, Label Encoder, Sklearn

12 Introduction to Prolog, Knowledgebase Swish, Swipl, SwiPrologEditor Spyder, Pytholog

13 Expert System, Forward Chaining, Backward Swish, Swipl, SwiPrologEditor Spyder, Pytholog
Chaining, Recursion
14 Constraint Satisfaction Problem (CSP) Spyder, Numpy, Pandas
 Lab 1-A
Installing Python:
www.python.org
For Windows (32 bit): https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.4.3/python-3.4.3.msi

For Windows (64 bit): https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.4.3/python-3.4.3.amd64.msi

Opening IDLE
Go to the start menu, find Python, and run the program labeled 'IDLE'
(Stands for Integrated DeveLopment Environment)

Code Example 1 - Hello, World!

>>> print ("Hello, World!" )

Learning python for a C++ programmer

Let us try to quickly compare the syntax of python with that of C++:

C++ Python

Comment begins with // #

Statement ends with ; No semi-colon needed

Blocks of code Defined by Defined by indentation (usually four spaces)

{}

Indentation of code and Is Must be same for same block of code (for example for a set
use of white space irrelevant of statements to be executed after a particular if statement)

Conditional statement if-else if- if – elif – else:

else

Parentheses for loop Required Not required but loop condition followed by a colon :
execution condition
while a < n:

print(a)

Escape characters (e.g. \ \

―\n \t \‘ ‖
 Lab 1-B
Math in Python

Calculations are simple with Python, and expression syntax is straightforward: the operators +, -,
* and / work as expected; parentheses () can be used for grouping.
# Python 3: Simple arithmetic

>>> 1 / 2

0.5

>>> 2 ** 3 #Exponent operator

>>> 17 / 3 # classic division returns a float

5.666666666666667

>>> 17 // 3 # floor division

>>> 23%3 #Modulus operator

Python Operators
Command Name Example Output

+ Addition 4+5 9

- Subtraction 8-5 3

* Multiplication 4*5 20

/ Classic Division 19/3 6.3333

% Modulus 19%3 5

** Exponent 2**4 16

// Floor Division 19/3 6

Comments in Python:
#I am a comment. I can say whatever I want!

Variables:
print ("This program is a demo of variables")

v = 1

print ("The value of v is now", v)

v = v + 1

print ("v now equals itself plus one, making it worth", v)

print ("To make v five times bigger, you would have to type v = v * 5")

v = v * 5

print ("There you go, now v equals", v, "and not", v / 5 )

Strings:
word1 = "Good"

word2 = "Morning"

word3 = "to you too!"

print (word1, word2)

sentence = word1 + " " + word2 + " " +word3

print (sentence)

Relational operators:
Expression Function

< less than

<= less than or equal to

> greater than

>= greater than or equal to

!= not equal to

== is equal to
Boolean Logic:
Boolean logic is used to make more complicated conditions for if statements that rely on more than
one condition. Python‘s Boolean operators are and, or, and not. The and operator takes two
arguments, and evaluates as True if, and only if, both of its arguments are True. Otherwise it
evaluates to False.
The or operator also takes two arguments. It evaluate if either (or both) of its arguments are
False.
Unlike the other operators we‘ve seen so far, not only takes one argument and inverts it. The result
of not True is False, and not False is True.

Operator Precedence:
Operator Description

() Parentheses

** Exponentiation (raise to the power)

~+- Complement, unary plus and minus

* / % // Multiply, divide, modulo, and floor division

+- Addition and subtraction

>> << Right and left bitwise shift

& Bitwise ‘AND’

^| Bitwise exclusive ‘OR’ and regular ‘OR’

<= < > >= Comparison Operators

== != Equality Operators

= %= /= //= -= += *= **= Assignment operators

is is not Identity operators

in not in Membership operators

not or and Logical operators

Conditional Statements:
if' - Statement
 y = 1

if y == 1:

print ("y still equals 1, I was just checking")

„if - else' - Statement

a = 1

if a > 5:

print ("This shouldn't happen.")

else:

print ("This should happen.")

„elif' - Statement
z = 4

if z > 70:

print ("Something is very wrong")

elif z < 7:

print ("This is normal")

Lab Journal 1-B

1. Open IDLE and run the following program. Try different integer values for separate runs
of the program. Play around with the indentation of the program lines of code and run it
again. See what happens. Make a note of what changes you made and how it made the
program behave. Also note any errors, as well as the changes you need to make to remove
the errors.
x = input("Please enter an integer: ")

if x < 0:

x = 0

print('Negative changed to zero')

elif x == 0:

print('Zero')

elif x == 1:

print('Single')

else:

print('More')
 Lab 1-C
Input from user:

The input() function prompts for input and returns a string.

a = input (“Enter Value for variable a: ”)

print (a)

Indexes of String:
Characters in a string are numbered with indexes starting at 0:
Example:

name = "J. Smith―

Index
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Character
J . S m i t h

Accessing an individual character of a string:

variableName [ index ]
Example:
print (name, " starts with", name[0])

Output:

J. Smith starts with J

input:
input: Reads a string of text from user input.
Example:
name = input("What's your name? ")

print (name, "... what a nice name!")

 Output:
What's your name? Ali
Ali... what a nice name!

String Properties:
len(string) - number of characters in a string (including spaces)
str.lower(string) - lowercase version of a string
str.upper(string) - uppercase version of a string
Example:
name = "Linkin Park"

length = len(name)

big_name = str.upper(name)

print (big_name, "has", length, "characters")

Output:
LINKIN PARK has 11 characters

Strings and numbers:

ord(text) - converts a string into a number.
Example: ord(‗a‘) is 97, ord("b") is 98, ...

Characters map to numbers using standardized mappings such as ASCII and Unicode.
chr (number) - converts a number into a string.
Example: chr(99) is "c"

Loops in Python:
The 'while' loop
a = 0

while a < 10:

a = a + 1

print (a )

The 'for' loop

for i in range(1, 5):
 print (i )

for i in range(1, 5):

print (i)

else:

print ('The for loop is over' )

Functions:
How to call a function?
function_name(parameters)
Code Example - Using a function
def multiplybytwo(x):

return x*2

a = multiplybytwo(70)

The computer would actually see this:

a=140

Define a Function?
def function_name(parameter_1,parameter_2):
{this is the code in the function}
return {value (e.g. text or number) to return to the main program}

range() Function:
If you need to iterate over a sequence of numbers, the built-in function range() comes in
handy. It generates iterator containing arithmetic progressions:
>>> range(10) [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]

It is possible to let the range start at another number, or to specify a different increment (even
negative; sometimes this is called the ‗step‘):
>>> range(5, 10)
[5, 6, 7, 8, 9]

>>> range(0, 10, 3)

 [0, 3, 6, 9]

>>> range(-10, -100, -30)

[-10, -40, -70]

The range() function is especially useful in loops.

Lambda Function:

Often, we quickly define mathematical functions with a one-line function called a lambda function.
Lambda functions are great because they enable us to write functions without having to name them, ie,
they're anonymous. No return statement is needed.

square = lambda x: x*x

print(square(3))
hypotenuse = lambda x, y: x*x + y*y

## Same as

# def hypotenuse(x, y):

# return(x*x + y*y)

hypotenuse(3,4)

Default Arguments:

Functions may also have default argument values. Functions with default values are used extensively in
many libraries. The default values are assigned when the function is defined.
def get_multiple(x, y=1):
return x, y, x*y

print("With x and y:", get_multiple(10, 2))

print("With x only:", get_multiple(10))

Note that you can use the name of the argument in functions, but you must either use all the names, or get
the position of the argument correct in the function call:

get_multiple(x=3), get_multiple(x=3, y=4)

get_multiple(y=4, x=3), get_multiple(3, y=4)
get_multiple(y=4, 3)

Lab Journal 1-C:

2. Write a simple calculator program. Follow the steps below:
a. Declare and define a function named Menu which displays a list of choices for
user such as addition, subtraction, multiplication, & classic division. It takes the
choice from user as an input and return.
b. Define and declare a separate function for each choice.
c. In the main body of the program call respective function depending on user‘s
choice.
d. Program should not terminate till user chooses option to―Quit‖.
 3. Write a unit conversion calculator program in in python. Follow the steps given below:
a. Declare and define a function named Menu which displays a list of choices for
user such as meter to km, km to m, centimetre to meter, & centime to millimetre.
It takes the choice from user as an input and return.
b. Define and declare a separate function for each choice.
c. In the main body of the program call respective function depending on user‘s
choice.
d. Program should not terminate till user chooses option to―Quit‖.

Bonus Lab Task (Extra Credit):

To get extra credit you MUST complete and show me your program during the same Lab.
Implement the following functions for the calculator you created in the above task. (Task 2)
e. Factorial
f. x_power_y (x raised to the power y)
g. log
h. ln (Natural log)
 Lab 1-D
Classes & Inheritance:

The word 'class' can be used when describing the code where the class is defined.
A variable inside a class is known as an Attribute
A function inside a class is known as a method

• A class is like a
– Prototype
– Blue-print
– An object creator
• A class defines potential objects
– What their structure will be
– What they will be able to do
• Objects are instances of a class
– An object is a container of data: attributes
– An object has associated functions: methods
Syntax:
# Defining a class
class class_name:
[statement 1]
[statement 2]
[statement 3] [etc]

Inheritance Syntax:
class child_class(parent_class):
def init (self,x):
# it will modify the _init_ function from parent class
# additional methods can be defined here

Example1:
class MyClass:
i = 12345
def f(self):
return 'hello world'
x = MyClass()
print (x.i)
print (x.f() )

Example2:
class Complex:
def init (self, realpart, imagpart):
self.r = realpart
self.i = imagpart
x = Complex(3.0, -4.5)
print (x.r," ",x.i )
 Example3:
class Shape:
def init (self,x,y): #The init function always runs first
self.x = x
self.y = y
description = "This shape has not been described yet"
author = "Nobody has claimed to make this shape yet"

def area(self):
return self.x * self.y
def perimeter(self):
return 2 * self.x + 2 * self.y
def describe(self,text):
self.description = text
def authorName(self,text):
self.author = text
def scaleSize(self,scale):
self.x = self.x * scale
self.y = self.y * scale

a=Shape(3,4)
print (a.area())

Inheritance Example:
class Square(Shape):
def init (self,x):
self.x = x
self.y = x

class DoubleSquare(Square):
def init (self,y):
self.x = 2 * y
self.y = y
def perimeter(self):
return 2 * self.x + 2 * self.y
Module:
A module is a python file that (generally) has only definitions of variables, functions, and
classes.
Example: Module name mymodule.py

# Define some variables:

ageofqueen = 78

# define some functions

def printhello():
print ("hello")
# define a class
class Piano:
def init (self):
self.type = input("What type of piano?: ")
self.height = input("What height (in feet)?: ")
self.price = input("How much did it cost?: ")
self.age = input("How old is it (in years)?: ")

def printdetails(self):
 print ("This piano is a/an " + self.height + " foot")
print (self.type, "piano, " + self.age, "years old
and costing " +self.price + " dollars.")

Importing module in main program:

### mainprogam.py ##
# IMPORTS ANOTHER MODULE

import mymodule
print
(mymodule.ageo
fqueen )
cfcpiano =
mymodule.Piano
()
cfcpiano.print
details()

Another way of importing the module is:

from mymodule import
Piano, ageofqueenprint
(ageofqueen)
cfcpiano = Piano()
cfcpiano.printdetail
s()

Lab Journal 1-D:

1. Create a class name basic_calc with following
attributes and methods;Two integers (values are
passed with instance creation)
Different methods such as addition, subtraction, division, multiplication
Create another class inherited from basic_calc named s_calc
which should have thefollowing additional methods;
Factorial, x_power_y,log, ln etc

2. Modify the classes created in the above task under as follows:

Create a module name basic.py having the class name basic_calc
with all the attributesand methods defined before.
Now import the basic.py module in your program and do the
inheritance step definedbefore i.e.
Create another class inherited from basic_calc named s_calc
which should have thefollowing additional methods;
Factorial, x_power_y, log, ln etc