mm lab report

Experiment no 05
Statement:
To determine the central deflection of a fixed ended beam loaded at mid-span by concentrated loads
and to compare with theoretical value.
 Primary objective is to measure the actual central deflection of the
fixed-ended beam when it's loaded at mid-span with known
concentrated loads.
 Compare the experimental results with the theoretical predictions.

Apparatus:
• Deflection of beam apparatus with clamps
• Hanger
• Weights
• Meter rod
• Dial indicator
• Vernier Calliper.

Apparatus diagram:

Fig1: fixed beam apparatus

Theory:
Beam:
a "beam" refers to a structural element designed to support loads primarily by resisting bending.

Types of beam:

[1]
Fig2: types of beam

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Fixed beam:
A fixed beam is one that is firmly attached or supported at both ends in such a way that it does not
allow any rotation or displacement of those ends. This means that the beam is fully restrained against
both translational and rotational movement at its support.

[2]
Fig3: fixed beam

The slope of the beam is thus zero at each end, and a couple will have to be applied at each
end and to make the slope there have this value. The applied couples will be of opposite sign
to that of bending moment due to loading.

Example:

[3]
Fig4: beam fixed in wall

Central deflection:
The central beam deflection, typically measured in millimetres or inches, represents the vertical
displacement at the midpoint of the beam due to the applied loads. In the context of this
experiment, the beam is fixed at both ends, meaning it is restrained from any rotation or vertical
movement at its supports. As concentrated loads are applied at mid-span, the beam undergoes
deformation, and its midpoint shifts downward.

Explanation:
Consider a beam AB of length “L” fixed at A and B and carrying a point load “W”. The maximum
deflection for this fixed beam will occur at center of the beam (mid-point).
Let, δ = Actual deflection of beam at any point along the length of beam
δc = Actual central deflection of beam

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yc = Theoretical central deflection of beam

[4]

The maximum theoretical deflection (yc) at x = L/2 is given by:

yc = WL3/ 192EI

Where E = Modulus of elasticity for the material of beam

I = Moment of inertia of the beam [5]

Procedure:

1. Set the Deflection of Beam apparatus on a horizontal surface.

2. Set the dial indicator at zero.

3. Apply a load of 0.5 lb and measure the deflection using dial indicator.

4. Take a set of at least five readings of increasing value of load and then take readings on

unloading.

5. Calculate (a) the “Theoretical value of deflection (yc)” of beam at mid-span. (b) the %age
error between theoretical and experimental values of central deflections.

Observations and Calculations:

Least Count of the dial indicator =

Effective length of beam (L) =

Breadth of beam (b) =

Height of beam (h)=

Modulus of elasticity of material of the beam =

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Moment of inertia of the beam (I=bh3 /12) =

No Load Actual central deflection Theoretical Percentage

of deflection error
obs. W (inches)
loading unloading average y c=WL/192E1 %
(lbs.)
1 0.5 0.011 0.017 0.0145 0.015 1.03
2 1 0.026 0.031 0.028 0.031 1.1
3 1.5 0.041 0.045 0.043 0.046 1.06
4 2 0.055 0.058 0.057 0.068 1.2
5 2.5 0.070 0.070 0.070 0.078 1.1
Sample calculations:
E=42×10 6

I= 0.0091

y c=WL/192E1
3
0.5 ×32
= 6
192× 42 ×10 ×0.0013
= 0.015in
Experimental deformation= 0.0145in
Error= 1.03%

Graph:
theoretical central deflection
0.08
0.07
0.06
0.05
0.04
0.03
0.02
0.01
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3

Load deflection graph (theoretical values)

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actual central deflection

0.08

0.07

0.06

0.05

0.04

0.03

0.02

0.01

0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3

Load deflection graph (actual values)

Graph Explanation:

X-axis: Load Applied (N)

Y-axis: Central Deflection (mm)

Theoretical Values:

This line or set of data points represents the expected central deflection based on theoretical
calculations. It should be a smooth curve or line.\

Experimental Values:

These data points represent the actual central deflection values measured during the
experiment. They may not follow a perfect curve but will show a trend.

Your graph would show how the central deflection changes as the load applied at the mid-
span increases. The comparison between the theoretical and experimental values will help
you assess the accuracy of experiment and whether it aligns with theoretical predictions.

Conclusion:
The comparison between the experimental and theoretical values revealed that they were in good
agreement. This alignment between theory and experiment suggests that the theoretical models
and calculations used to predict the deflection of the beam were accurate and reliable for this
specific case.

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Comments:
By applying concentrated loads at the mid-span of the beam, the experiment simulated real-world
scenarios where such forces can arise. The comparison with theoretical predictions allows for an
evaluation of the accuracy and reliability of the engineering models used in beam analysis.

References:

[1] https://images.google /CButdiywnwdZWiMW6

[2] https://images.app.goo.gl fixed beam/xMWD5kjsN5VkyqQy8

[3] https://images.app.goo.gl example /FZfsoqmPeiUtKj8DA

[4] https://medksk.uet.edu.pk/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/MOM-I-Manual.pdf

[5]https://medksk.uet.edu.pk/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/MOM-I-Manual.pdf

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Experiment no 06
Statement:
To determine the deflection of cantilever beam and compare with the theoretical values.

 The primary objective is to measure the actual deflection of the

cantilever beam under a given load or set of loads.
 Compare the measured deflection with the theoretical predictions or
calculations.

Apparatus:
Propped cantilever beam apparatus

• Weights

• Dial gauge

• Vernier Calliper

• Specimen

• Hangers

• Spanner

[1]

Fig1: cantilever beam

Apparatus diagram:

Fig2: cantilever beam apparatus

[2]

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Theory:
A beam is a structural element that is capable of withstanding load primarily by resisting bending.

Cantilever beam:
A beam having one end fixed and the other end free is known as cantilever beam with end ‘A’ rigidly
fixed into its supports, and the other end ‘B’ is free. The length between A and B is known as the
length of cantilever.

[3]

Example:
A good example of a cantilever beam is a balcony.

A balcony is supported on one end only, the rest of the beam extends over open space; there is
nothing supporting it on the other side.

[4]

Fig4: Example of cantilever(balcony)

Advantages:

 Cantilever beam is simple in constructions.

 It does not require a support on the opposite side.
 Cantilevered structure generates a negative bending moment which counteracts positive
bending moment of back-spans.
 Cantilevered trusses use less material.[5]

Disadvantages:

 It is claimed that the cantilever is not an economical type of truss.

 Cantilevered structures deflect largely.
 Generally, cantilever structure results in larger moments.

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 Cantilevered structure needs a fixed support, or a back-span and check for uplift of the far
support.[6]

Applications:
Cantilever beams are a popular choice for building construction. These are projections in a structure
supported only at one end. They are multi-purpose and have several advantages and disadvantages.
Some of the other applications of cantilever beams are runways, roofs, overhead cranes, halls, and
sunshades.

Procedure:

I. Measure the width and depth of the beam with the help of scale to find the moment of
inertia
II. Set the apparatus and put the required hangers at different points.
III. Measure the distances of each hanger from the reference end.
IV. Set the deflection dial gauge at zero after putting the hangers.
V. Take the reading of deflection after putting the loads in the hangers
VI. Repeat the process for different loads
VII. Find the theoretical deflection and compare with the experimental values by showing on a
graph.

Observations and Calculations:

Length of beam = 18 inches

Width of Beam = b = 1inches

Depth of beam = d =

Moment of Inertia for rectangular metal bar = I = bd 3 /12 =1.38×10−3

Modulus of Elasticity = E =

No Effective Central deflection δc w/ δc Modulus of elasticity

of load
obs. from E= (w/ δc )(l 3 /¿¿ 3I)
graph
Loading unloading average
1 0 0 0 0
2 0.1 0.32 0.55 0.435
3 0.2 0.645 0.9 0.7225
4 0.3 1.2 1.23 1.215
5 0.4 1.37 1.57 1.4635
6 0.5 1.715 1.715 1.715
Sample calculations:

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Graph:

central deflection
1.6

1.4

1.2

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6

Graph explanation:
The theoretical graph of this experiment is linear but in actual graph is not linear as much
theoretical. this may happen due to the some human and apparatus error.

Conclusion:
In this experiment, we aimed to figure out how much a cantilever beam bends or deflects when a
load is applied to it, and then we compared our experimental results with the predictions from
theory. A cantilever beam is like a diving board that's anchored at one end, and we wanted to see
how much it would bend when we put weight on it.

Comments:
"The graph exhibits a linear relationship, indicating that as the applied load increased, the
deflection of the beam also increased proportionally. The linear trend in the graph aligns
with theoretical expectations for a linear-elastic material under bending. The non-linearity
in the graph could be attributed to buckling, deflection limits, or the onset of material
yielding. Further analysis is needed to pinpoint the exact cause."
References:
[1] https://images.app.cantilever beam.goo.gl/La3G5fDwmg36feDB7
[2] https://medksk.uet.edu.pk/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/MOM-I-Manual.pdf

[3] ] https://medksk.cantilever beam.pk/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/MOM-I-

[4] https://images.app.goo.gl/2UUpXV6BJVSRKANBA

[5] https://theconstructor.org/structural-engg/cantilevered-beams-trusses-applications-advantages/36236/

[6] https://theconstructor.org/structural-engg/cantilevered-beams-trusses-applications-advantages/36236 /

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